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BACKGROUND: Mexico has one of the highest rates of cesarean sections globally at over 45%. There is limited research about social factors influencing these rates. This study explores the portrayal and perceptions of cesarean section in Facebook media pages to better understand the socio-cultural context of childbirth in Mexico. METHODS: This is a mixed-methods social media analysis using two data sources. First, to study the portrayal of cesarean section, we identified ten Mexican media Facebook pages with the largest audiences (based on number of page "likes"). We searched these pages for articles containing the word "cesárea" (Spanish for cesarean section), and posts (articles) were eligible for inclusion if they contained the word "cesárea". Second, to understand perceptions of cesarean section portrayal, we extracted comment threads of each Facebook post sharing the included articles. We performed a qualitative thematic analysis of articles and a quantitative content analysis of comments. RESULTS: We included 133 Facebook posts depicting 80 unique articles and identified three major themes: (1) information about cesarean section, (2) inequality and violence against women, (3) governance failures. Cesarean section was portrayed as a lifesaving procedure when medical necessary, and riskier than vaginal birth, with a longer recovery time, and possible negative health consequences. We extracted comments from 133 Facebook posts, and 6350 comments were included. We inductively developed 20 codes to then classify comments under six major categories: (1) violence and discrimination, (2) health and health services, (3) mode of birth choice, (4) disbelief at information about cesarean section, (5) abortion, and (6) discontent at the government. CONCLUSIONS: We found that Facebook media did not promote cesarean section over vaginal birth, and risks and consequences were mostly represented reliably. Perceptions about the portrayal of cesarean section showed strong discontent and distrust against providers and the health system, as well as rejection of factual information about the consequences of cesarean section. We documented gross gender inequality and violence against women, highlighting the urgent need for human rights approaches to maternal health to address these inequalities and prevent harmful practices. Our study also contributes to the emerging field of social media analysis, and demonstrates clear areas where social media communication can be improved.

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BACKGROUND: Because breastfeeding offers short- and long- term health benefits to mothers and children, breastfeeding promotion and support is a public health priority. Evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 is not likely to be transmitted via breastmilk. Moreover, antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are thought to be contained in breastmilk of mothers with history of COVID-19 infection or vaccination. WHO recommends direct breastfeeding as the preferred infant feeding option during the COVID-19 pandemic, even among women with COVID-19; but conflicting practices have been adopted, which could widen existing inequities in breastfeeding. This study aims to describe how information about breastfeeding was communicated in Mexican media during the pandemic and assess Mexican adults' beliefs regarding breastfeeding among mothers infected with COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective content analysis of media coverage on breastfeeding in Mexico between March 1 and September 24, 2020, excluding advertisements. For the content analysis, we performed both a sentiment analysis and an analysis based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) for breastfeeding promotion. Additionally, we conducted a descriptive analysis of nationally representative data on adults' beliefs about breastfeeding from the July 2020 round of the ENCOVID-19 survey in Mexico and stratified the results by gender, age, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: A total of 1014 publications on breastfeeding were identified on the internet and television and in newspapers and magazines. Most information was published during World Breastfeeding Week, celebrated in August. The sentiment analysis showed that 57.2% of all information was classified as positive. The SWOT analysis indicated that most information focused on current actions, messages, policies, or programs that enable breastfeeding (i.e., strengths) or those not currently in place but that may enable breastfeeding (i.e., opportunities) for breastfeeding promotion. However, ENCOVID-19 survey results showed that 67.3% of adults living in households with children under 3 years of age believe that mothers with COVID-19 should not breastfeed, and 19.8% do not know whether these mothers should breastfeed. These beliefs showed differences both by gender and by socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: While the Mexican government endorsed the recommendation on breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic, communication was sporadic, inconstant and unequal across types of media. There was a widespread notion that mothers with COVID-19 should not breastfeed and due to differences on beliefs by socioeconomic status, health inequities could be exacerbated by increasing the risk of poorer breastfeeding practices and preventing vulnerable groups from reaping the short and long-term benefits of breastfeeding.

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Abstract How do governments distribute resources across economic sectors during a crisis? And why do some sectors receive more than others? The recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgency of these questions. In this paper, we explore the extent to which a political economy perspective can help explain the characteristics of sector-specific state aid in the Netherlands, a traditionally corporatist country. While KLM, the biggest player in the Dutch aviation sector, was promised loans worth €3.4 billion, the horeca (hospitality) sector was denied a similar deal. Limited cross-case analysis eliminates purely economic accounts. We employed process-tracing and analyzed hundreds of national media articles to understand the influence of elected leaders, interest groups, and experts. We find that, against the backdrop of economic concerns, vote-seeking behavior by elected leaders as well as the strength and organization of interest groups influenced how much each sector could expect. Meanwhile, policy-seeking behavior helps explain the form that aid took. Our findings highlight the need to consider fiscal support in political economy terms, even during crises, and to explore the composition of state aid, not just its presence or amount.

Resumo Como são distribuídos os recursos de auxílio governamental entre os vários setores econômicos durante uma crise? E por que alguns sectores recebem mais do que outros? A recente pandemia da COVID-19 sublinhou a urgência destas questões. Neste artigo, discutimos como uma perspectiva de economia política pode ajudar a explicar as caraterísticas do auxílio estatal setorial nos Países Baixos, uma nação tradicionalmente corporativista. Enquanto o governo prometeu à KLM, o maior ator no setor da aviação holandês, empréstimos no valor de 3,4 mil milhões de euros, o horeca (sector da hotelaria) não recebeu um pacote de auxílio semelhante. A análise de casos elimina explicações puramente técnicas para esse fenômeno. Utilizamos process-tracing e fizemos uma análise de centenas de artigos publicados na mídia do país para compreender a influência dos líderes políticos, lobbies e peritos. Descobrimos que, num contexto de crise econômica, o comportamento eleitoreiro dos líderes políticos e a força e organização dos lobbies, determinaram a quantia que cada setor poderia esperar receber. Entretanto, os interesses no campo das políticas públicas ajudam a explicar a forma específica do auzílio. Nossas conclusões sublinham a necessidade de considerar o apoio fiscal em termos de economia política, mesmo durante crises, e de explorar não somente a existência ou o montante dos auxílios oferecidos pelo estado, mas também sua composição.

Resumen ¿Cómo se distribuyen los recursos de ayuda gubernamental entre los diferentes sectores económicos durante una crisis? ¿Y por qué algunos sectores reciben más que otros? La reciente pandemia de COVID-19 puso de relieve la importancia de estas cuestiones. En este artículo, exploramos cómo una perspectiva de economía política puede ayudar a entender la distribución del apoyo estatal en diferentes sectores en los Países Bajos, un país de tradición corporativista. Mientras que a KLM ‒el actor más importante del sector de aviación holandés‒ el gobierno le prometió préstamos de alrededor de 3.400 millones de euros, al sector HORECA (que congrega hoteles, restaurantes y cafeterías) se le denegó una ayuda similar. A través de un análisis cruzado de casos eliminamos razones puramente técnicas para este fenómeno. A continuación, utilizamos la metodología process-tracing y analizamos cientos de artículos de medios de comunicación holandeses para entender la influencia de líderes políticos, lobbies y expertos. Descubrimos que, en un contexto de crisis económica, el comportamiento electorero de los líderes políticos y el poder y organización de los lobbies determinaron la suma que cada sector podría esperar. Por otro lado, la estructura de dichas ayudas se explica a través del alineamiento político de los decisores políticos. Nuestros resultados subrayan la necesidad de estudiar el apoyo gubernamental en términos de economía política, inclusive durante crisis, y de explorar no solo la existencia o la cuantía de dichas ayudas sino también su composición.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A fome e a desnutrição deixaram de ser temas de destaque nos meios midiáticos contemporâneos. No entanto, muitas discussões ainda podem ser levantadas sobre estas questões que ainda persistem nos dias atuais de muitos brasileiros. OBJETIVO: Analisar como o Direito Humano a Alimentação Adequada a partir do conteúdo abordado em documentários e matérias jornalísticas nacionais sobre a fome. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O estudo utilizou de métodos audiovisuais a fim de realizar um recorte analítico-interpretativo. É de natureza qualitativa numa perspectiva de análise documental, abordando com maior profundidade uma realidade social denunciada em documentários de televisão e matérias jornalísticas. RESULTADOS. Os materiais analisados possuem em comum é a abordagem de temáticas delicadas e que foram abordadas de modo a provocarem incômodo na audiência. “Garapa” é um filme em tom de denúncia social, retratado de forma incomum para produções contemporâneas, mostrando a desordem social instalada naquele cenário e sendo por fim uma tentativa de humanização da fome. “Peraí, é nosso direito” destaca para o fato de que o Governo Federal assinou tratados internacionais que garantem o DHAA CONCLUSÃO: Os direitos humanos são imperativos para assegurar a todos a existência de uma vida digna. Os filmes documentais constituem meios de divulgação e denúncia a uma realidade que está posta, muitas vezes ignorada. Ressalta-se que nos meios acadêmicos faz-se vital que a formação de profissionais tenha delineação comprometida no debate de temas de dimensão social que tratam de seres socialmente vítimas da invisibilidade.

INTRODUCTIOB: Hunger and malnutrition are no longer prominent themes in contemporary media means. However, many arguments can still be raised about these issues that still persist in the present day of many Brazilians. OBJECTIVE: To analyze how Human Right to Adequate Nutrition from the content addressed in documentaries and national journalistic about hunger. METHODS: The study used audiovisual methods in order to perform an analytic-interpretative cut. It is qualitative in a perspective of documentary analysis, approaching a social reality denounced in television documentaries and journalistic news. RESULTS: The materials analyzed have in common the approach of delicate subjects that have been approached in a way that causes annoyance in the audience. “Garapa” is a film in a tone of social denunciation, portrayed in an unusual way for contemporary productions, showing the social disorder installed in that scenario and being at last an attempt to humanize hunger. “Peraí, it’s our right” highlights the fact that the Federal Government has signed international treaties guaranteeing the HRAN. CONCLUSION: Human rights are imperative to ensure the existence of a dignified life for all. Documentary films are means of dissemination and denunciation to a reality that is often ignored. It is emphasized that in the academic field it is vital that the training of professionals should have a delineation committed in the debate of social issues that deal with beings socially victims of invisibility.

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En el artículo analizamos los principales resultados del diseño, implementación y evaluación de un modelo operativo de gestión de redes sociales, utilizando la metodología de investigación acción participante (IAP) en programas del sistema de responsabilidad penal adolescente, en la Región de Los Ríos, Chile. Los resultados evidencian cambios favorables en la gestión y en la estructura de la red de actores de los programas participantes. El modelo operativo de gestión de redes sociales nos permitió superar las actuales restricciones de articulación del sistema de responsabilidad penal adolescente, dando énfasis a la capacidad de los actores del sistema para desarrollar nuevas formas de coordinación territorial que favorezcan la integración social de los individuos jóvenes infractores de ley.

This article analyzes the main results of the design, implementation and evaluation of an operational model for managing the use of social media in programs in the juvenile justice system in the Los Rios region, Chile. The authors used a participatory action research (PAR) methodology in programs within the institution. The results show favorable changes in the management and structure of social media by actors from the participating programs. The social media management model overcomes the current restrictions in place in the juvenile justice system, emphasizing the capacity of stakeholders to develop new forms of territorial coordination that support the social integration of young offenders.

No presente artigo foram analisados os principais resultados do projeto, da aplicação e da avaliação de um modelo operativo de gestão de redes sociais por meio da metodologia de pesquisa-ação em programas do sistema de responsabilidade penal adolescente na Región de Los Ríos, Chile. Os resultados mostraram mudanças favoráveis na gestão e na estrutura da rede de atores dos programas participantes. O modelo operacional de gestão das redes sociais permitiu superar as atuais restrições na articulação do sistema de responsabilidade penal adolescente, enfatizando a capacidade dos agentes do sistema em desenvolverem novas formas de coordenação territorial que visem favorecer a integração social dos jovens infratores da lei.

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