RESUMO
PIP: The authors examine characteristics of female migration from Latin America to Italy. Aspects considered include country of origin, fertility behavior, age, employment status, household characteristics, and marriage patterns.^ieng
Assuntos
Distribuição por Idade , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Características da Família , Casamento , Comportamento Sexual , Fatores Etários , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Europa (Continente) , Fertilidade , Itália , América Latina , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
"This analysis considers some aspects of the international migration of Mexican women, seen under the light of two recent statistical sources: the [U.S.] 1990 census and the 1993-1994... International Migration Survey at the Mexican Northern Border. The joint analysis of migrations and migrant inventories reveals the hidden scope of feminine exile, as well as some of its peculiarities, and offers numerical answers to two questions: How does sex differentiate Mexican immigrants in the United States? How does the migration affect work, marriage, child-bearing, etc. of Mexican women? The results suggest the need to address migration no longer as an action of individuals, but of families (most immigrants are married), and to place the mother or the wife at the gravity center of the household migratory space." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Demografia , Emigração e Imigração , Características da Família , Fatores Sexuais , Direitos da Mulher , América , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Migrantes , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: In some parts of the world, females are the victims of violence before birth as they are selectively aborted in societies which favor sons. If infant girls survive, they are subject to the same domestic violence which affects their mothers and leaves women more at risk of death by a male partner than from any other kind of assault. This issue was brought to the world's attention by the 1985 Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies and is placed second on the 1995 Beijing women's conference list of "critical concerns." Women are also particularly at risk as they grow older, leave their jobs, and require expensive health care. One way to reintegrate older, retired women into society may be by employing them in child care facilities. Women migrants are also at risk of legal discrimination and physical and mental abuse, yet their plight has gone largely unnoticed as the world community focuses on male migrants. Women labor migrants are in a particularly vulnerable position and may be exploited or forced into prostitution when their legal status expires. The rights of women migrants must be clarified, and women must be informed of these rights. The plight of refugee women is better known, but, although refugee programs are becoming more gender sensitive, it is difficult to overcome old ways of behaving during emergency situations. Women also comprise an increasing number of the victims of AIDS, yet women in many societies are unable to deny having sexual intercourse with their husbands or to insist that their husbands use a condom. These same husbands are free to become infected by prostitutes and to pass this infection on to their wives. The prostitutes are often just as helpless as the wives and usually have been forced into the sex trade by abject poverty. The spread of AIDS, poverty, unemployment, and social disintegration all arise from the relegation of women to secondary status. The upcoming UN conferences will measure their success by how well they incorporate a gender perspective in their proposed solutions to these societal ills.^ieng
Assuntos
Idoso , Violência Doméstica , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Infecções por HIV , Refugiados , Migrantes , Direitos da Mulher , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Comportamento , Crime , Demografia , Doença , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Comportamento Sexual , Problemas Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The Argentinean province of Neuquen, which has the second highest population growth rate in Argentina, has experienced a high degree of territorial mobility of both sexes since the 1970s. Census and survey data were used to study migratory movements since 1970 in three localities in western Neuquen that had high rates of female migration. One of them, San Martin de los Andes, had a 1991 population of 14,431 and an average annual rate of growth of 42/1000 between 1970 and 1991. Natives of Neuquen represented 54% of the population in 1970 and 60% in 1991. The proportion of migrants from other provinces was 30% in 1970 and 27.3% in 1991, while that of foreigners declined from 16.5% to 12.7%. The great majority of foreigners were from Chile. The proportion of women from other countries, although declining, exceeded that of men in 1970 and in 1991. Most of the population 0-19 years old was born in the province of Neuquen. In the age group 20-64, only about half were natives of the province. Comparison of the educational levels of female migrants from different places of origin showed significant differences. Tourism in San Martin de los Andes has generated employment, much of it seasonal. Female migrants from other provinces arrived after 1980 for the most part and were 20-40 years old. Most of the Chilean women arrived between 1970 and 1980 and had a greater age range. Women from other parts of Neuquen province were mostly over 40 and had the lowest educational level, with many not completing primary school. Migrants from metropolitan Buenos Aires and other nonneighboring provinces had the highest educational level, followed by the Chileans. Natives of San Martin de los Andes were more educated than those from other parts of Neuquen province, but less educated than the other groups. The women who migrated had many reasons for doing so, but the search for work was an important motivation.^ieng
Assuntos
Escolaridade , Emigração e Imigração , Dinâmica Populacional , Migrantes , América , Argentina , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , População , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
"This article examines the relationships between changes in the volume, relative importance and growth rates of female migration to Santiago [Chile], and modifications in the structure of the female labour market during the past four decades. It also analyzes changes in the characteristics of occupational insertion of migrants as compared to non-migrant women." The author investigates the impact of modernization, education, access to contraceptives, rural labor markets, and development strategies. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Educação , Emprego , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Dinâmica Populacional , Mudança Social , Migrantes , América , Chile , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , População , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Changes in the volume of female migration to Santiago and in the employment patterns of migrant women are analyzed in relationship to changes in the female labor market from 1950 onward, with special emphasis on the years 1970-90. Data sources include published works, the censuses of 1952 to 1982, a 1962 survey on in-migration to Santiago, employment surveys conducted by the University of Chile and the National Institute of Statistics, special tabulations for subsamples of the 1970 and 1982 censuses, and household employment survey information from the fourth quarter of 1993. In 1973 Chile embarked on a process of structural adjustments that affected social expenditures and employment, profoundly modifying urban labor markets. The Chilean economy is currently in a phase of consolidating its productive transformation, with positive results for economic growth and recuperation of employment, but with no reduction of poverty. The explanation of the growth in poverty should be sought in modifications in the conditions of employment of the Chilean population during the productive transformation. Modernization processes such as increased education and access to fertility control contributed to an increase in the number of highly educated women in nonmanual occupations in Santiago, but have not significantly influenced the volume or direction of female migration or modified the disadvantageous occupational profile of migrant women. Gender considerations including cultural norms governing female sexual behavior and nuptiality appear to exercise a decisive influence on the occupational status of migrant women in Santiago. Low status, single women migrating to Santiago have been concentrated in domestic service in part because of their need to find work providing safe living quarters. After 1975, migrant women encountered an increasing proportion of urban women working and looking for work and a structural transformation of domestic service marked by massive absorption of low status nonmigrant women. The disadvantages of migrant women related to their lower age, education, and urban experience have declined or disappeared, but disadvantages related to lack of family and housing in the city have persisted. Continuing high rates of urban poverty in Santiago and substitution of precarious employment for open unemployment have resulted in continuing high rates of female employment. The lack of dynamism in the expansion of female employment, the persistence of gender segmentation of the labor market, continuing tertiarization of female employment, and new trends to precarious employment and increased economic participation of nonmigrant women suggest that occupational patterns of migrant women will not change greatly in the 1990s. Although they have become better educated and prefer to avoid live-in domestic service, their employment options appear limited.^ieng
Assuntos
Economia , Emprego , Administração Financeira , Dinâmica Populacional , Direitos da Mulher , América , Chile , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Emigração e Imigração , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , População , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
"This article reviews Mexican research of female migration. An analysis is made of socio-demographic and anthropological studies that cover the relations between inequality among the genders, the causes and features of migration, and the work performed by female migrants in their places of origin and destination. The paper responds to the growing interest shown in international literature [on] migration in order to determine the influence of gender identity in the motivations and features of the migration of women, as well as the consequences of spatial mobility on their social conditions and their autonomy." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Antropologia , Emigração e Imigração , Ocupações , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Direitos da Mulher , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Ciências SociaisRESUMO
PIP: This edition of Cahiers Quebecois de Demographie is dedicated to the important evolution in the demographic production in French speaking Africa, with the exception of one article on fertility trends in Haiti. Between the 1960s until about the 1980s, African demography settled down to the heavy task of filling the void in demographic data. Data collection and development of new analysis techniques characterize the type of training received by demographers and their scientific production, most often realized in the teaching of national statistics. During this period, African demography contributed much to the advancement of demography, especially certain concepts and tools for collection and analysis. It faced declared limits in classical definitions of household, migration, and forms of union. It yearned to forge definitions which better fit the African context. It uses historical calendars to collect data on age in populations which do not always know their birth year. It developed the technique of observation to collect data on nomads. Africa had been the place entitled to the development of indirect estimation methods. Demographic works in Africa have participated in the restatement of the demographic transition theory and the reversal of intergenerational transfers theory. Since the end of the 1980s, African demography has moved in a social and explicative direction. One article in this edition concerns a new proposed method to comprehend the notion of family ties in demographic surveys, especially those examining migrants to Dakar and Bamako. Another article explores the implications of a very young age structure in Africa. Another article analyzes the differential factors of intergenerational intervals while considering all at once demographic variables and socioeconomic variables. Another articles addresses excess female mortality, especially after three months, in Mali. Two articles examine female migration towards Lome, Togo, and in Burkina Faso.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Coleta de Dados , Demografia , Emigração e Imigração , Pesquisa , Estatística como Assunto , África , África do Norte , América , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , Haiti , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Ciências SociaisRESUMO
"The purpose of this article is to identify and evaluate the impacts of growing female in-migration to Mexico City at the close of the eighteenth century, analyzing for the case of the parish of Santa Catarina the proportion of men/women in the certificates of baptisms and burials...." Consideration is given to family formation, government policy, urbanization, and employment opportunities and their impact on family life. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Emprego , Características da Família , Governo , Dinâmica Populacional , Política Pública , Sistema de Registros , Razão de Masculinidade , Urbanização , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Geografia , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Política , População , Características da População , Pesquisa , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Sexuais , População UrbanaRESUMO
Aspects of migration between Puerto Rico and the United States are explored. "This examination of the multiple-movement behaviour of a sample of Puerto Rican women seeks to unravel the relations between their circulation patterns, their family and contextual situations and their declared motives for undertaking international mobility. The leading question asked in this study is whether this international mobility behaviour of Puerto Rican women is autonomous or dependent upon the movement or decision-making of others. Structural theory suggests the latter is most likely, but behavioural divergence occurs in return movement."
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Direitos da Mulher , América , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Porto Rico , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
"This article compares sex differences in migratory behaviors, work patterns and conjugal relations in a cohort of male and female immigrants who move seasonally between Mexico and the United States. Gender comparisons are made using survey data and information from in-depth group interviews. The findings indicate that among Mexicans immigration to the United States reinstates men's traditional roles as providers while making women assume non-traditional roles. Female role expansion, through employment in the U.S., strongly influences conjugal relations in the direction of more equality. In contrast, failure to enter the American labor force implies a role restriction resulting in a loss of autonomy for many immigrant women." (SUMMARY IN SPA)
Assuntos
Comportamento , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Identidade de Gênero , Fatores Sexuais , Direitos da Mulher , América , América Central , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Comportamento Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: Trends in female migration in Latin America are analyzed, using the example of migration from Colombia to Venezuela since the 1950s. Consideration is given to the causes of this migration, the economic role of female migrants, and the concept of migration as a survival strategy. Data are from a survey of migrant origin carried out in 1980 in major Colombian cities.^ieng
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Motivação , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América , Comportamento , Colômbia , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Psicologia , América do Sul , VenezuelaRESUMO
PIP: An analysis of rural-urban migration in Peru is presented, with the focus on women migrating to obtain work as domestic servants. Data are from published studies and a survey of 104 domestic servants interviewed in 1984.^ieng
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Dinâmica Populacional , América , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , Peru , População , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: This study analyzes the occupational prestige of women workers born in Cuba and Mexico, who were at least 25 years of age at the time of immigration to the US. The empirical results indicate that the process of converting resources (examples, age, schooling, US residence) differ by both sex and nationality, with the Mexican males and females being more similar to each other than to Cubans, and vice versa. Mexicans have a more favorable 'conversion' of resources into prestige, but a lower level of resources. Immigrant women appear to be somewhat more disadvantaged relative to immigrant men, than are women workers in general, and both groups of women enjoy lower occupational prestige than their male counterparts. Unlike the case of male immigrants, US work experience tends to decrease the prestige scores for females. So does southern residence. The pattern of achieving occupational prestige is unique among women immigrants, despite nationality differences. The data suggest that the social mobility process for female immigrants differ from the process for males, perhaps because of cultural barriers that make entry to 'pink collar' jobs difficult. For instance, the widespread segregation of the labor market makes it more difficult for these women than for males to acquire useful information leading to better jobs. Their US experience thus need not be of much value. 2ndly, the existing jobs require immigrant women to learn English or other new skills at their own expense, or to turn their foreign credentials into those acceptable for the US market. Finally, relative concentration in the South may negatively women's occupational prestige, more so than men's. Immigrant women are also handicapped by a view of themselves as 'supplementary earners', and are more apprehensive about job market changes due to an unfamiliarity with American customs. Family responsibilities often hinder immigrant women's upward mobility, locking them into routine jobs with few avenues for advancement.^ieng
Assuntos
Cultura , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Etnicidade , Hispânico ou Latino , Grupos Minoritários , Psicologia , Fatores Sexuais , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Migrantes , Direitos da Mulher , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Cuba , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Escolaridade , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: This article, using a Mexican national survey, provides a profile of temporary Mexican female migrants in the US labor market. The usual association between occupational groups and wage rates does not hold up, with women in unskilled jobs averaging nearly the same wages as while collar women. The dramatic exception is private household workers, who earn less than 1/4 of the wage rates of other women. Although the distribution of wage rates across occupational groups for migrant women is not easily explained by schooling or potential work experience, wage rates seem to be positively correlated with marriage and childrearing. This is partly explained by the fact that married women are more likely to have the option of not working outside the home, and also that the labor market contacts provided by husbands may be helpful in securing more remunerative jobs. Migration networks make the region of origin in Mexico strongly correlate with wage rate variations across occupational groups for women. Although women are found to have more schooling, higher legal status, more US work experience and are more likely to come from regions with well developed migration networks than men, women average upto $7 less per day--a phenomenon largely explained by the labor market segmentation. A lack of legal status constrains women's job opportunities more than men's: over 90% of the women without entry permits are in the low paying private household sector, compared with less than 1/4 of those with some legal status. This connection between lack of proper legal status and low status jobs does not seem to prevent women from migrating illegally--more than 1/2 the women migrant studied had no legal status at all. This study concludes that women do not necessarily follow men in migration, and their labor market functions are quite distinct from those of men.^ieng
Assuntos
Coleta de Dados , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Etnicidade , Renda , Grupos Minoritários , Salários e Benefícios , Fatores Sexuais , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estatística como Assunto , Migrantes , Direitos da Mulher , América , América Central , Cultura , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Escolaridade , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , Estado Civil , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Estudos de Amostragem , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: Considerable interdependence exists between the household and work place in the lives of Dominican migrant women in the US, according to this study based on data gathered largely from fieldwork conducted in the US and Dominican Republic from 1980-83. It is observed that while women's participation in wage work contributes to an improvement in domestic and social relations, these household level changes do not, in turn, translate into greater awareness of the migrant women, or demands for improved working conditions. On the contrary, in many cases, work has helped reinforce their lower status in the labor force because it has allowed women to redefine their roles as wives and mothers in a more satisfying manner than was the case prior to their employment and residence in the US. Although the jobs held by Dominican garment workers would place them in the ranks of the working class, the majority of them tend to identify themselves as middle class. Paradoxically, the beliefs about immigration and work which are rooted in the family, and the immigration goals which are realized through more egalitarian relationships at home, militate against a working class identification and the resulting organized resistance in the work place.^ieng
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , Psicologia , Classe Social , Migrantes , Direitos da Mulher , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , República Dominicana , Economia , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
A micro study of inter-regional migration by women in Nicaragua is presented. The authors "explore three sets of migratory incentives: (1) labor market factors such as usually are emphasized; (2) 'demographic marriage market' considerations (i.e., the probability of having a male companion)...; and (3) 'economic marriage market' considerations (i.e., the expected earnings from a companion given regional labor market conditions and assortative mating)....[They] use estimates of expected outcomes in origin, destination and third regions--conditional upon the woman's characteristics and upon regional differences in labor and marriage markets--to explore the consistency of actual migratory flows with these three sets of migratory incentives." Data are from a sample of approximately 4,000 women aged 15-45 who were interviewed in 1977-1978.
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Geografia , Mão de Obra em Saúde , Renda , Estado Civil , Casamento , Modelos Teóricos , Motivação , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Migrantes , América , Comportamento , América Central , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , Nicarágua , América do Norte , População , Psicologia , PesquisaRESUMO
PIP: This special issue reflects the belated but growing scholarly appreciation of the specificity and importance of women in migration. Aside from the sheer numerical significance of female migration documented in this issue, women migrants encounter problems and make special contributions which render comprehension of their specificity critical to an understanding of international migration in general. In an introductory essay, Morokvasic surveys the state of knowledge concerning women in migration. The focus then shifts, in Part II, to regional and national case studies which collectively elucidate the multifaceted dimensions of the women in migration research issue through time and space. In Part III, an international comparison of female immigrants and their labor market characteristics reveals striking similarities but also important differences. The US Canada and Australia can be discretely compared through 5 census-based quantitative analyses. The role of migrant women in the labor market is also the theme of Part IV. But the 5 studies comprising this section are based on survey research or on discernible global trends in migration and employment. Part V is devoted to the theme of female rural to urban migration in the Third World.^ieng