RESUMO

Abstract: Background: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is the most widely used instrument to assess subjective well-being in different populations. Aim: The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the psychometric properties and the factorial invariance of the SWLS in Latino immigrants living in Chile, Spain, and the United States. Method: A total of 663 participants over the age of 18 and who have lived in the host country for more than a year participated. Results: The results provide evidence of good internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. Also, there is evidence for the unifactorial structure of the instrument through confirmatory factor analysis and its invariance at the configural, metric, and scalar. Conclusions: It is concluded that SWLS is an invariant and reliable measure to study life satisfaction in Latino immigrants in western countries.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es el instrumento más utilizado para evaluar el bienestar subjetivo en distintas poblaciones. Objetivo: El propósito de la presente investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y la invarianza factorial de la SWLS en inmigrantes latinos que viven en Chile, España y EEUU. Método: Participaron un total de 663 inmigrantes latinos mayores de 18 años y que llevan más de un año viviendo en el país de acogida. Resultados: Los resultados entregan evidencia de una buena consistencia interna a través del alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald, también se provee soporte a la estructura unifactorial del instrumento mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio y finalmente se prueba que la escala es invariante a nivel configural, métrico y escalar. Conclusión: Se concluye que la SWLS es una medida invariante y fiable para estudiar la satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes latinos en países occidentales.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMO O relato de experiência refere-se ao trabalho da autora, por seis meses, como psiquiatra por Médicos Sem Fronteiras (MSF) em centro de detenção de refugiados localizado em Nauru, um país insular da Oceania. O estudo traz descrições do trabalho de campo e reflexões teóricas. Discute-se a temática do suicídio e a especificidade dessa questão para o grupo de refugiados e solicitantes de asilo atendidos, assim como relata-se a descoberta de um novo diagnóstico clínico chamado síndrome de resignação. Busca-se ainda refletir sobre o papel dos profissionais de saúde mental diante de situações de privação de liberdade e discutem-se impasses éticos, vividos em campo, com relação à política de imigração australiana, sua importância econômica para Nauru e o impacto na população de refugiados; impasses esses vividos até a expulsão da equipe de MSF pelo governo local em 05 de outubro de 2018.

ABSTRACT The experience report refers to the author's work, for six months, as a psychiatrist for Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders - MSF) in a refugee detention center in Nauru, an island country in Oceania. The report provides descriptions of the field work and theoretical reflections. The author discusses the issue of suicide and the specificity of such issue for the group of refugees and asylum seekers attended, as well as the discovery of a new clinical diagnosis called resignation syndrome. It's also sought to reflect on the role of mental health professionals in dealing with deprivation of liberty and discusses ethical challenges experienced in the field, regarding Australia's refugee policy, its economic importance to Nauru and the impact on the refugee population; obstacles encountered until MSF team was expelled by the local government on October 5th, 2018.

RESUMO

Artigo O artigo investiga o papel das instituições do Mercosul no processo de transferência de políticas entre os Estados--membros em três áreas específicas: educação, saúde e migração. O argumento principal é que essas instituições tornaram-se espaços formadores de políticas públicas, atuando como facilitadoras da transferência de políticas nos três casos empíricos examinados. O artigo pretende contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estudos empíricos de transferência de políticas públicas nos processos de integração regional. Os blocos regionais criam espaços de articulação de ideias e trocas de experiências entre os gestores de políticas públicas. A metodologia envolveu análise de documentos oficiais do bloco e entrevistas. Apesar do seu caráter intergovernamental e da sua baixa institucionalização, o Mercosul desempenhou funções importantes no processo de formulação de políticas públicas nacionais nas três áreas selecionadas na pesquisa.

Resumen El trabajo investiga el rol de las instituciones del Mercosur en el proceso de transferencia de políticas entre los Estados miembros en tres áreas: educación, salud y migración. El argumento principal es que estas instituciones se han convertido en espacios que forman la política pública, actuando como facilitador de transferencia de políticas en los tres casos. El paper tiene como objetivo contribuir al desarrollo de los estudios empíricos sobre la transferencia de las políticas en los procesos de integración regional. Los bloques regionales crean espacios de articulación de ideas e intercambio de experiencias entre los gestores. La metodología consistió en el análisis de documentos oficiales del bloque y entrevistas. A pesar de su carácter intergubernamental y su baja institucionalización, el Mercosur desempeñó funciones importantes en el proceso de formulación de políticas en las tres áreas seleccionadas.

Abstract This article researches the role of Mercosur's institutions in the process of policy transfer among member states in three specific areas: education, health and migration. The main argument is that these institutions became public policy-making forums acting as policy transfer facilitators in the empirical cases studied. This article aims to contribute to the development of empirical studies on public policy transfer in regional integration processes. Regional trading blocs promote the articulation of ideas and experience exchange among public policy managers. The methodology applied to this study involves the analysis of Mercosur's official documents and interviews. Despite its intergovernmental nature and its low institutionalization, Mercosur has played an important role in national policy-making in education, health and migration.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract After having presented the specific migration context of Haiti and its multidimensional vulnerability, this paper shows that the diaspora geography explains, to a large extent, the location of Haitian refugees and asylum seekers in North America and the French Caribbean territories. Then, we explore the relation between migration policy evolution and the development of new migration routes towards South America, where the recognition of the multidimensional nature of this migration has paved the way for the legalization of Haitian migrants, particularly in Brazil. The complementary migration functions of Ecuador, Peru, Brazil and Chile created a new regional migration system centered on the Southeast and the South of Brazil. This emerging South-South migration route is part of a larger Haitian migration system that connects Latin America to North America and the Caribbean.

Resumo Depois de apresentar o contexto de migração específico do Haiti e seus aspectos multidimensionais, o artigo demonstra que a geografia da diáspora haitiana explica, em grande medida, a localização dos refugiados e requerentes de asilo na América do Norte e nos territórios franceses do Caribe. Aborda-se a relação entre a evolução da política de migração e o desenvolvimento de novas rotas de migração em direção à América do Sul, onde o reconhecimento do caráter multidimensional dessa imigração abriu caminho para a legalização da presença haitiana, particularmente no Brasil. As funções migratórias complementares do Equador, Peru, Brasil e Chile desenham um novo sistema de migração regional centrado no Sudeste e no Sul do Brasil. Este emergente espaço de migração Sul-Sul faz parte de um sistema migratório haitiano mais amplo, que conecta a América do Sul com a América do Norte e o Caribe.(AU)

Resumen Habiendo presentado el contexto migratorio especifico de Haiti y sus aspectos multidimensionales el articulo mostrará que la geografía de la diáspora explica en gran medida la ubicación de los refugiados y solicitantes de asilo en América del Norte y el Caribe francés. Después, exploraremos la relación entre la evolucion de las políticas migratorias y el desarollo de nuevas rutas de migración hacia América del Sur, donde el reconocimiento del carácter polifacético de esta migración ha abierto el camino para la legalización de la presencia haitiana, especialmente en Brasil. El caracter complementario de las funciones migratorias del Ecuador, Peru, Brasil y Chile define un nuevo sistema migratorio regional centrado en el sureste y el sur de Brasil. Este espacio migratorio Sur-Sur en gestación forma parte de un sistema migratorio haitiano más amplio que conecta América Latina a América del Norte y el Caribe.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O presente trabalho tem como intuito analisar as respostas governamentais do Brasil e do Canadá a respeito das questões que envolvem a imigração para ambos os países, perante o cenário global contemporâneo que afeta a temática. A principal questão que direciona a pesquisa é: de que forma o governo brasileiro e o governo canadense tem feito a gestão da presença de estrangeiros, no âmbito das migrações, em seus respectivos países, de acordo com o contexto internacional atual? Para respondê-la são analisadas as estruturas governamentais para o tratamento ao imigrante em ambos os países e algumas ações políticas voltadas para a atração e gestão da presença de estrangeiros em cada um destes, entre os anos de 2010 e 2016. O aparato conceitual versa sobre modalidades tradicionais, bem como iniciativas contemporâneas, de gestão da diversidade, cidadania e integração social de imigrantes. A metodologia utilizada envolve levantamento documental e bibliográfico, análise de dados qualitativos, bem como de quantitativos secundários. Para o caso brasileiro, ainda, foram acompanhadas reuniões do Conselho Nacional de Imigração, bem como uma série de eventos com participação de atores chaves envolvidos na formulação e implementação da política migratória do país. Como conclusão, observa-se que, tanto no Brasil quanto no Canadá, há uma priorização de políticas para atração de mão-de-obra qualificada, embora com características bastante diferenciadas em cada país. No caso brasileiro identifica-se, também, a necessidade de tratar de problemas como a vinda de fluxos migratórios inesperados. E, no caso canadense, destaca-se, ademais, a revisão de programas para trabalhadores temporários.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the Brazilian and Canadian government responses to the issues surrounding immigration for both countries, given the contemporary global scenario affecting the issue. The main question that directs the research is: in what way the Brazilian government and the Canadian government have managed the presence of foreigners in the context of the migrations in their respective countries, according to the current international context? In order to answer this question, the governmental structures for the treatment of immigrants in both countries are analysed and some political actions aimed at attracting and managing the presence of foreigners in each one of them between 2010 and 2016. The conceptual apparatus is about traditional modalities, as well as contemporary initiatives of diversity management, citizenship and social integration of immigrants. The methodology used involves documentary and bibliographic survey, analysis of qualitative data, as well as of secondary quantitative data. For the Brazilian case, meetings of the National Immigration Council were also attended, as well as a series of events with the participation of key actors involved in the formulation and implementation of the country's migration policy. As a conclusion, it is observed that, in Brazil and Canada, there is a prioritization of policies to attract skilled labor, although with very different characteristics in each country. The Brazilian case also identifies the need to deal with problems such as the arrival of unexpected migratory flows. And, in the Canadian case, it is also worth mentioning the revision of programs for temporary workers.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O artigo que segue perspectiva a situação dos migrantes na contemporaneidade. Nesse sentido, advoga a construção de alternativas às políticas migratórias brasileiras, constituídas historicamente a partir dos princípios de um estado de polícia, sob a ótica repressivista e utilitarista. Tais alternativas consistem na proposição de uma virada paradigmática na compreensão do que “são” os migrantes e do desvelamento de sua dimensão humana, permitindo a sua existência mesma, enquanto “potencialidades” na sociedade global. Para tanto, reivindica a possibilidade de profanação, tal como proposta pelo filósofo italiano Giorgio Agamben, enquanto condição de possibilidade de uma nova política, um novo ser humano, uma nova comunidade, que promova a potência da vida. O método empregado na investigação é o fenomenológico hermenêutico, marcado pela invasão da filosofia pela linguagem a partir de uma pós-metafísica de reinclusão da faticidade que passa a atravessar o esquema sujeito-objeto, estabelecendo uma circularidade na compreensão. Como resultado da investigação, procura-se demonstrar que, no caso dos migrantes, a profanação reivindicada significa considerá-los “tal qual são”, ou seja, não esperar que eles cumpram com esta ou aquela função no contexto de uma determinada sociedade, mas viabilizar que eles sejam potencialidades. Com efeito, o ser “tal qual” dos imigrantes pode ser considerado como uma importante forma de resistência que emerge na sociedade do controle biopolítico.

The article that follows perspective the situation of migrants in contemporary times. In this sense, advocates the construction of alternatives to Brazilian migration policies, historically constituted on the principles of a police state, from the perspective repressivista and utilitarian. Such alternatives consist in proposing a paradigm shift in the understanding of what "is" migrants and the unveiling of its human dimension, allowing its existence as "potential" in the global society. Therefore, claims the possibility of profanation, as proposed by Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben, as a condition of possibility of a new policy, a new human being, a new community that promotes the power of life. The method used in research is the hermeneutic phenomenological, marked by the invasion of philosophy by languagefrom a reinclusion postmetaphysical of facticity passing through the subject-object scheme, establishing a circularity in understanding. As a result of research, seeks to demonstrate that, in the case of migrants, claimed desecration means consider them "as it is", ie do not expectthem to comply with this or that function in the context of a given society, but enable them to be potential. Indeed, being "as is" of immigrants it can be considered as an important form of resistance that emerges in control of society biopolitical.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O artigo que segue perspectiva a situação dos migrantes na contemporaneidade. Nesse sentido, advoga a construção de alternativas às políticas migratórias brasileiras, constituídas historicamente a partir dos princípios de um estado de polícia, sob a ótica repressivista e utilitarista. Tais alternativas consistem na proposição de uma virada paradigmática na compreensão do que “são” os migrantes e do desvelamento de sua dimensão humana, permitindo a sua existência mesma, enquanto “potencialidades” na sociedade global. Para tanto, reivindica a possibilidade de profanação, tal como proposta pelo filósofo italiano Giorgio Agamben, enquanto condição de possibilidade de uma nova política, um novo ser humano, uma nova comunidade, que promova a potência da vida. O método empregado na investigação é o fenomenológico hermenêutico, marcado pela invasão da filosofia pela linguagem a partir de uma pós-metafísica de reinclusão da faticidade que passa a atravessar o esquema sujeito-objeto, estabelecendo uma circularidade na compreensão. Como resultado da investigação, procura-se demonstrar que, no caso dos migrantes, a profanação reivindicada significa considerá-los “tal qual são”, ou seja, não esperar que eles cumpram com esta ou aquela função no contexto de uma determinada sociedade, mas viabilizar que eles sejam potencialidades. Com efeito, o ser “tal qual” dos imigrantes pode ser considerado como uma importante forma de resistência que emerge na sociedade do controle biopolítico.(AU)

The article that follows perspective the situation of migrants in contemporary times. In this sense, advocates the construction of alternatives to Brazilian migration policies, historically constituted on the principles of a police state, from the perspective repressivista and utilitarian. Such alternatives consist in proposing a paradigm shift in the understanding of what "is" migrants and the unveiling of its human dimension, allowing its existence as "potential" in the global society. Therefore, claims the possibility of profanation, as proposed by Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben, as a condition of possibility of a new policy, a new human being, a new community that promotes the power of life. The method used in research is the hermeneutic phenomenological, marked by the invasion of philosophy by languagefrom a reinclusion postmetaphysical of facticity passing through the subject-object scheme, establishing a circularity in understanding. As a result of research, seeks to demonstrate that, in the case of migrants, claimed desecration means consider them "as it is", ie do not expectthem to comply with this or that function in the context of a given society, but enable them to be potential. Indeed, being "as is" of immigrants it can be considered as an important form of resistance that emerges in control of society biopolitical.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A proposta geral desse artigo é apresentar uma análise descritiva dos estrangeiros autorizados a se estabelecer temporária ou permanentemente no Brasil, durante o período de 2005 a 2011, bem como sua relação com a política migratória brasileira. Para isso, foram utilizados os microdados da Coordenação Geral de Imigração (CNIg) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Considerando a literatura apresentada, o intuito é identificar se há uma tendência de seletividade dos estrangeiros autorizados a entrarem no país. Apesar de tal fato não poder ser testado, pois não se dispõe de informações sobre o perfil dos candidatos que tiveram seus pedidos de autorizações negados, é possível inferir sobre tal questão a partir dos dados analisados. Os resultados mostram que as autorizações concedidas são majoritariamente para trabalhadores profissionais e investidores, homens, altamente qualificados e de países, em geral, mais desenvolvidos (norte-americanos, europeus e asiáticos), com destino para o Sudeste. Esse perfil dos autorizados pode ser explicado, em parte, pela política migratória brasileira, que continua a ser restritiva e seletiva. Embora não se possa identificar a origem da seletividade – se o governo brasileiro, o mercado de trabalho (de origem e/ou de destino), ou as próprias solicitações dos estrangeiros –, verifica-se que a política migratória brasileira assegura tal seletividade, independentemente de quem venha a ser o agente dessa ação...

The main purpose of this article is to bring a descriptive analysis about foreigners who are authorized to stay in Brazil in a temporary or permanent term, from 2005 to 2011; and to highlight its relation to Brazilian migration policy. As such, we worked with microdata from Brazilian Migration General Coordination (CNIg), at the Work and Employ Ministry. Based on the presented bibliography, our aim is to identify the existence of a selectivity tendency regarding the authorization of foreigners who accomplish to come to Brazil. Although, we cannot test this selectivity fact, as the information regarding the migrant profile, who had his/her authorization declined, is not available; we can infer this point from the data collected. The results show that the majority of issued authorizations refers to professional workers and investors, men, highly skilled, from developed countries (in general Americans, Europeans and Asians), and towards Brazilian Southeast. This profile of authorized migrants could be partially explained by Brazilian migration policy which remains restrictive and selective. Although it is not possible to identify the source of this selectivity – whether the Brazilian government, the labor market (for origin and destination), or just the specificities of foreigners' requests – Brazilian migration policy ensures this selectivity, regardless of whom could be the agent of this action...

La propuesta dese artigo es presentar un análisis descriptivo de los extranjeros autorizados a establecerse de manera temporaria o permanente en Brasil, por el período de 2005 a 2011, y su relación con la política de migración brasileña. Para eso, utilizamos los microdatos de la Coordinación General de la Migración (CNIg), del Ministerio del Trabajo y Empleo. Considerando la literatura presentada, nuestro intento es identificar si hay una tendencia a la selectividad de los extranjeros que entran en el país. Aunque no podamos testar tal facto, una vez que no tenemos las informaciones sobre los perfiles de los candidatos que tuvieron sus solicitudes negadas, es posible inferir tal cuestión por los datos analizados. Los resultados enseñan que los tipos de autorización concedidos son, en su mayoría, para trabajadores profesionales y inversores, hombres altamente cualificados, de países, en general, desarrollados (estadounidenses, europeos y asiáticos), y con destino al Sudeste del país. Este perfil de autorizados puede ser explicado, en parte, por la política de migración brasileña que continua a ser restrictiva y selectiva. Aunque no se pueda identificar la fuente de la selectividad - si el gobierno brasileño, el mercado de trabajo (origen y / o destino), o las propias solicitudes de los extranjeros - la política de inmigración brasileña asegura tal selectividad independientemente de quién sea el agente de esta acción...

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores que podrían incidir en la intención de migrar a otros países por parte de profesionales de la salud venezolanos. MÉTODOS: Estudio exploratorio que aplicó respectivamente entrevista semi-estructurada y encuesta a una población conformada por cuatro profesionales de la salud y 36 estudiantes de medicina. Los datos de la entrevista fueron analizados por categorización deductiva e inductiva y los de la encuesta mediante análisis univariado y bivariado. RESULTADOS: Se observó una intención de emigrar general de 13,8 por ciento en los estudiantes, con diferencias entre los dos grupos incluidos en el estudio. Se halló un alto efecto motivador para migrar en las razones laborales (16,6 por ciento), particularmente la posibilidad de conciliar la vida personal y la laboral, obtener mejor remuneración, acceder a formación continua, trabajar en un mejor sistema de salud y disponer de recursos básicos para la práctica profesional. Se determinó que las razones profesionales ejercen un efecto motivador moderado (13,8 por ciento), mientras que las personales y contextuales no influyen de manera importante (menos de 3 por ciento). Aun cuando durante las entrevistas a los médicos graduados hubo choques de intereses políticos y económicos, solo 5,5 por ciento de los estudiantes encuestados consideraron la situación política o económica como factor expulsor en la fuga de profesionales. CONCLUSIONES: Se recomienda fortalecer la gestión y el desarrollo profesional del personal médico, conciliando sus expectativas con el marco legal y las necesidades del sistema de salud. Haría falta establecer un sistema de registro formal de la migración de profesionales y ampliar el estudio de los factores causales al nivel nacional, dado que un mejor conocimiento de estos fenómenos migratorios contribuiría a generar y sustentar propuestas que garanticen la autosuficiencia de recursos humanos de salud.

OBJECTIVE: Ascertain the factors that could affect the intention of Venezuelan health professionals to emigrate to other countries. METHODS: Exploratory study that applied a semistructured interview and survey, respectively, to a population consisting of four health professionals and 36 medical students. The interview data were analyzed by deductive and inductive categorization and the survey data by means of univariate and bivariate analysis. RESULTS: It was observed that 13.8 percent of the students generally intended to emigrate, with differences between the two study groups. It was found that work-related issues had a high motivating effect (16.6 percent), particularly the possibility of balancing work with personal life, better pay, access to continuing education, working in a better health system, and having the basic resources necessary for professional practice. It was determined that professional reasons had a moderate motivating effect (13.8 percent), whereas personal and contextual reasons had little influence (less than 3 percent). Although the interviews of physicians who had obtained their medical degree revealed clashes involving political and economic interests, only 5.5 percent of the students surveyed considered the political or economic situation a determinant in the emigration of professionals. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended that the management and professional development of medical personnel be strengthened, reconciling their expectations with the legal framework and needs of the health system. A formal system for tracking the emigration of professionals and broadening the study of the causative factors at the national level should be set up, since better knowledge about the phenomena linked with emigration would help generate and support proposals to guarantee self-sufficiency with respect to human resources for health.

Assuntos

RESUMO

"Debates about United States border control policies have generally ignored the human costs of undocumented migration. We focus attention on these costs by estimating the number, causes and location of migrant deaths at the southwest border of the United States between 1993 and 1997.... Deaths from hyperthermia, hypothermia and dehydration increased sharply from 1993 to 1997 as intensified border enforcement redirected undocumented migration flows from urban crossing points to more remote crossing areas where the migrants are exposed to a greater risk of death."

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: "Low-skill labour migration from Mexico to the U.S. is a dominant aspect of general Mexico-U.S. migration. It is of even greater importance in undocumented migration in general and in undocumented border flows, and as such has become a growing source of concern and initial coordination and collaboration between the two governments.... The article recommends that any large-scale migrant worker programme be bilateral in nature." (EXCERPT)^ieng

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: The return of migrants to Jamaica is closely associated with the persistence of the transnational household, which is established between the family members abroad and those who remain in Jamaica. The strength of transnational linkages is strongly determined by the manner and purpose of migration, by whether the migration involves an individual or a family, and the extent of the migrant's obligations in compensation for the neglect of responsibilities during his or her absence. Remittances precede, accompany, and follow the return of migrants. There was a consistent increase in remittances during the 1990s; they increased in revenue from US$183.3 million in 1991 to US$668.7 million in 1997. Quantitative statistics on return migration to Jamaica have only been gathered officially since 1992. Data showed a steady increase in the volume of return migration from 1992 to 1997. The largest numbers of returning residents were recorded in 1993 (2493) and in 1994 (2417). The majority of the migrants came from the US followed by the UK. A smaller percentage of return migrants came from Canada and other locations, chiefly Caribbean countries. Seeing potential in the Jamaican overseas community, the Government of Jamaica has established programs, such as the Return of Talent program, to encourage the return of its nationals. Two factors have had an impact on return migration to Jamaica: 1) the characteristics of the migrants in terms of skill level, experience, and attitudes and 2) the social and economic condition of the country itself.^ieng

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: Changes in migration from Mexico to the US following anti-migrant measures in the US and devaluation of the peso in late 1994 were studied through interviews with Mexicans attempting to enter the US and with migrants returning to Mexico. The major control measures were Operation Gatekeeper, a federal program to reinforce border control around Tijuana-San Diego, and California's Proposition 187. Changes in the volume, sociodemographic profile, and family and social ties of migrants and in labor markets were studied between April 1993 and November 1995, with particular attention to California, the major destination and the focus of border control and anti-migration measures. Net Mexican immigration to the US was estimated at around 200,000, with 140,000 entering the US before the measures. For California, the net immigration was 49,000 before the measures and 69,000 after. The proportion going to California increased from 34% before the measures were enacted to 41.5% after. The short-term impact of the measures was reflected in a greater preponderance of males and a younger average age. Higher proportions of women returned to Mexico after the measures, the only sociodemographic effect observed in returning Mexicans. Neither migrant incomes nor remittances were affected by the US measures, at least in the short run. Migratory flows to the US are determined primarily by the structure of the Mexican and US labor markets, which were little affected by the measures.^ieng

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: "This article describes the main features of an international worker program which has been operating for over twenty-five years, although it been hitherto largely unknown. The article focuses on the economic changes undergone by Canada, which led to the need to supplement its seasonal labor requirements with Caribbean and Mexican temporary workers.... Data on the Canadian program has shown that it has satisfactorily supplemented certain farm work requirements without experiencing any problems that could demerit its success, despite the number of years it has been operating." (EXCERPT)^ieng

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: The evolution since 1964 of Mexican government policy regarding migrant workers in the US is discussed. For a decade after the "bracero" program was terminated by the US, the Mexican government attempted to encourage creation of another legal framework for migration, regarded as inevitable whether legal or clandestine. Around 1974-75, a more distant attitude, termed the "policy of no policy," acquired considerable support in Mexican government and academic circles. The no-policy strategy allowed Mexico to achieve certain objectives regarding migration without prompting US intervention in its internal affairs, as for example by a linkage of US migration policy to specific Mexican government actions. The 1986 passage of the US Immigration Reform and Control Act effectively ended the no-policy strategy that had allowed the Mexican government to count on the continued emigration of Mexican workers without compromising its position of promoting respect for migrant rights. The unilateral change in the status quo by the US led to substitution of the "policy of dialogue," a clear signal of the Mexican government's search for a new migration agreement. The policy of dialogue has entailed greater discussion of the two traditional Mexican objectives regarding migration. Some progress has apparently been made concerning migrant rights, but the second and less explicit objective, that of preventing abrupt changes in US immigration policy and in migratory flows, is harder to judge. The atmosphere of freer public debate in Mexico is politicizing migratory policy.^ieng

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: This article describes and analyzes the Clinton Administration's decision to end the almost automatic acceptance of Cubans as political refugees to the US. The decision came after the Balsero Crisis in July 1994 after many people stormed embassies and diplomatic residences in Havana, Cuba, demanding asylum and complaining about impoverished living conditions. Riots erupted. The May 2, 1995, policy ended the indefinite detention of over 28,000 Cubans in safe haven camps, repealed the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966, restricted travel to Cuba, halted monetary remittances to Cuba, equalized the number of annual visas from Cuba, and legalized the return of Cubans adrift at sea. The goals were to solve the immediate migration crisis created by Cubans detained at Guantanamo Bay, to implement controls of future waves of Cuban asylum seekers, and to oppose Castro with economic and political initiatives. The economic embargo during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s devastated the Cuban economy and led to its alliance with the USSR. Each of the four waves of migration was distinctive in composition and reasons for migrating. By the mid-1990s, Cuba was no longer a threat, Soviet interests in Cuba had declined, and the policy was hoped to bring about the collapse of Castro and promotion of democracy. The 1994 resolution ended the contradictory and preferential treatment of Cubans. It also ended the selectivity of the US in admitting those from countries the US was directly opposed to. The permanence of the embargo due to legislation in 1996 is a push factor for mass migrations.^ieng

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: "Based on interviews and archival research, this paper traces Italian immigration to Guatemala from 1870 to the immediate post-war period. The author notes that among European immigrants, Italians and Spaniards were favored by most Guatemalan governments because they were viewed as more likely to assimilate.... In a country where the majority indigenous population was considered an obstacle to progress, Italians were looked upon favorably, as skilled workers who would develop the country's agriculture, commerce, and industry." (EXCERPT)^ieng

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: This article reviews the literature on migration and HIV/AIDS in Mexico and Central America, including Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Most migrants travel to the US through Mexico. US-Mexico trade agreements created opportunities for increased risk of HIV transmission. The research literature focuses on Mexico. Most countries, with the exception of Belize and Costa Rica, are sending countries. Human rights of migrants are violated in transit and at destination. Migration policies determine migration processes. The Mexican-born population in the US is about 3% of US population and 8% of Mexico's population. About 22% arrived during 1992-97, and about 500,000 are naturalized US citizens. An additional 11 million have a Mexican ethnic background. Mexican migrants are usually economically active men who had jobs before leaving and were urban people who settled in California, Texas, Illinois, and Arizona. Most Mexican migrants enter illegally. Many return to Mexico. The main paths of HIV transmission are homosexual, heterosexual, and IV-drug-injecting persons. Latino migrants frequently use prostitutes, adopt new sexual practices including anal penetration among men, greater diversity of sexual partners, and use of injectable drugs.^ieng

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: "Immigrants from [the] Middle East, mainly Syrian and Lebanese, play a relevant role among immigrants coming to Argentina since [the] mid 19th century.... Was the image of Arab immigrants in the 1940s similar to that at the turn of the century? Did their position in the local society soften the vision of them as ¿unwanted immigrants' in earlier times? Were there discriminatory behaviours against this ethnic group? We intend to answer [these] questions through the analysis of the discourse and the actions of two directors of the Argentine immigration department, i.e., Juan Alsina (1890-1910) and Santiago Peralta (1945-1947)." (EXCERPT)^ieng

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: The author analyzes the conflict inherent in current American attitudes toward immigration, in which a general desire to control and limit immigration, particularly from Mexico, contrasts with a general willingness to profit from such immigration as a source of cheap and available labor. Particular attention is given to the situation in California and to the debate surrounding Proposition 187. The author suggests that the main concerns of Americans about immigration are with issues of race and security, and the conflict between the ideals of working toward a more democratic society and building more controls to create a more secure society.^ieng

Assuntos