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Introducción: Los estudios epidemiológicos sobre enfermedades no transmisibles en Cuba requieren técnicas que determinen el nivel de actividad física de manera práctica, válida, confiable y costo-efectiva. Objetivo: Caracterizar las técnicas que miden el nivel de actividad física de cuestionarios validados por sensores de movimiento y que resulten aplicables en la población cubana. Métodos: La búsqueda se efectuó a través de bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS y SciELO. Las palabras utilizadas en la búsqueda fueron: actividad física, actividad física/técnicas de medición, actividad física/cuestionario, inactividad física y enfermedades no transmisibles. Se consultaron documentos que hubiesen sido publicados en el periodo 2014-2019. Análisis e integración de la información: Se identificaron 66 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 36 que contribuyeron al resultado final. Se describieron las características más relevantes de cada técnica, así como también las semejanzas y diferencias entre ellas. Basado en los criterios de los autores referidos y el de los autores, se definió cuál sería la técnica apropiada a utilizar. Conclusiones: Se considera que los podómetros junto con la versión corta del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ, siglas en inglés), son las técnicas que pueden utilizarse para medir el nivel de actividad física en la población cubana(AU)

Introduction: Epidemiological studies about non-communicable diseases in Cuba require techniques that determine physical activity levels in a practical, valid, reliable and cost-effective manner. Objective: Characterize the techniques that measure the level of physical activity of questionnaires validated by movement sensors and that are applicable in the Cuban population. Methods: A search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS and SciELO, using the descriptors physical activity, physical activity / measurement techniques, physical activity / questionnaire, physical inactivity and non-communicable diseases. The documents consulted had been published in the period 2014-2019. Data analysis and integration: A total 66 articles were identified, of which 36 were selected that contributed to the final result. A description was performed of the most relevant characteristics of each technique, as well as the similarities and differences between them. Determination was made of the appropriate technique to be used, based on criteria issued by article authors and referred authors. Conclusions: Pedometers and the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were selected as the techniques to be used to measure physical activity levels in the Cuban population(AU)

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Introducción: Los cuestionarios son instrumentos estandarizados que se utilizan en la vigilancia global de la actividad física en las personas con diabetes mellitus y obesidad. Estos constituyen una técnica costo-efectiva más viable pero menos precisa en comparación con los métodos objetivos que se utilizan para medir la actividad física a nivel poblacional. Sin embargo, son la herramienta más empleada por los especialistas por su interacción directa con los pacientes que se incluyen en las investigaciones sobre la diabetes y la obesidad. Objetivos: Identificar los cuestionarios como una opción factible en Cuba para medir el nivel de actividad física en estudios epidemiológicos en personas con diabetes mellitus y obesidad. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión integradora de la bibliografía durante el periodo 2013-2020, a partir de los criterios de inclusión. La búsqueda se efectuó a través de PubMed, Cochrane, LILIACS y SciELO. Las palabras o criterios empleados fueron: actividad física, actividad física/cuestionarios, actividad física/técnicas de medición, enfermedades no transmisibles, diabetes mellitus y obesidad. Se identificaron 68 artículos, de los cuales fueron seleccionados 29 que contribuyeron al resultado final. Conclusiones: Las nuevas evidencias expuestas propician elementos sólidos para identificar los cuestionarios validados por sensores de movimiento como una opción factible que debe ser utilizada en Cuba para medir el nivel de actividad física en estudios epidemiológicos en personas con diabetes mellitus y obesidad(AU)

Introduction: The questionnaires are standardized instruments, which are used in full monitoring of physical activity in people with diabetes mellitus and obesity. They are a more viable cost-effect technique, but less precise in comparison with the objective methods that are used to measure physical activity in the population level. However, they are the most used tool by the specialists due to its direct interaction with patients included in researches on diabetes and obesity. Objectives: Identify the questionnaires as a feasible option in Cuba to measure the level of physical activity in epidemiological studies in people with diabetes mellitus and obesity. Methods: An integrative review of the bibliography was carried out from the inclusion criteria during the period 2013-2020. The search was carried out through PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS and SciELO to answer the question of the review: What is the physical activity´s measurement technique that can be used in people with diabetes mellitus and obesity in the Cuban population, taking into account the new empirical evidence on the subject? Physical activity, physical activity / questionnaires, physical activity / measurement techniques, non-communicable diseases, diabetes mellitus and obesity; were the words or criteria used. 68 articles were identified, and 29 of them were selected so, they contributed to the final result. Conclusions: The new evidences presented provide solid elements to identify the questionnaires validated by motion sensors as a feasible option that should be used in Cuba to measure the level of physical activity in epidemiological studies of people with diabetes mellitus and obesity(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Ventilation with low tidal volume (VT) is well recognized as a protective approach to patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but the optimal level of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) remains uncertain. This study aims to evaluate two protective ventilatory strategies sequentially applied in patients with early ARDS. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, fifteen patients were ventilated during 24 h with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) adjusted according to the ARDSnet low-PEEP table (ARDSnet-24 h). During the next 24 h, nine patients with PaO2/FIO2 ratio below 350 mmHg were ventilated with PEEP titrated according to the Open Lung Concept protocol (ARDSnet + OLC). In the other six patients, regardless of their PaO2/FIO2 ratio, the ARDSnet remained for a further 24 h (ARDSnet-48 h). Ventilatory variables, arterial blood-gas and cytokine were obtained at baseline, 24 and 48 h. Additionally, whole-lung-computed tomography was acquired at 24 and 48 h. RESULTS: A sustained improvement in PaO2/FIO2 ratio (P = 0.008) with a decrease in collapsed regions (P = 0.008) was observed in the ARDSnet + OLC group compared with the ARDSnet-24 h group. A reduction in IL-6 in plasma (P < 0.02) was observed throughout the protocol in the ARDSnet + OLC group. Compared with the ARDSnet-48 h group, the ARDSnet + OLC presented smaller amounts of collapsed areas (P = 0.018) without significant differences in hyperinflated regions and in driving and plateau pressures. CONCLUSIONS: In this set of patients with early ARDS, mechanical ventilation with an individually tailored PEEP sustained improved pulmonary function with better aeration, without significant increase in hyperinflated areas". TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBec). RBR-5zm9pr. 04th November 2015.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Aortic stenosis increases perioperative morbidity and mortality, perioperative invasive monitoring is advised for patients with an aortic valve area <1.0 cm2 or a mean aortic valve gradient >30 mm Hg and it is important to avoid hypotension and arrhythmias. We report the anaesthetic management with continuous spinal anaesthesia and minimally invasive haemodynamic monitoring of two patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing surgical hip repair. CASE REPORT: Two women with severe aortic stenosis were scheduled for hip fracture repair. Continuous spinal anaesthesia with minimally invasive haemodynamic monitoring was used for anaesthetic management of both. Surgery was performed successfully after two consecutive doses of 2 mg of isobaric bupivacaine 0.5% in one of them and four consecutive doses in the other. Haemodynamic conditions remained stable throughout the intervention. Vital signs and haemodynamic parameters remained stable throughout the two interventions. CONCLUSION: Our report illustrates the use of continuous spinal anaesthesia with minimally invasive haemodynamic monitoring as a valid alternative to general or epidural anaesthesia in two patients with severe aortic stenosis who are undergoing lower limb surgery. However, controlled clinical trials would be required to establish that this technique is safe and effective in these type or patients.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A estenose aórtica aumenta a morbidade e mortalidade no período perioperatório. A monitoração invasiva no perioperatório é recomendada para pacientes com área valvar <1,0 cm2 ou gradiente médio >30 mm Hg, além de ser importante evitar a hipotensão e arritmias. Relatamos o manejo anestésico com o uso de raquianestesia contínua e monitoração hemodinâmica minimamente invasiva em duas pacientes com estenose aórtica grave, submetidas à cirurgia de reparação do quadril. RELATO DE CASO: Duas pacientes com estenose aórtica grave foram programadas para cirurgia de reparação de fratura de quadril. Raquianestesia contínua com monitoração hemodinâmica minimamente invasiva foi usada para o manejo anestésico de ambas as pacientes. A cirurgia foi realizada com sucesso após duas doses consecutivas de 2 mg de bupivacaína isobárica a 0,5% em uma das pacientes e quatro doses consecutivas na outra. As condições hemodinâmicas permaneceram estáveis durante a intervenção. Os sinais vitais e parâmetros hemodinâmicos permaneceram estáveis durante as duas intervenções. CONCLUSÃO: Nosso relato descreve o uso da raquianestesia contínua com monitoração hemodinâmica minimamente invasiva como uma alternativa válida para a anestesia geral ou peridural em duas pacientes com estenose aórtica grave, submetidas à cirurgia de membro inferior. Contudo, ensaios clínicos controlados são necessários para estabelecer que a técnica é segura e eficaz nesse tipo de pacientes.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Aortic stenosis increases perioperative morbidity and mortality, perioperative invasive monitoring is advised for patients with an aortic valve area <1.0 cm(2) or a mean aortic valve gradient >30 mmHg and it is important to avoid hypotension and arrhythmias. We report the anaesthetic management with continuous spinal anaesthesia and minimally invasive haemodynamic monitoring of two patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing surgical hip repair. CASE REPORT: Two women with severe aortic stenosis were scheduled for hip fracture repair. Continuous spinal anaesthesia with minimally invasive haemodynamic monitoring was used for anaesthetic management of both. Surgery was performed successfully after two consecutive doses of 2mg of isobaric bupivacaine 0.5% in one of them and four consecutive doses in the other. Haemodynamic conditions remained stable throughout the intervention. Vital signs and haemodynamic parameters remained stable throughout the two interventions. CONCLUSION: Our report illustrates the use of continuous spinal anaesthesia with minimally invasive haemodynamic monitoring as a valid alternative to general or epidural anaesthesia in two patients with severe aortic stenosis who are undergoing lower limb surgery. However, controlled clinical trials would be required to establish that this technique is safe and effective in these type or patients.

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nos últimos anos a investigação tem dado particular relevância às alterações do Processamento Sensorial nas crianças com perturbações do espectro do autismo (PEA) e a literatura refere que entre 42% a 88% das crianças com PEA apresentam este tipo de disfunção. Nesta linha foi definido um projeto de investigação centrado na construção de uma escala que avalie a tradicional tríade que caracteriza as crianças com PEA (Interação, Comunicação e Comportamento e interesses repetitivos e estereotipados), enriquecida pela inclusão de um novo domínio: o Processamento Sensorial. Com a construção e validação desta escala pretendemos que pais e profissionais utilizem colaborativamente um instrumento de avaliação da intervenção que lhes permita monitorizar o processo de apoio e adequar as suas práticas. Neste artigo descrevemos os procedimentos e os resultados das sucessivas fases de construção do instrumento, desde as análises iniciais mais qualitativas até aos estudos centrados na análise quantitativa dos itens.

During the last few years, research has focused on changes in Sensory Processing in children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). As a result, literature has shown that between 42% and 88% of children with ASD present this type of disorder. Based on these findings, a research project was designed centring on the construction of a tool to assess the traditional triad that characterizes children with ASD (Interaction, Communication and Behaviour and Repetitive and Stereotyped Interests), to which was added a new domain: Sensory Processing. By constructing and validating this assessment tool, the intention is for parents and professionals to collaboratively apply this intervention assessment instrument in order to monitor the support process and adapt their practices. In this paper, we describe procedures and results of the successive stages entailed in constructing this instrument, from the first primarily qualitative analyses up to the studies centred on the quantitative item analysis.

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O estudo da dor avançou muito nas últimas décadas tornando a avaliação e a intervenção uma preocupação crescente entre os profissionais de saúde. O objetivo da avaliação da dor deve ser o de proporcionar dados acurados, para determinar quais ações devem ser feitas para aliviá-la ou aboli-la e, ao mesmo tempo, avaliar a eficácia dessas ações. A finalidade desta revisão foi discutir os métodos utilizados na avaliação da dor em neonatologia, uma vez que estratégias de tratamento utilizadas sem uma avaliação sistemática da dor não são eficazes ou adequadas. CONTEUDO: Não existe nenhuma técnica amplamente aceita, de fácil realização e uniforme para a avaliação da dor em crianças, sobretudo em recém-nascidos e lactentes, que possa ser utilizada em todas as situações. Antes de se confiar na exatidão dos dados de avaliação, é necessário que os profissionais de saúde sintam-se seguros com os instrumentos usados na coleta de dados. Vários indicadores podem ser usados na avaliação, quantificação e qualificação do estímulo doloroso, e, quando analisados em conjunto, permitem a discriminação entre a dor e estímulos não-dolorosos. Ainda que seja desejável padronização objetiva para a medição da intensidade da dor, tal medida ainda não existe. A medição nessa faixa etária é feita por meio de parâmetros fisiológicos (freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória, pressão arterial, etc.) e comportamentais (expressão facial, postura e vocalização ou verbalização), utilizando-se escalas de avaliação, cada uma com suas vantagens e limitações. CONCLUSÕES: A atual atenção para melhores métodos de medida e avaliação da dor contribuiu para aumentar a sensibilidade dos profissionais de saúde em relação à natureza das experiências dolorosas. A dor deve ser valorizada como o quinto sinal vital e avaliada de maneira sistematizada também nos recém-nascidos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The study of pain has seen a great development in the last decades, making evaluation and intervention a growing concern among health professionals. The objective of pain evaluation should be to provide accurate data to determine the actions that should be taken to relieve or abolish it and, at the same time, to evaluate the efficacy of those actions. The objective of this review was to discuss the methods used to evaluate pain in neonatology, since treatment strategies used without systematic pain evaluation are not effective or adequate. CONTENTS: A widely accepted, easy to apply and uniform technique to evaluate pain in children, especially newborns and infants, that can be used in all situations does not exist. Before trusting the accuracy of the data, it is necessary that health professionals trust the instruments used to collect the data. Several indicators can be used to evaluate, quantify, and qualify the painful stimulus and, when analyzed as a set, allow the discrimination between pain and non-painful stimuli. Although the objective standardization of measuring pain severity is desirable, it does not exist. Measurement of pain in this age group is done by assessing physiological (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and etc.) and behavioral (facial expression, posture, and vocalization or verbalization) parameters using evaluation scales, each one with its advantages and limitations. CONCLUSIONS: The current concern with better methods to measure and evaluate pain contributed to increase the sensitivity of health professionals regarding the nature of painful experiences. Pain should be valued as the fifth vital sign and evaluated in a systemized manner, including in newborns.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El estudio del dolor ha avanzado mucho en las últimas décadas haciendo con que la evaluación y la intervención sean una preocupación creciente entre los profesionales de la salud. El objetivo de la evaluación del dolor debe ser el de proporcionar datos precisos para determinar cuáles acciones deben ser toma de las para aliviarlo o eliminarlo y la mismo tiempo, evaluar la eficacia de esas acciones. La finalidad de esta revisión fue discutir los métodos utilizados en la evaluación del dolor en neonatología, cuando las estrategias de tratamiento utiliza de las sin una evaluación sistemática del dolor no son eficaces o adecua de las. CONTENIDO: No existe ninguna técnica ampliamente aceptada y fácilmente ejecutable y uniforme para la evaluación del dolor en niños, especialmente en los recién nacidos y lactantes que pueda ser utilizada en todas las situaciones. Antes de confiar en la exactitud de los datos de Evaluación, se hace necesario que los profesionales de la salud se sientan seguros con los instrumentos usados en la recolección del esos datos. Varios indicadores pueden ser usados en la evaluación, cuantificación y calificación del estímulo doloroso, y cuando se analizan en conjunto, permiten el desglose entre el dolor y los estímulos no dolorosos. Aunque sea deseable la estandarización objetiva para la medición de la intensidad del dolor, tal medida no existe todavía. La medición ene sea franja etaria es hecha por medio de parámetros fisiológicos (frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria, presión arterial, etc) y comportamentales (expresión facial, postura y vocalización o verbalización), utilizando escalas de evaluación, cada una con sus ventajas y limitaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La actual atención para mejores métodos de medida y evaluación del dolor aportó para aumentar la sensibilidad de los profesionales de salud con relación a la naturaleza de las experiencias dolorosas. El dolor debe ser entendido como...

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