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Meibomian gland (MG) dysfunction and glaucoma are very prevalent ocular conditions that significantly impact patients' quality of life. A growing number of clinical and experimental studies have reported an association between the use of topical eye drops to reduce intraocular pressure and the development or exacerbation of MG dysfunction. Studies investigating the impact of glaucoma eyedrops on MG diagnostic parameters have shown variable results, particularly regarding the morphology and function of MG and tear film instability. Herein, we corroborated the findings of greater changes in morphological and functional variables related to MG in patients treated with antiglaucoma eye drops through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: In this prospective study, we compared ocular clinical variables in patients with acne vulgaris with those of healthy controls. These variables included tear film break-up time, meibomian gland dropout rate, and anterior chamber parameters. Methods: Our sample comprised 73 eyes from 73 patients with acne vulgaris and 67 eyes from 67 healthy controls. All participants underwent a non-invasive first tear film break-up time test and the average tear film break-up time was evaluated. Meibography was used to identify any meibomian gland dropout. The parameters of the cornea and anterior chamber were measured using Scheimpflug topography imaging. Finally, the ocular surface disease index questionnaire was administered to score each participant on their subjective experience of ocular complaints. Results: The noninvasive first tear film break-up time values of the acne vulgaris Group and the control Group were 4.7 ± 2.8 and 6.4 ± 3.5 sec, respectively. There was a significant difference between the groups (p=0.016). The number of eyes with tear break-up at any time during the measurement period was also significantly higher in the acne Group (p=0.018). In the acne vulgaris Group, the mean meibomian gland dropout rates were 33.21 ± 15.5% in the upper lids and 45.4 ± 14.5% in the lower lids. In the control group, these rates were 15.7 ± 6.9% and 21 ± 9.7% respectively. Dropout was significantly higher in the acne group for both the upper and lower lids (p=0.000). Conclusion: We found impaired tear stability in patients with acne vulgaris and a high rate of meibomian gland dropout. These glands play a key role in tear stability and their dropout is likely to result in evaporative dry eye. Measurement of the variables in this study allows objective diagnosis of this condition using a non-invasive, dye-free methodology, with minimum contact.

RESUMO Objetivo: Neste estudo prospectivo, pacientes com acne vulgaris e indivíduos saudáveis do grupo controle foram comparados em relação ao tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, taxa de abandono de glândulas meibomianas e parâmetros da câmara anterior, usando o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal topográfico não invasivo, meibografia não invasiva e fotografia de Scheimpflug, respectivamente. Métodos: Setenta e três olhos de 73 pacientes com acne vulgaris e 67 olhos de 67 indivíduos saudáveis foram incluídos. Todos os participantes submetidos ao primeiro tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal não-invasivo e ao tempo médio de ruptura do filme lacrimal não-invasivo foram avaliados pelo uso do tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal; perda de glândulas meibomianas foram avaliadas por meibografia; os parâmetros da córnea e da câmara anterior foram medidos por fotografia de Scheimpflug; e, finalmente, as queixas oculares subjetivas foram pontuadas com o uso do questionário do Indice de doenças de superfície ocular. Resultados: Os valores do tempo de ruptura do primeiro filme lacrimal não-invasivo do Grupo com acne vulgaris e do Grupo controle foram 4,7 ± 2,8 e 6,4 ± 3,5 segundos, respectivamente, refererindo-se a uma diferença significativa entre os valores dos grupos (p=0,016). Qualitativamente, o número de olhos com ruptura lacrimal a qualquer momento durante o período de medição foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes. (p=0,018). No Grupo com acne vulgaris, a perda de glândulas meibomianas nas pálpebras superiores foi de 33,21 ± 15,5% e nas pálpebras inferiores foi de 45,4 ± 14,5%; por outro lado, no Grupo controle foi de 15,7 ± 6,9% e 21 ± 9,7% respectivamente; ambos os casos referem-se a uma diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0,000). Conclusão: Encontramos estabilidade comprometida do filme lacrimal em pacientes com acne vulgaris. No entanto, o comprometimento foi de grau muito menor, em comparação com a taxa de perda das glândulas meibomianas que desempenham um papel fundamental na estabilidade do filme lacrimal. Esta condição pode ser documentada de forma objetiva - uma metodologia parcialmente sem contato, totalmente não-invasiva e livre de corantes.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess Meibomian gland dysfunction using meibography in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and correlate with ocular surface changes. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. All patients underwent a comprehensive and standardized interview. The best-corrected visual acuity of each eye was determined. Detailed ophthalmic examination was conducted, including biomicroscopy examination of the ocular surface, Schirmer test type I, and meibography, and fundus examination was also performed when possible. Meibomian gland dysfunction was assessed by non-contact meibography using Oculus Keratograph® 5M (OCULUS Inc., Arlington, WA, USA). Saliva samples were collected using the Oragene DNA Self-collection kit (DNA Genotek Inc., Ottawa, Canada), and DNA was extracted as recommended by the manufacturer. Factors associated with abnormal meiboscores were assessed using generalized estimating equation models. Results: A total of 42 participants were enrolled, and 27 patients underwent meibography. The meiboscore was abnormal in the upper eyelid in 8 (29.6%) patients and in the lower eyelid in 17 (62.9%). The likelihood of having abnormal meiboscores in the lower eyelid was 16.3 times greater than that in the upper eyelid. In the final multivariate model, age (p=0.001), mutation profile (p=0.006), and presence of ocular surface malignant tumor (OSMT) (p=0.014) remained significant for abnormal meiboscores. For a 1-year increase in age, the likelihood of abnormal meiboscores increased by 12%. Eyes with OSMT were 58.8 times more likely to have abnormal meiboscores than eyes without ocular surface malignant tumor. Conclusion: In the final model, age, xeroderma pigmentosum profile, previous cancer, and clinical alterations on the eyelid correlated with a meiboscore of ≥2. Meibomian gland dysfunction was common in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, mainly in the lower eyelid. The severity of Meibomian gland dysfunction increases with age and is associated with severe eyelid changes.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the morphology of the meibomian glands and goblet cells in the palpebral conjunctiva of healthy cats. ANIMALS STUDIED: Five healthy domestic cats without ocular changes that had died from causes unrelated to the study were evaluated. PROCEDURES: Forty samples were collected from upper and lower palpebral conjunctiva and 20 from palpebral fornix region in the nasal corner. The samples were processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and histopathology. RESULTS: In the SEM analysis of the palpebral fornix, numerous points of mucous extrusion between the cell junctions were visualized, along with the presence of microvilli in the apical portions with small secretory vesicles. A homogeneous surface was highlighted, formed by the arrangement of cell contours in the form of hexagons. The grouping of goblet cells and their cytoplasmic vesicles filled with homogeneous content was visualized using TEM. Histopathology showed goblet cells interspersed with stratified epithelium accompanied by well-vascularized connective tissue. In the samples stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the meibomian glands, formed by acinar cells and with the presence of individual openings of the ducts in the eyelid margin, were easily visualized in the eyelid margins. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes the ultrastructural form of goblet cells and the morphology of the palpebral conjunctiva of healthy cats by the histopathology of the meibomian glands. This description can serve as a parameter of normality and aid in the detection of morphological alterations in these structures, as well as a parameter for comparison with other animal species.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the ocular surface and meibomian gland morphology in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smokers. Methods: The upper and lower eyelids of 25 male e-cigarette smokers and 25 healthy male non-smoker patients were evaluated using Sirius meibography. Meibomian glands loss was automatically calculated using Phoenix meibography imaging software module, with the result obtained as percentage loss. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, tear breakup time test, and Schirmer II test were administered and performed in all cases. Results: The mean e-cigarette smoking duration was 4.9 ± 0.9 (range, 3.4-7) years. While the mean Schirmer II test value was 9.16 ± 2.09 mm in e-cigarette group, it was 11.20 ± 2.14 mm in control group (p=0.003). Mean tear breakup time was 6.96 ± 2.31 seconds in e-cigarette group and 9.84 ± 2.13 seconds in control group (p=0.002). The mean OSDI value was 28.60 ± 6.54 and 15.16 ± 7.23 in e-cigarette and control groups, respectively (p<0.001). In Sirius meibography, the average loss for the upper eyelid was 23.08% ± 6.55% in e-cigarette group and 17.60% ± 4.94% in control group (p=0.002), and the average loss for the lower eyelid was 27.84% ± 5.98% and 18.44% ± 5.91%, respectively (p<0.001). Additionally, a significant positive correlation was identified between the loss rates for both upper and lower eyelid meibography with e-cigarette smoking duration (r=0.348, p<0.013 and r=0.550, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Long-term e-cigarette smoking causes damage to the meibomian glands; therefore, meibomian gland damage should be considered in ocular surface disorders due to e-ci­garette smoking.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a superfície ocular e a morfologia da glândula meibomiana em usuários de cigarros eletrônicos. Métodos: Foram avaliadas através de meibografia Sirius as pálpebras superiores e inferiores de 25 usuários de cigarros eletrônicos do sexo masculino e 25 pacientes não usuários saudáveis, também do sexo masculino. A perda nas glândulas meibomianas foi calculada automaticamente com o módulo de software de imagem de meibografia Phoenix. O resultado foi obtido como perda percentual. O questionário Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), o teste do tempo de ruptura lacrimal e o teste de Schirmer II foram administrados em todos os casos. Resultados: A duração média do uso de cigarros eletrônicos foi de 4,9 ± 0,9 anos (intervalo de 3,4-7 anos). O valor médio do teste de Schirmer II foi de 9,16 ± 2,09 mm no grupo de usuários de cigarros eletrônicos e de 11,20 ± 2,14 mm no grupo controle (p=0,003). O valor médio do teste do tempo de ruptura lacrimal foi de 6,96 ± 2,31 segundos no grupo de usuários de cigarros eletrônicos e 9,84 ± 2,13 segundos no grupo controle (p=0,002). O valor médio do Ocular Surface Disease Index foi de 28,60 ± 6,54 e 15,16 ± 7,23 para os grupos de usuários de cigarros eletrônicos e controle, respectivamente (p<0,001). Na meibografia de Sirius, a perda média para a pálpebra superior foi de 23,08 ± 6,55% para o grupo de usuários de cigarros eletrônicos e 17,60 ± 4,94% para o grupo controle (p=0,002), e a perda média para a pálpebra inferior foi de 27,84 ± 5,98% e 18,44 ± 5,91%, respectivamente (p<0,001). Além disso, foi observada uma correlação positiva significativa entre a taxa de perda na meibografia palpebral superior e inferior com a duração do tabagismo eletrônico, respectivamente de (r=0,348, p<0,013) e (r=0,550, p<0,001). Conclusão: O uso prolongado de cigarros eletrônicos causa danos às glândulas meibomianas. Portanto, esses danos devem ser considerados em distúrbios da superfície ocular devidos ao uso desses dispositivos.

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BACKGROUND: Meibography is a diagnostic test that allows in vivo evaluation of meibomian gland (MG). Nowadays, it is unknown whether the two available computer programs are equivalent to evaluate the glandular loss area. METHODS: This is a prospective, longitudinal, and observational study. A random selection of meibography photographs from healthy patients from the ocular surface clinic at Destellos de Luz foundation is made. The upper eyelid images were taken with the Antares® meibography (CSO, Florence, Italy); they were classified in five sessions with a week of separation between each measurement by an expert observer for each program, Phoenix (MAGL) and ImageJ (LAGB). An analysis of the meibomian gland loss area was performed, calculating it semiautomatically with Phoenix and manually with ImageJ. Intra-observer agreement was assessed through an intra-class correlation coefficient and the mean of standard deviations within subjects. Comparison between the two computational programs MG loss was made trough a nonparametric test. RESULTS: Fifty-four images from x patients (n, 67.3% female) were analyzed. The limits of concordance analysis between the two programs showed a range between - 18.55 and 9.14%. The mean MG loss area through ImageJ by observer 1 was 27.91 ± 14.82% (IC 95% 23.87 to 31.96), and that by observer 2 was 29.05 ± 15.17% (95% CI 24.91 to 33.19). The mean MG loss area through Phoenix by observer 1 was 24.48 ± 13.97% (IC 95% 20.67 to 28.29), and that by observer 2 was 24.93 ± 12.70% (95% CI 21.46, 28.40) CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of the measurement of meibomian gland loss with both programs showed a statistically significant difference. Intra-observer repeatability and inter-observer repeatability were good, with no clinical or statistical difference.

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La degeneración nodular de Salzmann es un trastorno corneal no inflamatorio, infrecuente, de mayor prevalencia en mujeres mayores de 50 años. Se caracteriza por la presencia de nódulos blanquecinos en la córnea y está asociada a diversas patologías. Reportamos el caso de una paciente de 20 años con historia de astigmatismo, miopía y síndrome de ovario poliquístico. Acudió a consulta por presentar sensación de cuerpo extraño en el ojo izquierdo y negó el haber padecido infección o trauma ocular recientes. Al examen oftalmológico se evidenció disfunción de las glándulas de Meibomio y nódulos opacos en la periferia de ambas córneas. Los hallazgos clínicos y la tomografía de coherencia óptica confirmaron el diagnóstico de degeneración nodular de Salzmann. El tratamiento con ciclosporina tópica demostró ser efectivo en la disminución de la inflamación causada por la disfunción de las glándulas de Meibomio, lo que evitó recurrencias nodulares a corto plazo.

Salzmann's nodular degeneration is an uncommon non-inflammatory corneal disorder, which is more prevalent in women more than 50 years old. It is characterized by the presence of whitish nodules in the cornea and it is associated to certain conditions. We report the case of a 20-year old female patient with past history of astigmatism, myopia, and polycystic ovary syndrome. She presented reporting a foreign body sensation in her left eye and she denied having had recent eye infection or trauma. The ophthalmological examination revealed Meibomian gland dysfunction and opaque nodules in the periphery of both corneas. Clinical findings and an optical coherence tomography (OCT) corroborated the diagnosis of Salzmann's nodular degeneration. Therapy using topical cyclosporin proved to be effective in reducing the inflammation caused by Meibomian gland dysfunction, which prevented nodular recurrence in the short term.

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Los científicos han estado interesados en el estudio de las secreciones de las glándulas de Meibomio desde hace muchos años. Enfermedades asociadas, como los cánceres y la blefaritis posterior, se han observado en la literatura médica, desde la primera parte del siglo XX. Sin embargo, el término "disfunción de las glándulas de Meibomio" fue introducida por Korb y Henríquez en 1980. No existía una definición establecida publicada en la literatura hasta que más de 50 expertos internacionales participaron en un taller, que tuvo lugar durante un período de dos años, donde se llegó a definir como una anormalidad crónica y difusa de estas glándulas, comúnmente caracterizada por la obstrucción del conducto terminal y cambios cualitativos/cuantitativos en la secreción de esta. Esto puede resultar en la alteración de la película lagrimal, síntomas de irritación ocular, inflamación clínicamente aparente y enfermedad de la superficie ocular. Es en el mismo Taller Internacional, donde se decide clasificar de acuerdo con los cambios anatómicos, fisiopatológicos, o la gravedad de la enfermedad, donde la forma obstructiva fue la más generalizada. Constituye una afección frecuente con disminución de la calidad de vida y perjuicios potencialmente graves para el bienestar humano.

Scientists have been interested in the study of secretions from meibomian glands for many years. Related illnesses as cancer and posterior blepharitis have been found in the medical literature since the first half of the 20th century. However, the term «meibomian gland dysfunction¼ was introduced by Korb and Henríquez in 1980. There was not a set definition published in the literature until over 50 international experts participated in a workshop held for 2 years. It was there where this disorder was finally defined as a chronic diffuse anomaly occurred in these glands, which is generally characterized by obstructed terminal duct and qualitative/quantitative changes in the gland secretion. This may cause altered lachrymal film, ocular irritation symptoms, clinically apparent inflammation and ocular surface disease. In the same international workshop, it was decided to classify meibomian gland dysfunction according to the anatomical, physiopathological changes or to the severity of the disease, being the obstructive type the most generalized form. This is a frequent illness that reduces the quality of life and causes potentially serious damages for the human wellbeing.

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El carcinoma de glándulas sebáceas es un tumor altamente maligno y potencialmente letal. Puede enmascarar enfermedades inflamatorias como blefaritis, blefaroconjuntivitis, meibomitis, tarsitis y chalazión recurrente. Por eso, ante la presencia de una lesión palpebral de presentación atípica o recidivante se impone una exéresis completa con margen oncológico para su estudio anatomopatológico. Esta afección cursa con un diagnóstico clínico difícil, y en ocasiones inadvertido, por lo que se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para profundizar en sus diferentes formas de presentación, pronóstico y tratamiento.

The sebaceous gland carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor and potentially lethal; it may masquerade inflammatory diseases such as blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, meibomitis, tarsitis and recurrent chalazion. Hence, the presence of palpebral injury of recurrent or atypical presentation imposes a complete resection with oncological margin for pathological examination. This condition presents with difficult clinical diagnosis and sometimes unnoticed, so we conducted a literature review to delve into its various forms of presentation, prognosis and treatment.

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PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of topical 1.5% azithromycin in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic blepharitis and to compare the efficacy of two different treatment modalities. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial included 67 patients with chronic anterior and/or posterior blepharitis, followed-up for 3 months. Signs and symptoms were graded according to severity. Patients were randomized into two groups: 33 patients in group I and 34 patients in group II. Group I patients were treated with topical 1.5% azithromycin twice a day for three days, and Group II patients were treated with topical 1.5% azithromycin twice a day for three days then at bedtime for the rest of the month. All patients were instructed to apply warm compresses and an eye-friendly soap twice daily. RESULTS: Patients in both groups tolerated the treatment with minimal irritation. A significant improvement in signs and symptoms was noted at the one week follow-up visit. Group II showed a more pronounced and longer-lasting improvement that persisted after three months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Topical 1.5% azithromycin ophthalmic solution is an effective treatment option for chronic blepharitis. In moderate to severe blepharitis, a one month treatment is safe and shows better improvement than the three-day protocol with no significant relapse until three months of follow-up.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do uso tópico de azitromicina 1,5% no tratamento de blefarite crônica moderada a grave, comparando a eficácia de duas diferentes modalidades de tratamento. MÉTODOS: Um ensaio clínico randomizado incluiu 67 pacientes com blefarite anterior e/ou posterior crônica, acompanhados por três meses. Os sinais e sintomas foram classificados de acordo com a gravidade. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: 33 pacientes no grupo I e 34 pacientes no grupo II. Os pacientes do grupo I foram tratados com azitromicina tópica 1,5% duas vezes ao dia durante três dias, e os pacientes do grupo II foram tratados com azitromicina tópica 1,5% duas vezes ao dia durante três dias e, em seguida, ao deitar, durante o resto do mês. Todos os pacientes foram instruídos a aplicarem compressas quentes e higiene palpebral duas vezes ao dia. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes em ambos os grupos toleraram o tratamento com irritação mínima. Melhora significativa dos sinais e sintomas foi observada na visita de uma semana de acompanhamento. Grupo II mostrou uma melhora mais acentuada e mais duradoura que persistiu após três meses de acompanhamento. CONCLUSÕES: A solução de azitromicina oftálmica tópica 1,5% é uma opção eficaz de tratamento para a blefarite crônica. Em blefarite moderada a grave, o tratamento de um mês é seguro e demonstrou melhora acentuada em relação ao protocolo de três dias, sem recidiva significante até três meses de acompanhamento.

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