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This study investigated the potential use of fish paste from two pelagic species (Cetengraulis mysticetus or carduma in Colombia and Opisthonema sp. or plumuda in Colombia), either separately or combined, as a substitute for external fat sources in a Leberkäse product. Three stages were analyzed, evaluating biometric proportions, body performance, and meat batters containing different concentrations of fish pastes. Physicochemical and instrumental characterization analyses were performed to determine the effect of the type of fish paste and the level of its inclusion in the final product. Results showed that plumuda fish paste had higher protein and ash content than carduma fish paste, and the inclusion of carduma fish paste in meat batters led to a greater loss of liquid and lower emulsion and gel stability values. The study also established selection criteria for the two pelagic fish species that could be useful for the fishing industry. Overall, the study demonstrated that Leberkäse can be produced using these pelagic species with a relatively simple processing technology.

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Introducción. Los embutidos crudos se componen de carne fragmentada y otros ingredientes no cárnicos (sal, especias, fosfatos, nitritos) pero cuya formulación varía según el país; son productos altamente perecederos y podrían representar un riesgo para el consumidor. Objetivo. Los embutidos frescos son de alto consumo en varios países de Latinoamérica, por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es compilar la información disponible sobre la calidad microbiológica de este tipo de productos en la región. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura (desde el 2006 a la fecha) en las principales bases de datos. Resultados. Se determinó que la calidad microbiológica de los embutidos crudos latinoamericanos no es adecuada según la reglamentación. Las bacterias más estudiadas son los microorganismos totales aerobios mesófilos (MTAM), y las bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL); estos dos grupos son los referentes para determinar la vida útil. Los patógenos más analizados son Salmonella spp. y Listeria monocytogenes y llama la atención que Staphyloccoccus aureus no se utiliza como indicador de malas prácticas de higiene o de inocuidad. Conclusiones. En general se confirma que los embutidos frescos podrían ser un riesgo para la salud pública ya que presentan recuentos microbiológicos altos, en ocasiones no regulados. Algunos agentes antimicrobianos como los compuestos etanólicos de propóleos (EEP), compuestos fenólicos y bacteriófagos han sido estudiados. Sin embargo, no está claro si a nivel artesanal este tipo de ingredientes son utilizados del todo. Finalmente, destaca la necesidad de armonizar las metodologías de estudio y la normativa vigente en los distintos países(AU)

Introduction. Raw sausages are products composed of comminuted meat and other non- meat ingredients (salt, spices, phosphates, nitrites) but the formulation varies in each country. Given this nature, raw sausages are highly perishable and may represent an important risk for consumers. Aim. As raw sausages are highly consumed in many Latin-American countries, the objective of this literature review was to compile the available information about studies of the microbial quality of these products in the region. Materials and methods. For that purpose, a literature search was performed on main data bases to compile studies from 2006 to nowadays. Results. In general, it was found that microbiological quality of Latin-American raw sausages is not adequate according to current regulation. Total aerobic mesophilic microorganisms (TAMM) and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were the most studied indicators; these two groups are the main reference to establish shelf life. Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were the most studied pathogens, and it is noticeable that Staphyloccoccus aureus is not used as an indicator for safety or manipulation. Conclusions. It is perceived that raw sausages in the region could represent a public health risk as they frequently present high microbiological counts, not regulated in many cases. For conservation, antimicrobial agents as propolic ethanoplic extracts (PEE), phenolyc compounds, and bacteriophages have been studied. However, it is not clear if these ingredients are used at the artisanal level, even though it can be assumed that they are not given the high microbial numbers that are reported. Finally, it stands out the need of harmonization of methodologies and current regulation in the countries(AU)

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The effect of the addition of the prebiotic inulin and free and microencapsulated Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis (BB-12) strains to synbiotic dry coppa formulations was evaluated during 45 days of ripening. The following formulations were made: control C without probiotic and prebiotic; PROB with free probiotic; SYNB with free probiotic and inulin; ENPROB with microencapsulated probiotic, and ENSYNB with microencapsulated probiotic and inulin. The incorporation of BB-12 with inulin provided adequate physicochemical characteristics (proximate composition, weight loss, pH, water activity (aw), and instrumental color). The treatments PRO and SYNB showed lower lipid and protein oxidation levels. The treatments PROB, SYNB, ENPROB, and ENSYNB had viable cell counts above 109 CFU/g and can be considered probiotic. In the in vitro gastrointestinal simulation, the BB-12 strain showed survival and growth capacity in saline solution and at low pH values for all treatments. The sample SYNB was the most accepted by the assessors in the sensory evaluation. Therefore, dry coppa can be used as a vehicle for the development of a synbiotic fermented meat product.

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The objective of the research was to control the oxidative stability of lamb burgers by applying gelatin-starch active film containing java plum (Syzygium cumini) and oregano (Origanum vulgare). The films were prepared from four formulations: without extract addition (FC), with the addition of java plum extract (FJ), with the addition of oregano extract (FO) and with the addition of java plum and oregano extract (FJO). Films were characterized in terms of the physical, barrier, mechanical and antioxidant properties. The burgers were analyzed for 90 days by the physicochemical variables, lipid oxidation, and fatty acid profile. The addition of extracts in the films did not affect the tensile strength but showed low water vapor permeability. Antioxidant films with oregano extract and the blend of plant extracts were significantly more efficient than the film with java plum extract. Therefore, the active film resulted in enhanced oxidative stability of lamb burgers and may be used as primary packaging for foods.

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Processed meat products have been increasingly consumed, a highlight being dried-cured coppa, commonly purchased sliced, making it more susceptible to bacterial deterioration and lipid oxidation. The aim of this work was to produce and apply bi-layers films based on gelatin (in both layers) with addition of nisin and/or Pitanga leaf hydroethanolic extract (PLHE) only in the food contact thinner layer, in order to evaluate their effect on the refrigerated storage of sliced dried-cured coppa. Dried-cured coppa slices covered with active films were vacuum-packaged and stored under refrigeration for 120 days. Every 30 days, samples were tested for moisture content, water activity, pH, color parameters, lipid oxidation by TBARS and peroxide index methods, and microbiological analysis. The different film formulations presented no influence on the water activity, pH and color parameters of sliced dried-cured coppa. However, they significantly affected moisture content, bacterial count and lipid oxidation. The addition of both active compounds - nisin and PLHE - in the food contact thinner layer was observed to have the most favorable effect.

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The pink/reddish color meat products characteristic of cured meat without the curing salts is a meat industry demand to serve consumers who are looking for healthy foods with the usual sensory characteristics. This study aimed to obtain and characterize a hybrid dye and use it as a replacer for curing salt in the production of pink/red color in mortadella stored for 40 days. A layered zinc hydroxide salt (ZHN) was obtained by alkaline precipitation to immobilize and increase cochineal carmine stability, obtaining the hybrid dye (ZHN-carmine) by ion exchange in aqueous solution. The ZHN-carmine was subjected to ultrasound to increase color intensity and reduce the amount of application. ZHN, cochineal carmine and ZHN-carmine were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The ZHN-carmine was used in the mortadella elaboration traditionally prepared with nitrite/nitrate and/or carmine. In the characterization it was observed that carmine dye was adsorbed on the lamellar compound surface and over the mortadella storage, it ensures a more stable pink/reddish color than the others product formulations. A more intense color with lower L* and higher a* values was observed for mortadella added of ZHN-carmine ultrasound-assisted. Therefore, the lamellar matrix adsorbed with cochineal carmine may a suitable and useful alternative to obtain the pink/reddish color characteristic of cooked meat products by applying a natural hybrid dye.

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Flavor is one of the most important characteristics of smoked bacon, strongly affecting its liking by consumers. The smoking process, lipid oxidation and proteolysis contribute to bacon quality through the generation of odors and flavor compounds. In this study, the relationships between free amino acids (FAAs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sensory characteristics of smoked bacon stored for 60 days at 5 °C were investigated. Smoked bacon stored for 30 days was characterized by VOCs associated with the smoking process and lipid oxidation. After 30 days of storage, the bacon samples presented an increase in FAAs produced mainly by proteolysis. Smoked bacon was characterized by the attributes smoky, crunchy, salty, soft and bright. This study demonstrated that VOCs, FAAs and their interactions are responsible for generating sensory attributes and increasing overall liking.

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ABSTRACT: Sausages are highly susceptible to microbial spoilage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is the main group of spoilage bacteria in vacuum packed cooked sausages. To control microbial growth natural antimicrobials have been used as food preservatives. The aim of this study was to identify strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from spoiled commercial Calabresa sausages and use them in an in vitro challenge with the natural antimicrobials, nisin (NI) and -poly-L-lysine (-PL). Mass spectrometry identification of LAB isolated from sausages using MALDI-TOF revealed a predominance of L. plantarum in the LAB population. RAPD-PCR of L. plantarum strains showed four different genetic profiles. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of NI and -PL, alone and in combination, against a pool of different profiles L. plantarum were determined. MIC of NI and -PL were 0.468 mg/ L and 75 mg/ L; respectively, whereas MBC of NI and -PL were 12.48 mg/L and 150 mg/L, respectively. The combined effect of NI and -PL was determined using concentrations at 1/4 and 1/8 of individual MICs. Synergistic effect was confirmed at both concentrations showing a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5 and 0.2, respectively. The combination of NI and -PL at a small concentration of 0.05 mg/L and 9.375 mg/L, respectively, showed inhibitory effect towards spoilage L. plantarum Results show the potential of the combined use of NI and -PL to control sausage spoilage-associated with lactobacilli.

RESUMO: Linguiças são altamente susceptíveis à deterioração microbiana. As bactérias ácido lácticas (BAL) são o principal grupo de bactérias deteriorantes em linguiças cozidas embaladas a vácuo. Para controlar o crescimento microbiano, antimicrobianos naturais têm sido utilizados como conservantes de alimentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar cepas de bactérias ácido lácticas isoladas de linguiças Calabresa em deterioração e utilizá-las como modelo in vitro com os antimicrobianos naturais nisina (NI) e -poly-L-lysina (-PL). A identificação por espectrometria de massa das BAL isoladas das linguiças usando a técnica de MALDI-TOF revelou predominância de L. plantarum. A PCR-RAPD revelou quatro perfis genéticos diferentes. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) de NI e -PL, individualmente e em combinação, contra o pool de L. plantarum foram determinadas. O valor de CIM de NI e -PL foi 0,468 mg/L e 75 mg/L, respectivamente, e de CBM de NI e -PL foi 12,48 mg/L e 150 mg/L, respectivamente. O efeito da combinação de NI e -PL foi determinada usando concentrações de 1/4 e 1/8 dos CIMs individuais. O efeito sinérgico foi confirmado em ambas concentrações mostrando um índice de concentração inibitório fracionado de 0,5 e 0,2, respectivamente. A combinação de NI e -PL em baixa concentração, 0,05 mg/L e 9,375 mg/L, respectivamente, mostrou efeito inibitório contra L. plantarum. Os resultados demonstram o potencial do uso combinado de NI e -PL para o controle de lactobacilos associados à deterioração em linguiça.

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ABSTRACT: Sausages are highly susceptible to microbial spoilage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is the main group of spoilage bacteria in vacuum packed cooked sausages. To control microbial growth natural antimicrobials have been used as food preservatives. The aim of this study was to identify strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from spoiled commercial Calabresa sausages and use them in an in vitro challenge with the natural antimicrobials, nisin (NI) and ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL). Mass spectrometry identification of LAB isolated from sausages using MALDI-TOF revealed a predominance of L. plantarum in the LAB population. RAPD-PCR of L. plantarum strains showed four different genetic profiles. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of NI and ε-PL, alone and in combination, against a pool of different profiles L. plantarum were determined. MIC of NI and ε-PL were 0.468 mg/ L and 75 mg/ L; respectively, whereas MBC of NI and ε-PL were 12.48 mg/L and 150 mg/L, respectively. The combined effect of NI and ε-PL was determined using concentrations at 1/4 and 1/8 of individual MICs. Synergistic effect was confirmed at both concentrations showing a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5 and 0.2, respectively. The combination of NI and ε-PL at a small concentration of 0.05 mg/L and 9.375 mg/L, respectively, showed inhibitory effect towards spoilage L. plantarum Results show the potential of the combined use of NI and ε-PL to control sausage spoilage-associated with lactobacilli.

RESUMO: Linguiças são altamente susceptíveis à deterioração microbiana. As bactérias ácido lácticas (BAL) são o principal grupo de bactérias deteriorantes em linguiças cozidas embaladas a vácuo. Para controlar o crescimento microbiano, antimicrobianos naturais têm sido utilizados como conservantes de alimentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar cepas de bactérias ácido lácticas isoladas de linguiças Calabresa em deterioração e utilizá-las como modelo in vitro com os antimicrobianos naturais nisina (NI) e ε-poly-L-lysina (ε-PL). A identificação por espectrometria de massa das BAL isoladas das linguiças usando a técnica de MALDI-TOF revelou predominância de L. plantarum. A PCR-RAPD revelou quatro perfis genéticos diferentes. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) de NI e ε-PL, individualmente e em combinação, contra o pool de L. plantarum foram determinadas. O valor de CIM de NI e ε-PL foi 0,468 mg/L e 75 mg/L, respectivamente, e de CBM de NI e ε-PL foi 12,48 mg/L e 150 mg/L, respectivamente. O efeito da combinação de NI e ε-PL foi determinada usando concentrações de 1/4 e 1/8 dos CIMs individuais. O efeito sinérgico foi confirmado em ambas concentrações mostrando um índice de concentração inibitório fracionado de 0,5 e 0,2, respectivamente. A combinação de NI e ε-PL em baixa concentração, 0,05 mg/L e 9,375 mg/L, respectivamente, mostrou efeito inibitório contra L. plantarum. Os resultados demonstram o potencial do uso combinado de NI e ε-PL para o controle de lactobacilos associados à deterioração em linguiça.

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The main objective of this research was the development of a healthy meat product from turkey meat with white striping myopathy. The effect of adding different proportions of chitosan on the qualitative characteristics, sensory acceptance, and stability of cooked sausages during storage was studied. Three treatments were elaborated (control, 1.5% chitosan, and 3% chitosan), stored for 56 days, and characterized in terms of chemical composition, texture profile analysis, drip and pressure loss analysis, and sensory analysis (after processing; day 0). In the different storage periods (0 and 56 days), the pH value, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and volatile compounds were evaluated. The results showed that the moisture content, lipids, proteins, and weight loss decreased (p < 0.05) and the ash content increased (p < 0.05) with the addition of chitosan. Similarly, the values of texture parameters (hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness) were higher in the sausages reformulated with chitosan than in control samples. The addition of chitosan increased the pH and yellowness (b*) values and reduced (p < 0.05) redness (a*) and lightness (L*) values. The b* values (only in reformulated sausages) and pH increased during storage, while a* showed a significant reduction after 56 storage days. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) was kept below the limits of quantification in all samples and both after processing and 56 storage days. However, when quantifying the lipid-derived volatiles, a clear antioxidant activity of chitosan was observed, which limits the release of these compounds, mainly aldehydes (hexanal and nonanal). Finally, the sensory analysis indicated that, although chitosan treatments received the lowest scores for all attributes, the reformulated samples did not differ from control sausages. Therefore, sausage containing chitosan may represent an interesting alternative for adding value to turkey meats affected by white striping myopathy and, at the same time, develop into a healthy and functional meat product increasing the proportion of fibers in one's diet.

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The influence of partial replacement of animal fat by healthy oils on composition, physicochemical, volatile, and sensory properties of dry-fermented deer sausage was evaluated. Four different batches were manufactured: the control was formulated with animal fat (18.2%), while in the reformulated batches the 50% of animal fat was substituted by olive, canola, and soy oil emulsions immobilized in Prosella gel. The reformulation resulted in a decrease of moisture and fat contents and an increase of protein and ash amount. Moreover, reformulated sausages were harder, darker, and had higher pH values. This fact is related to the lower moisture content in these samples. As expected, the fatty acid composition was changed by the reformulation. The use of soy and canola oils increased polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega-3 content and decreased n-6/n-3 ratio and saturated fatty acids. Thus, the use of these two oils presented the best nutritional benefits. The changes observed in the fatty acids reflected the fatty acid composition of the oils employed in the emulsions. Regarding volatile compounds (VOC), the replacement of animal fat by healthy emulsion gels increased the content of both total VOC and most of individual VOC. However, the lipid-derived VOC did not show this trend. Generally speaking, the control samples presented similar or higher VOC derived from lipid oxidation processes, which could be related to the natural antioxidant compounds present in the vegetable oils. Finally, all reformulated sausages presented higher consumer acceptability than control samples. In fact, the sausage reformulated with soy oil emulsion gel was the most preferred. Thus, as a general conclusion, the reformulation of deer sausages with soy emulsion gel improves both composition and sensory quality of the final product, which could be an excellent strategy to the elaboration of healthy fermented sausages.

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Focus Group é uma técnica sensorial qualitativa baseada no comportamento de um grupo de pessoas quanto aos atributos sensoriais. É conduzida por um moderador que garante a interação para discussão diante às percepções. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar carne de sol a partir de análises sensoriais, associando-as com resultados obtidos por análises físico-químicas. Para tanto, quatro amostras foram coletadas de comércio varejista na cidade de João Pessoa, PB, sendo caracterizadas quanto à composição centesimal, atividade de água, pH e capacidade de retenção de água (CRA). Os participantes foram recrutados conforme hábitos de consumo e as amostras foram preparadas a partir do dessalgue e cocção em forno elétrico, sendo mantidas em banho-maria até o momento da avaliação sensorial. Com as respostas obtidas, observou-se que além da aparência, o teor de umidade e a CRA são considerados parâmetros que influenciam diretamente nos atributos sensoriais. O estudo qualitativo exploratório - Focus Group, em associação aos parâmetros físico-químicos, representaram métodos confiáveis para a interpretação do perfil de consumo da carne de sol. Conclui-se que por meio de critérios específicos, os fatores de qualidade foram melhor interpretados, definindo as preferências de um consumidor cada dia mais exigente quanto às características de seu alimento.(AU)

Focus Group is a qualitative sensory technique, based on the behavior of a group of people, regarding the attributes of a product. It is conducted by a moderator who ensures an interaction for discussion in the face of perceptions. The aim of this study was to evaluated dried meat by sensory analysis associating the evaluation with results obtained by physicochemical analysis. Therefore, four samples were collected from the retail trade in the city of João Pessoa, PB, which were then characterized for chemical composition, water activity, pH and water holding capacity (WHC). Participants were recruited according to consumer habits and the samples were prepared by desalting and cooking in an electric oven, and kept in a water bath until the time for sensory analysis. With the answers obtained, in addition to appearance, the moisture content and the WHC are considered parameters that directly influence the sensory attributes. The qualitative exploratory study - Focus Group, in association with physical-chemical methods, represented methods used for the interpretation of the consumption profile of sun dread meat. Thus, conclude what is the use of specific criteria, the quality factors that were evaluated, defining the preferences of consumers who are increasingly demanding as to the characteristics of their food.(AU)

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Deer meat is characterized by low fat and cholesterol contents and high amounts of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this regard, the aim of this work was to assess the influence of pork backfat substitution by healthier oils on chemical composition, fatty acid profile, texture profile and sensory analysis of deer burger. In addition, pH, color parameters and lipid oxidation were evaluated at 0, 6, 12 and 18 days of storage. For this study, four different treatments of deer burgers-100% pork backfat, 100% tiger nut oil, 100% chia oil, and 100% linseed oil-were elaborated. The fat replacement reduced fat and protein contents and increased moisture amounts, whereas ashes and texture parameters of deer burgers were not affected. Fatty acid profile was significantly improved with the animal fat replacement. In this regard, a significant decrease in saturated fatty acids was found in all reformulated batches, whereas in chia and linseed burger samples a dramatic increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 content and a reduction of n-3/n-6 ratio was observed. In the deer burger prepared with tiger nut oil a significant increase in monounsaturated fatty acids was found. Another important aspect is that the replacement of animal fat by tiger nut or linseed oil emulsion did not affect the global acceptance of deer burgers. Regarding color parameters, redness was the most affected during the whole display presenting a reduction around 50% after 18 days of storage. On the other hand, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were also affected by fat replacement and storage time, observing the highest values (2.43 mg MDA/kg) in deer burgers prepared with chia at the end of refrigerated period. Finally, from a commercial point of view, the possibility of making claims such as "low fat burgers", "reduced saturated fat" or "high content of omega-3" makes the reformulated burgers more attractive to the consumer.

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Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) contains a high concentration of antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Pomegranate peel extracts at different concentrations were used as natural antioxidant to increased the lipid stability of fresh Tuscan sausages, comparing with sodium erythorbate (SE). Peels were subjected to ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction and lyophilization. The extract was previously characterized throught phenol and flavonoids determination. The Tuscan Sausages were prepared, and color, pH, peroxides, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were assessed at 1, 15, and 30 days of storage, at a mean temperature of 5 ± 1 ºC and under a 12-hour light cycle/day. Sausages containing 0.05 and 0.1% of peel extract showed results similar to sodium erythorbate in lipid peroxidation. Sausages treated with pomegranate peel extracts showed an adequate global acceptability level in the sensory analysis. Pomegranate peel extracts are; therefore, a promising natural alternative for maintaining the lipid stability of Tuscan sausages, promoting the protection of the meat and in addition, being able to bring beneficial of the pomegranate to the human health.(AU)

A romã (Punica granatum L.) contém uma alta concentração de compostos antioxidantes e fenólicos. Extratos de casca de romã em diferentes concentrações foram utilizados como antioxidante natural para aumentar a estabilidade lipídica de linguiça tipo Toscana, comparados ao eritorbato de sódio. As cascas foram submetidas à extração e liofilização aquosas por ultrassom. O extrato foi caracterizado por determinação de fenol e flavonóides. Os parâmetros cor, pH, peróxidos e ácido tiobarbitúrico foram avaliadas nos dias 1, 15 e 30 pós armazenamento, a temperatura de 5 ± 1 ºC e ciclo de luz de 12 horas/dia. As linguiças contendo 0,05 e 0,1% de extrato de casca apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao eritorbato de sódio quanto a peroxidação lipídica. Também apresentaram aceitabilidade global adequada na análise sensorial. Os extratos de casca de romã são, portanto, uma alternativa natural promissora para manter a estabilidade lipídica das linguiças toscanas, promovendo a proteção e podendo trazer benefícios da romã à saúde humana.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to assess the addition of whey protein hydrolysate (WH) on quality and antihypertensive potential of pork frankfurters, as the first step in development of a functional meat product. A hydrolyzed whey protein solution was incorporated in the frankfurter formula according to the following treatments: T0 (30% water), T1 (10% WH, 20% water), T2 (20% WH, 10% water) and T3 (30% WH). Addition of up to 30% WH increased lightness and yellowness, decreased hardness and chewiness by 15% and shear force by 43%, with no effect on pH (6.36) and cooking yield (93%). The WH addition resulted in an increase in the antihypertensive potential (IC50 258.78 µg/mL) relative to the T0 (IC50 1548.25 µg/mL). Cold storage of the product with 30% WH did not impact physicochemical quality, nor did it modify the antihypertensive potential. Incorporation of whey hydrolysate into pork frankfurters could be an option for providing antihypertensive peptides in food for health-oriented consumers.

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Focus Group é uma técnica sensorial qualitativa baseada no comportamento de um grupo de pessoas quanto aos atributos sensoriais. É conduzida por um moderador que garante a interação para discussão diante às percepções. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar carne de sol a partir de análises sensoriais, associando-as com resultados obtidos por análises físico-químicas. Para tanto, quatro amostras foram coletadas de comércio varejista na cidade de João Pessoa, PB, sendo caracterizadas quanto à composição centesimal, atividade de água, pH e capacidade de retenção de água (CRA). Os participantes foram recrutados conforme hábitos de consumo e as amostras foram preparadas a partir do dessalgue e cocção em forno elétrico, sendo mantidas em banho-maria até o momento da avaliação sensorial. Com as respostas obtidas, observou-se que além da aparência, o teor de umidade e a CRA são considerados parâmetros que influenciam diretamente nos atributos sensoriais. O estudo qualitativo exploratório - Focus Group, em associação aos parâmetros físico-químicos, representaram métodos confiáveis para a interpretação do perfil de consumo da carne de sol. Conclui-se que por meio de critérios específicos, os fatores de qualidade foram melhor interpretados, definindo as preferências de um consumidor cada dia mais exigente quanto às características de seu alimento.

Focus Group is a qualitative sensory technique, based on the behavior of a group of people, regarding the attributes of a product. It is conducted by a moderator who ensures an interaction for discussion in the face of perceptions. The aim of this study was to evaluated dried meat by sensory analysis associating the evaluation with results obtained by physicochemical analysis. Therefore, four samples were collected from the retail trade in the city of João Pessoa, PB, which were then characterized for chemical composition, water activity, pH and water holding capacity (WHC). Participants were recruited according to consumer habits and the samples were prepared by desalting and cooking in an electric oven, and kept in a water bath until the time for sensory analysis. With the answers obtained, in addition to appearance, the moisture content and the WHC are considered parameters that directly influence the sensory attributes. The qualitative exploratory study - Focus Group, in association with physical-chemical methods, represented methods used for the interpretation of the consumption profile of sun dread meat. Thus, conclude what is the use of specific criteria, the quality factors that were evaluated, defining the preferences of consumers who are increasingly demanding as to the characteristics of their food.

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The substitution of dietary fiber and probiotic strains to reduce fat content of fermented sausages has been used for the development of innovative and healthier meat products. For this study, pork back fat was partially replaced by fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and the probiotic strains Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamanosus. The fat replacement resulted in a significant decrease (P ≤ .05) in fat content (29%) compared with the control formulation (no fat substitution). The addition of FOS did not have a significant effect on microbial counts; however, reductions in Enterobacteriaceae and yeast were observed when Lactobacillus strains were also incorporated. The inclusion of FOS and probiotic strains did not show any significant effect on lipid oxidation and proteolysis. The partial fat replacement and the addition of Lactobacillus rhamanosus GG as probiotic strain in Spanish Salchichón can be considered a successful reformulation strategy for the meat product market.

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This study evaluated the reduction of cooking time of mortadellas using ultrasound (US, 25 kHz) and the effects on the oxidative and microbiological quality of the product. Three cooking conditions were studied: control, cooking time traditionally adopted by the meat industry; TUS and TWUS: cooking with and without US application and 50% reduction of the traditional cooking time, respectively. The application of US did not increase the peroxide, conjugated dienes, and TBARS indices and did not accelerate the protein oxidation. In addition, no significant changes were observed in the color of the mortadellas subjected to ultrasonic-assisted cooking. TUS and control presented a similar mesophilic, psychrotrophic and lactic acid bacteria counts during storage. The ultrasonic-assisted cooking provided a faster increase and higher homogeneity in the internal temperature of the mortadellas. Therefore, the US can be considered a promising technology to improve the cooking process of mortadellas.

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BACKGROUND: The present research aimed to evaluate the nutritional, technological, microstructural and sensory characteristics of bologna sausages made with pork fat replaced with Echium oil. Three different treatments were processed, all of them with approximately 35% less sodium than a regular bologna-type sausage: Control (only pork backfat addition) and T25 and T50 (replacement of 25 and 50% of the added animal fat with Echium oil respectively). RESULTS: Proximate composition, texture profile analysis, fatty acid profile and microstructure were evaluated to characterize the products. In refrigerated storage, the following characteristics were assessed: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) index, objective color, pH value, microbiological counts and sensory acceptance. Both samples with Echium oil (T25 and T50) showed a healthier lipid profile, with high omega-3 content, mainly from α-linolenic and stearidonic fatty acids, consequently presenting better (P ≤ 0.05) values of nutritional indices than the Control. However, the replacement of 50% animal fat with Echium oil negatively affected (P ≤ 0.05) most of the technological characteristics and the sensory acceptance of bolognas. In contrast, the treatment with 25% replacement did not show significant differences in most of the evaluated parameters compared with the Control sample. CONCLUSION: Thus the replacement of 25% of pork backfat with Echium oil in bologna sausages can be recommended, representing a good balance between nutritional gains and sensory impairment. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

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ABSTRACT: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) contains a high concentration of antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Pomegranate peel extracts at different concentrations were used as natural antioxidant to increased the lipid stability of fresh Tuscan sausages, comparing with sodium erythorbate (SE). Peels were subjected to ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction and lyophilization. The extract was previously characterized throught phenol and flavonoids determination. The Tuscan Sausages were prepared, and color, pH, peroxides, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were assessed at 1, 15, and 30 days of storage, at a mean temperature of 5 ± 1 ºC and under a 12-hour light cycle/day. Sausages containing 0.05 and 0.1% of peel extract showed results similar to sodium erythorbate in lipid peroxidation. Sausages treated with pomegranate peel extracts showed an adequate global acceptability level in the sensory analysis. Pomegranate peel extracts are; therefore, a promising natural alternative for maintaining the lipid stability of Tuscan sausages, promoting the protection of the meat and in addition, being able to bring beneficial of the pomegranate to the human health.

RESUMO: A romã (Punica granatum L.) contém uma alta concentração de compostos antioxidantes e fenólicos. Extratos de casca de romã em diferentes concentrações foram utilizados como antioxidante natural para aumentar a estabilidade lipídica de linguiça tipo Toscana, comparados ao eritorbato de sódio. As cascas foram submetidas à extração e liofilização aquosas por ultrassom. O extrato foi caracterizado por determinação de fenol e flavonóides. Os parâmetros cor, pH, peróxidos e ácido tiobarbitúrico foram avaliadas nos dias 1, 15 e 30 pós armazenamento, a temperatura de 5 ± 1 ºC e ciclo de luz de 12 horas/dia. As linguiças contendo 0,05 e 0,1% de extrato de casca apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao eritorbato de sódio quanto a peroxidação lipídica. Também apresentaram aceitabilidade global adequada na análise sensorial. Os extratos de casca de romã são, portanto, uma alternativa natural promissora para manter a estabilidade lipídica das linguiças toscanas, promovendo a proteção e podendo trazer benefícios da romã à saúde humana.