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BACKGROUND: Globally, Mexico is one of six countries with the highest level of firearm mortality. While previous studies have examined firearm mortality in Mexico before 2015, increases in violence since then highlight the need for an updated analysis. In this study, we examined changes in firearm-related deaths in Mexico from 2015 to 2022 and described these deaths by key demographic groups, incident location, and state of occurrence. Data came from Mexico's Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia (INEGI), a federal agency that collects and reports national population data. We used descriptive statistics to analyze rates, proportions, and percentage changes in firearm mortality, and we displayed temporal trends using time plots and special trends using maps. RESULTS: Firearm deaths increased in Mexico from 2015 to 2018 but slightly decreased from 2018 to 2022. Homicides presented the highest increase and the highest proportion of firearm-related deaths from 2015 to 2022. Victims were primarily males but rates among women increased at a higher proportion (99.5% vs 53.5%). One third of victims were 20-29y but rates among children and adolescents (10-9y) increased at a higher proportion. Most firearm-related deaths occurred in streets or public spaces but the percentage of incidents occurring in households have increased. State-level rates and percentage changes varied significantly. States with higher rates of firearm mortality coincide with those involving conflict among organized criminal organizations. CONCLUSION: Firearm mortality in Mexico is a major public health burden. The epidemiology of firearm-related deaths in Mexico varies by intent, demographics, location, and states. To mitigate this challenge, multiple solutions are required.
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Aims: To determine the prevalence of specific antibodies and the associated risk factors for toxoplasmosis in students attending high-shool in Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. Methods: Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG and IgM antibodies were detected by using a home-made indirect immunofluorescence antibodies test. Socio-demographic variables and risk factors were recorded. The correlation was measured by Odds Ratio (95% CI), using Chi-square or Fischer test for statistical significance. Results: Blood samples from 174 volunteer students were collected. The age range was 14 to 25 years old, and 109 (63%) were female. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG and IgM antibodies were 17.8% and 4.6%, respectively. We did not find statistically significant differences due to age or gender. From the risk factors studied, the only significant association was found between T.gondii-specific IgG antibodies and the consumption of undercooked meat. Seven out of 11 (63.6%) students who consumed undercooked meat were IgG positive, compared with 22/159 (13.8%) who did not have this habit (OR 10.8, 95%CI 2.9-40.4). Other variables were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii specific IgG and IgM antibodies were 17.8% and 4.6%, respectively. Students who had consumed undercooked meat had a 10.8 times greater risk of acquiring Toxoplasma gondii infection.
Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma y factores de riesgo asociados para toxoplasmosis en estudiantes de bachillerato en Zapopan, Jalisco, México. Métodos: Los anticuerpos IgG e IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii fueron determinados usando el método de inmunofluorescencia indirecta realizado en nuestro laboratorio y previamente estandarizado. Variables socio-demográficas y factores de riesgo para toxoplasmosis fueron analizados y correlacionados con la presencia de anticuerpos. La correlación fue realizada mediante razón de momios con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Fueron utilizados Chi cuadrada ó significancia estadística de Fischer. Resultados: Fueron determinados los anticuerpos en 174 estudiantes. El rango de edad fue de 14 a 25 años y 109 (63%) correspondió al género femenino. La prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma fue de 17,8% para IgG y 4,6% para IgM. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con relación a edad y genero. De los factores de riesgo estudiados, la asociación entre anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma clase IgG y el consumo de carne poco cocida fue la única significativa. Siete de cada 11 (63,6%) los estudiantes que consumieron carne mal cocida IgG-positivos, en comparación con 22/159 (13,8%) que no tenían este hábito (odds ratio: 10,8, intervalo de confianza del 95%: 2,9-40,4). Otras variables no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma clase IgG fue de 17,8% y 4,6% a IgM. Los estudiantes que consumían carne mal cocida tuvieron 10,8 veces mayor riesgo para adquirir la infección por Toxoplasma gondii.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários , Estudantes , Fatores de Risco , Imunoglobulina G , Imunoglobulina M , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/prevenção & controle , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In this study, we have identified and evaluated the cardiovascular anomalies associated with Williams-Beuren syndrome in children.In a retrospective, lineal, and observational study, we reviewed the files of children who were seen from 1980 through 2005 (25 years) after a clinical diagnosis of Williams-Beuren syndrome.Forty children were diagnosed with this syndrome at the National Institute of Pediatrics in Mexico City. Of these, 32 (80%) were found to have congenital heart defects. The male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1 and ages ranged from 6 months to 15 years (mean, 4.4 years) at the time of diagnosis. All of the patients had morphologic and genetic characteristics typical of the syndrome.We emphasize the cardiovascular aspects from a clinical point of view. Supravalvular aortic stenosis was our most frequent finding, in 18 of 32 patients (56%); gradient differences in these patients ranged from 14 to 81 mmHg. Five patients showed combined lesions, the most frequent being supravalvular aortic stenosis in combination with pulmonary artery brachial stenosis, or with atrial and ventricular defects. Patients with incomplete atrioventricular defect and bicuspid aortic valve, as were seen at our hospital, have not to our knowledge been reported in other studies.One of the patients was scheduled for balloon dilation; another was scheduled for surgery; a 3rd patient was operated on twice for the placement of an aorto-aortic bridge; another underwent ventricular septal defect closure; and yet another underwent aortoplasty, this last dying shortly after surgery.