Assuntos

RESUMO

Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is the first step in calculating crop irrigation demand, and numerous methods have been proposed to estimate this parameter. FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM) is the only standard method for defining and calculating ET0. However, it requires radiation, air temperature, atmospheric humidity, and wind speed data, limiting its application in regions where these data are unavailable; therefore, new alternatives are required. This study compared the accuracy of ET0 calculated with the Blaney-Criddle (BC) and Hargreaves-Samani (HS) methods versus PM using information from an automated weather station (AWS) and the NASA-POWER platform (NP) for different periods. The information collected corresponds to Module XII of the Lagunera Region Irrigation District 017, a semi-arid region in the North of Mexico. The HS method underestimated the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) by 5.5% compared to the PM method considering the total ET0 of the study period (26 February to 9 August 2021) and yielded the best fit in the different evaluation periods (daily, 5-day mean, and 5-day cumulative); the latter showed the best values of inferential parameters. The information about maximum and minimum temperatures from the NP platform was suitable for estimating ET0 using the HS equation. This data source is a suitable alternative, particularly in semi-arid regions with limited climatological data from weather stations.

RESUMO

This paper presents a data set with information on meteorological data and electricity consumption in the department of Alto Paraná, Paraguay. The meteorological data were registered every three hours at the Aeropuerto Guarani, Department of Alto Paraná, which belongs to the Dirección Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil of Paraguay. The final data consists of a total of 22.445 records of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and atmospheric pressure. On the other hand, the electrical energy consumption data set contains a total of 1.848.947 records, all of them coming from the one hundred and fifteen feeders located throughout the Alto Paraná region of Paraguay. Electrical energy consumption data was provided by Administración Nacional de Electricidad (ANDE). The analysis of this data can yield insights regarding the energy consumption in the area.

RESUMO

In 2020, Brazil was the leading country in COVID-19 cases in Latin America, and capital cities were the most severely affected by the outbreak. Climates vary in Brazil due to the territorial extension of the country, its relief, geography, and other factors. Since the most common COVID-19 symptoms are related to the respiratory system, many researchers have studied the correlation between the number of COVID-19 cases with meteorological variables like temperature, humidity, rainfall, etc. Also, due to its high transmission rate, some researchers have analyzed the impact of human mobility on the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission. There is a dearth of literature that considers these two variables when predicting the spread of COVID-19 cases. In this paper, we analyzed the correlation between the number of COVID-19 cases and human mobility, and meteorological data in Brazilian capitals. We found that the correlation between such variables depends on the regions where the cities are located. We employed the variables with a significant correlation with COVID-19 cases to predict the number of COVID-19 infections in all Brazilian capitals and proposed a prediction method combining the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method with the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Exogenous inputs (ARIMAX) method, which we called EEMD-ARIMAX. After analyzing the results poor predictions were further investigated using a signal processing-based anomaly detection method. Computational tests showed that EEMD-ARIMAX achieved a forecast 26.73% better than ARIMAX. Moreover, an improvement of 30.69% in the average root mean squared error (RMSE) was noticed when applying the EEMD-ARIMAX method to the data normalized after the anomaly detection.

RESUMO

Fungi disperse spores to move across landscapes and spore liberation takes different patterns. Many species release spores intermittently; others release spores at specific times of day. Despite intriguing evidence of periodicity, why (and if) the timing of spore release would matter to a fungus remains an open question. Here we use state-of-the-art numerical simulations of atmospheric transport and meteorological data to follow the trajectory of many spores in the atmosphere at different times of day, seasons, and locations across North America. While individual spores follow unpredictable trajectories due to turbulence, in the aggregate patterns emerge: Statistically, spores released during the day fly for several days, whereas spores released at night return to ground within a few hours. Differences are caused by intense turbulence during the day and weak turbulence at night. The pattern is widespread but its reliability varies; for example, day/night patterns are stronger in southern regions. Results provide testable hypotheses explaining both intermittent and regular patterns of spore release as strategies to maximize spore survival in the air. Species with short-lived spores reproducing where there is strong turbulence during the day, for example in Mexico, maximize survival by releasing spores at night. Where cycles are weak, for example in Canada during fall, there is no benefit to releasing spores at the same time every day. Our data challenge the perception of fungal dispersal as risky, wasteful, and beyond control of individuals; our data suggest the timing of spore liberation may be finely tuned to maximize fitness during atmospheric transport.

Assuntos

RESUMO

It is well known that excessive heat exposure causes heat disorders and can lead to death in some situations. Evaluation of heat stress on workers performing indoor and outdoor activities is, nowadays, conducted worldwide by wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index, which calculation parameters are dry-bulb, natural wet-bulb, and globe temperatures, which must be measured at the same time and in location where the worker is conducting his/her activities. However, for some activities performed in large outdoor areas such as those of agricultural ones, it is not feasible to measure directly those temperatures in all work periods and locations where there are workers. Taking this into account, this work aims to introduce a WBGT index estimation using atmospheric variables observed by automatic meteorological stations. In order to support our estimation method, we used, as a test-bed, data recorded in the State of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. By adding the cloudiness factor in the calculation through measurement of solar radiation, the algorithm proved to be as efficient as those mentioned in this work. It was found that this method is viable, with WBGT-estimated values obtained from meteorological data measured by stations with a distance of less than 80 km. This estimate can be used for monitoring heat stress in real time as well as to investigate heat-related disorders and agricultural work.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The main objective of this research was to compare the phenology of grafted plants of the clones CP 076 and 1001 of precocious dwarf cashew tree, under localized irrigation conditions. It was carried out from April 1985 to March 1991 on an experimental area of the Federal University of Ceará, in Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil. Observations were taken on 10 plants from each clone planted in a clonal germoplasm area spaced 6 m x 6 m. The development of quantitative and qualitative growths, leaves abscission, flowering, fruit set, and plants in production were evaluated The monthly averages of temperature, relative humidity of air, and wind speed as well as the monthly totals of insolation, solar radiation, and rainfall were registered during the whole experiment. It was verified that height, plant spread, leaves abscission, and qualitative vegetative growth took place for both clones, continuously throughout the experiment, more as a consequence of the irrigation that the plants were submitted. Flowering and fruit set of both clones showed a different behaviour. The clone CP 1001 presented a much more defined periodicity than clone CP 076. The rain distribution is the climatic factor that seems to influence more in this behaviour.

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a fenologia de plantas enxertadas dos clones CP 076 e 1001 de cajueiro anão precoce, sob condições de irrigação localizada. O trabalho foi conduzido em uma área experimental da Universidade Federal do Ceará, em Caucaia, Ceará, durante o período de abril de 1985 a março de 1991. As observações foram realizadas em 10 plantas de cada clone contidas em um jardim clonal em um espaçamento de 6 m x 6 m. Foi avaliada a evolução dos crescimentos quantitativo e qualitativo, da floração e frutificação, da queda foliar e de plantas em produção. As médias mensais de temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do vento, e os totais mensais de insolação, de radiação solar e de precipitação pluvial foram determinados durante todo o experimento. Constatou-se que as fenofases altura, envergadura, queda de folhas e crescimento vegetativo qualitativo ocorreram continuamente, para ambos os clones, durante todo o experimento, mais como uma conseqüência da irrigação a que as plantas foram submetidas. Para as fenofases floração e frutificação, ocorreu uma resposta diferenciada. O clone CP 1001 apresentou uma periodicidade muito mais definida que o clone CP 076. A distribuição das chuvas é o fator meteorológico que parece mais influenciar neste comportamento.

RESUMO

The main objective of this research was to compare the phenology of grafted plants of the clones CP 076 and 1001 of precocious dwarf cashew tree, under localized irrigation conditions. It was carried out from April 1985 to March 1991 on an experimental area of the Federal University of Ceará, in Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil. Observations were taken on 10 plants from each clone planted in a clonal germoplasm area spaced 6 m x 6 m. The development of quantitative and qualitative growths, leaves abscission, flowering, fruit set, and plants in production were evaluated The monthly averages of temperature, relative humidity of air, and wind speed as well as the monthly totals of insolation, solar radiation, and rainfall were registered during the whole experiment. It was verified that height, plant spread, leaves abscission, and qualitative vegetative growth took place for both clones, continuously throughout the experiment, more as a consequence of the irrigation that the plants were submitted. Flowering and fruit set of both clones showed a different behaviour. The clone CP 1001 presented a much more defined periodicity than clone CP 076. The rain distribution is the climatic factor that seems to influence more in this behaviour.

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a fenologia de plantas enxertadas dos clones CP 076 e 1001 de cajueiro anão precoce, sob condições de irrigação localizada. O trabalho foi conduzido em uma área experimental da Universidade Federal do Ceará, em Caucaia, Ceará, durante o período de abril de 1985 a março de 1991. As observações foram realizadas em 10 plantas de cada clone contidas em um jardim clonal em um espaçamento de 6 m x 6 m. Foi avaliada a evolução dos crescimentos quantitativo e qualitativo, da floração e frutificação, da queda foliar e de plantas em produção. As médias mensais de temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do vento, e os totais mensais de insolação, de radiação solar e de precipitação pluvial foram determinados durante todo o experimento. Constatou-se que as fenofases altura, envergadura, queda de folhas e crescimento vegetativo qualitativo ocorreram continuamente, para ambos os clones, durante todo o experimento, mais como uma conseqüência da irrigação a que as plantas foram submetidas. Para as fenofases floração e frutificação, ocorreu uma resposta diferenciada. O clone CP 1001 apresentou uma periodicidade muito mais definida que o clone CP 076. A distribuição das chuvas é o fator meteorológico que parece mais influenciar neste comportamento.