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METHODS: A systematic analysis was performed of the medical specialization academic programs of 20 different countries to establish which medical specialties take into account mental health issues in the specialty curricular design and which mental health content these programs address. The criteria that were explored in the educational programs include: 1) name of the medical specialties that take into account mental health content in curriculum design, 2) name of the mental health issues addressed by these programs. After independent review and data extraction, paired investigators compared the findings and reached consensus on all discrepancies before the final presentation of the data. Descriptive statistics evaluated the frequency of the data presented. RESULTS: Internal medicine, family medicine, neurology, pediatrics and geriatrics were the specialties that included mental health topics in their programs. In four countries: Bangladesh, Serbia, the Netherlands and France, 50%of all graduate specialty training programs include mental health content. In ten countries: Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Belgium, India, Russia, Canada, Israel and Spain, between 20% and 49% of all graduate specialty training programs include mental health content. In six countries - Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Kenya, and the United States-less than 20% of all graduate specialty training programs include mental health content. DISCUSSION: The proposal that we have made in this article should be taken into account by decision-makers, in order to complement the different postgraduate training programs with mental health issues that are frequently present with other physical symptoms. It is not our intention that the different specialists know how to treat psychiatric comorbidities, but rather pay attention to their existence and implications in the diagnosis, evolution and prognosis of many other diseases. The current fragmentation of medicine into ever finer specialties makes the management of comorbidity ever more difficult: a reorientation of post- graduate training might improve the situation.

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La depresión es una de las enfermedades con mayor prevalencia en Uruguay y causa de una importante mortalidad por su estrecha vinculación con el suicidio. A su vez, existe una marcada vinculación entre la depresión y las enfermedades médicas. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la frecuencia de depresión en los pacientes que consultan en las policlínicas de medicina del hospital universitario durante el período de un mes. Seestudió además la relación entre la presencia de depresión y distintas variables: autopercepción de la gravedad de la patología médica, tiempo de evolución de la patología médica y ocupación. Se utilizó la traducción española del inventario para la depresión de Beck (bdi) y un cuestionario que incluyó datos patronímicos y las variables mencionadas. El porcentaje de pacientes condepresión resultó mayor a los valores de referenciapara la población general, tanto en muestras locales como extranjeras

Assuntos

RESUMO

La depresión es una de las enfermedades con mayor prevalencia en Uruguay y causa de una importante mortalidad por su estrecha vinculación con el suicidio. A su vez, existe una marcada vinculación entre la depresión y las enfermedades médicas. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la frecuencia de depresión en los pacientes que consultan en las policlínicas de medicina del hospital universitario durante el período de un mes. Seestudió además la relación entre la presencia de depresión y distintas variables: autopercepción de la gravedad de la patología médica, tiempo de evolución de la patología médica y ocupación. Se utilizó la traducción española del inventario para la depresión de Beck (bdi) y un cuestionario que incluyó datos patronímicos y las variables mencionadas. El porcentaje de pacientes condepresión resultó mayor a los valores de referenciapara la población general, tanto en muestras locales como extranjeras

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To perform a systematic review of the utility of the Beck Depression Inventory for detecting depression in medical settings, this article focuses on the revised version of the scale (Beck Depression Inventory-II), which was reformulated according to the DSM-IV criteria for major depression. We examined relevant investigations with the Beck Depression Inventory-II for measuring depression in medical settings to provide guidelines for practicing clinicians. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria seventy articles were retained. Validation studies of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, in both primary care and hospital settings, were found for clinics of cardiology, neurology, obstetrics, brain injury, nephrology, chronic pain, chronic fatigue, oncology, and infectious disease. The Beck Depression Inventory-II showed high reliability and good correlation with measures of depression and anxiety. Its threshold for detecting depression varied according to the type of patients, suggesting the need for adjusted cut-off points. The somatic and cognitive-affective dimension described the latent structure of the instrument. The Beck Depression Inventory-II can be easily adapted in most clinical conditions for detecting major depression and recommending an appropriate intervention. Although this scale represents a sound path for detecting depression in patients with medical conditions, the clinician should seek evidence for how to interpret the score before using the Beck Depression Inventory-II to make clinical decisions.

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The distribution of psychiatric disorders and of chronic medical illnesses was studied in a population-based sample to determine whether these conditions co-occur in the same individual. A representative sample (N = 1464) of adults living in households was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 1.1, as part of the São Paulo Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. The association of sociodemographic variables and psychological symptoms regarding medical illness multimorbidity (8 lifetime somatic conditions) and psychiatric multimorbidity (15 lifetime psychiatric disorders) was determined by negative binomial regression. A total of 1785 chronic medical conditions and 1163 psychiatric conditions were detected in the population concentrated in 34.1 and 20 percent of respondents, respectively. Subjects reporting more psychiatric disorders had more medical illnesses. Characteristics such as age range (35-59 years, risk ratio (RR) = 1.3, and more than 60 years, RR = 1.7), being separated (RR = 1.2), being a student (protective effect, RR = 0.7), being of low educational level (RR = 1.2) and being psychologically distressed (RR = 1.1) were determinants of medical conditions. Age (35-59 years, RR = 1.2, and more than 60 years, RR = 0.5), being retired (RR = 2.5), and being psychologically distressed (females, RR = 1.5, and males, RR = 1.4) were determinants of psychiatric disorders. In conclusion, psychological distress and some sociodemographic features such as age, marital status, occupational status, educational level, and gender are associated with psychiatric and medical multimorbidity. The distribution of both types of morbidity suggests the need of integrating mental health into general clinical settings.

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El presente estudio pretendió evaluar la presencia de depresión en pacienteshospitalizados por distintas enfermedades médicas, en una muestra de 82pacientes con un rango de edades entre 22 y 76 años, a quienes se les aplicó elInventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI-II) y la escala de Ansiedad y DepresiónHospitalaria (HADS). Los datos fueron procesados a través SPSS 11.5, el cualarrojó los siguientes resultados: 1) Una prevalencia del 41.5% de depresión enla muestra, de acuerdo con el BDI-II. 2) Una prevalencia de trastorno depresivodel 11% de la muestra según el HADS. 3) Mayor prevalencia de síntomassomático-motivacionales, frente a los síntomas cognitivo-afectivos. Estoshallazgos corresponden a lo referido en la literatura al señalar la alta prevalenciade depresión en contexto hospitalario; igualmente, confirma la importancia de laevaluación de síntomas cognitivo-afectivos para determinar la presencia o no deepisodios depresivos en este tipo de pacientes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of depression in patients hospitalizedwith different illnesses. A sample was taken of 82 patients of ages ranging from 22 to 76, to whom the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the Hospitaland Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) were applied. The data were processedwith SPSS 11.5, which produced the following results: 1) A prevalence of 41.5%depression in the sample according to BDI-II. 2) A prevalence of depressivedysfunction of 11% in the sample, according to the HADS. 3) higher prevalenceof somatic-motivational symptoms compared with cognitive-affective symptoms.These findings correspond to those mentioned in publications, highlighting thehigh prevalence of depression in hospitals; equally, they confirm the importanceof the evaluation of cognitive-affective symptoms to determine the presence orotherwise of depression in this type of patient.

O presente estudo pretendeu avaliar a presença de depressão em pacienteshospitalizados por diferentes doenças médicas numa amostra de 82 pacientescom uma categoria de idades entre 22 e 76 anos, a que se aplicou o Inventáriode Depressão de Beck (BDI-II) e a escala de Ansiedade e Depressão NosHospitais (HADS). Os dados foram processados através do SPSS 11.5 o qualapresentou os seguintes resultados: 1) uma prevalência do 41.5% de depressãona amostra de acordo com o BDI-II. 2) uma prevalência de transtorno depressivode 11% da amostra segundo o HADS. 3) Maior prevalência de sintomassomático-motivacionais fronte aos sintomas cognitivo-afetivos. Estes achadoscorrespondem ao referido na literatura ao sinalar a alta prevalência de depressãoem contexto nos hospitais, igualmente, confirma a importância da avaliaçãode sintomas cognitivo-afetivos para determinar a presença ou não de episódiosdepressivos neste tipo de pacientes.

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