RESUMO
Resumen: Hasta mediados del siglo XVII se asentaron los fundamentos de la ciencia moderna, gracias a una revolución operada esencialmente por Galileo, Bacon y Descartes. En el siglo XVIII, paralelamente al desarrollo de la gran corriente del empirismo inglés, hubo también un movimiento de renovación científica en la Europa continental, en la senda de los físicos holandeses, y sobre todo, de Boerhaave. En el siglo XIX Claude Bernard dominó el campo de la medicina científica; sin embargo, su determinismo riguroso no le permitió tomar en cuenta el dominio inmenso e imprevisto de lo aleatorio. Hoy en día se abordan las ciencias naturales y la medicina a partir no de leyes generales, sino de grupos particulares de hechos; es decir, de las respuestas que da la naturaleza a preguntas específicas. Además, en la epistemología reciente se ha afianzado el concepto de que los datos experimentales no son hechos "puros" sino interpretados en el seno de un contexto hermenéutico. Se afirma también una tendencia común a recoger, en las interrogaciones científicas, las cuestiones filosóficas acerca de la comprensión de la existencia y la esencia. A la luz de la evolución del pensamiento médico, es posible comprender la posición de la medicina actual, y de la cardiología, en el movimiento de ideas dominantes en nuestra época.
Abstract: The Nominalists of the XIV century, precursors of modern science, thought that science's object was not the general, vague and indeterminate but the particular, which is real and can be known directly. About the middle of the XVII Century the bases of the modern science became established thanks to a revolution fomented essentially by Galileo, Bacon and Descartes. During the XVIII Century, parallel to the development of the great current of English Empiricism, a movement of scientific renewal also arose in continental Europe following the discipline of the Dutch Physicians and of Boerhaave. In the XIX Century, Claude Bernard dominated the scientific medicine but his rigorous determinism impeded him from taking into account the immense and unforeseeable field of the random. Nowadays, we approach natural science and medicine, from particular groups of facts; that is, from the responses of Nature to specific questions, but not from the general laws. Furthermore, in recent epistemology, the concept that experimental data are not pure facts, but rather, facts interpreted within a hermeneutical context has been established. Finally a general tendency to retrieve philosophical questions concerning the understanding of essence and existence can frequently be seen in scientific inquiry. In the light of the evolution of medical thought, it is possible to establish the position of scientific medicine within the movement of ideas dominating in our time.
Assuntos
História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História Antiga , História Medieval , Cardiologia , Medicina , Ciência , Formação de Conceito , Cardiologia/história , História da Medicina , Filosofia , Ciência/históriaRESUMO
The Nominalists of the XIV century, precursors of modern science, thought that science's object was not the general, vague and indeterminate but the particular, which is real and can be known directly. About the middle of the XVII Century the bases of the modern science became established thanks to a revolution fomented essentially by Galileo, Bacon and Descartes. During the XVIII Century, parallel to the development of the great current of English Empiricism, a movement of scientific renewal also arose in continental Europe following the discipline of the Dutch Physicians and of Boerhaave. In the XIX Century, Claude Bernard dominated the scientific medicine but his rigorous determinism impeded him from taking into account the immense and unforeseeable field of the random. Nowadays, we approach natural science and medicine, from particular groups of facts; that is, from the responses of Nature to specific questions, but not from the general laws. Furthermore, in recent epistemology, the concept that experimental data are not pure facts, but rather, facts interpreted within a hermeneutical context has been established. Finally a general tendency to retrieve philosophical questions concerning the understanding of essence and existence can frequently be seen in scientific inquiry. In the light of the evolution of medical thought, it is possible to establish the position of scientific medicine within the movement of ideas dominating in our time.
Assuntos
Cardiologia , Medicina , Ciência , Cardiologia/história , Formação de Conceito , História da Medicina , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História Antiga , História Medieval , Filosofia , Ciência/históriaRESUMO
Enfoca os embates entre os tipos de medicina praticados em Goiás no século XIX, momento em que o discurso médico científico se impõe e define os espaços de atuação dos médicos diplomados em detrimento dos não diplomados, considerados charlatães pelos primeiros. Sobrelevam-se da análise os conflitos derivados da tentativa da medicina acadêmica de impor-se sobre as demais artes de curar, evidenciando sua dificuldade em instituir o privilégio exclusivo das atividades terapêuticas. Destaca ainda, por meio da trajetória profissional de três médicos que fizeram carreira no interior do Brasil, o lento processo de consolidação da medicina.
The article centers on conflicts between the types of medicine practiced in nineteenth-century Goiás, when the discourse of scientific medicine imposed its presence and defined the spaces where physicians holding medical degrees could practice while precluding those without degrees, viewed as charlatans by the former. The analysis underscores the clashes triggered as academic medicine endeavored to hold sway over other healing arts, along with the challenges it encountered in establishing an exclusive claim to the practice of medical treatment. The careers of three physicians from the interior of Brazil serve to illustrate the slow process by which medicine achieved institutionalization.