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The genus Languidipes is currently represented by three species distributed in southeastern Asia, India, and Sri Lanka. Languidipes corporaali is the most widely distributed species, and both, male and female imagos, as well as nymphs, are known. In contrast, the other species, L. taprobanes and L. lithophagus, are only known from nymphs. Here, we describe a new species, Languidipes janae sp nov, based on male imagos collected from Borneo, Indonesia. This new species is characterized by the presence of ommation on mesonotum, and penis almost completely divided, with sub-quadrate base and a small outer projection basal to the long and slender distal arms. This constitutes the first record of the genus for Borneo. A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Asthenopodinae supports its taxonomic status.

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We examined material from two poorly documented areas in Brazil concerning the mayfly genus Thraulodes: Minas Gerais, the largest state in Southeastern Brazil, but also the least studied regarding mayflies; and Tocantins, located in the North-Central area of the country. As a consequence of these efforts, we describe a new species from Minas Gerais based on imagos and nymphs, as well as the nymphs of Thraulodes solstitium Orlando, Salles, Boldrini & Krolow, 2021. Thraulodes viola sp. nov. is characterized by the femora translucid with brown maculae and blackish stripe in distal half, and a light brown maculae in proximal half; abdominal terga II-VI translucent white with transversal reddish mark on posterior margins, one antero-lateral reddish dot, one antero-sublateral blackish spot, and one postero-submedian brown spot; penis lobes sinuous sideways, with lateral pouch present and very developed, and apico-lateral area with an ear-like projection; nymph with galea-lacinia dark brown, 14-16 medium-sized pectinate setae in subapical-ventral row. The nymph of T. solstitium nymph is characterized by the galea-lacinia dark brown, 11 medium-sized pectinate setae in a subapical-ventral row.

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ABSTRACT The Hermanella complex is a well-established monophyletic group of Hagenulinae mayflies, but the phylogenetic relationships among its members are still being discussed. In order to fill some gaps in the taxonomy of this group we describe, for the first time, the eggs of eight species of this complex (Hermanella amere, Hermanella mazama, Hydromastodon sallesi, Hydrosmilodon gilliesae, Hydrosmilodon plagatus, Leentvaaria palpalis, Paramaka incognita, Paramaka sp.) using scanning electron microscopy, including some important members whose generic allocation have been questioned. The egg morphology in these eight species of Hermanella complex and their similarities with other species of the complex are discussed.

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A new species of Tricorythodes Ulmer (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from Uruguay is described and illustrated based on nymphs and adults. Tricorythodes biluhue sp. nov. is related to T. arequita Traver, T. mirca Molineri, T. sallesi Dias, Cabette De Sousa, and T. tragoedia Souto, Angeli Salles. The adults of these species are similar (share body color patterns formed by irregularly distributed pigments, while nymphs and adults present subapical blackish marks on tibiae). The nymphs of the new species present a spine on the inner margin of superlingua; operculate gills with a clear paler anterolateral area; and fore tarsal claw with 10-13 marginal denticles and with 0-1 + 1 submarginal denticles. This species has a wide distribution in Uruguay and was found in small streams with stony substrate and thick sand. Additional records for T. arequita Traver in Uruguay are also provided.

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Leptohyphes Eaton is a Panamerican genus with stout nymphs inhabiting mainly mountain streams. In the present work two Leptohyphes species are revalidated: Leptohyphes comatus Allen and Leptohyphes myllonotus Allen Roback. Additionally, a new diagnosis for the nymphal stage of Leptohyphes petersi Allen is presented, and its records from Brazil are removed.

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A new species of Leptohyphes Eaton (Ephemerotera: Leptohyphidae) is described, diagnosed and illustrated from nymphs collected in the Pantepui region in Southeastern Venezuela. Leptohyphes kukenan sp. nov. is similar to Leptohyphes populus Allen because they share a unique character for the genus: male compound eyes are divided. Other unique characters for the new species include a plesiomorphic gill structure, with imbricated ventral lamellae, and paired subapical denticles on tarsal claw. The new species show a unique combination of characters that distinguish it from L. populus and all other species of Leptohyphes: fore and hind margin of femora with spines on strong elevated sockets, part of body and legs covered by small pale spots, tarsal claws with 4-5 marginal denticles and a subapical pair of submarginal denticles, pronotum with large rounded lateral projection, hind wing pads absent in female, gill formula 8/7/7/4/1, operculate gill with imbricated ventral lobes, and gill V without ventral extension on dorsal lamella.

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Three unusual nymphs of Euthyplociidae, subfamily Euthyplociinae, are described from Ecuador. A new genus and new species are established to accommodate these individuals. The morphologically unique specimens are defined by the following characters: short, stout tusks lacking spine-like setae but densely covered with long, hair-like setae; head almost as long as wide; long, quadrate clypeus with acute apicolateral projections; apex of 3rd segment of labial palp acute; apex of 3rd segment of maxillary palp acute and narrow. The hind wing is small, similar to that of Mesoplocia. An ongoing study of the phylogeny of the family recovers Dasyplocia gen. nov. as closely related to Euthyplocia and Mesoplocia.

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One new taxon was brought to light during an Ephemeroptera survey in Roraima state, but it was not described. This new taxon was included in a cladistics analysis (as Gen A) in order to delimitate some Baetidae genera, and it was recovered as a new genus. Taking in account that the new genus and species status were already defined in a previously published paper, the objective of this study was to describe it based on imagoes and nymphs, and formally name it as Macuxi tunamore gen. nov. sp. nov. The new genus is sister group of Rhopyscelis Cruz, Salles Hamada + Varipes Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty clade, and can be differentiated from both mainly by the absence of long and stout setae on femora of all legs. Several characteristics were obtained in the morphological analyses to distinguish the new genus from other genera, but the paraglossa and glossa with pectinate setae, and claw with two rows of denticles, one reduced and other with apical ones larger than the others, are highlighted.

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Four species of Camelobaetidius (C. maidu, C. variabilis, C. kondratieffi, and C. shepardi) are redescribed and diagnosed based on paratype material and original descriptions. Some omissions and inaccurate information in the original descriptions are emended, and illustrations of all taxonomically important structures are provided. Diagnostic characters are improved for a better discrimination from other species across the distribution range of the genus, especially in Central and North America and differences in some important taxonomic characters between these paratypes and the original descriptions are stressed.

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Miroculis Edmunds represents one of the most species-rich genera amongst Neotropical leptophlebiids comprising 25 valid species, with 18 of them reported from Brazil. Although several species have been described throughout the years, the taxonomy of Miroculis has focused mainly on male imagos, with other semaphoronts often unknown. Here, Miroculis (Miroculis) niltoi sp. nov. is described based on nymphs and imagos from Chapada Diamantina's Complex, Northeast Brazil. Male imagos of M. (M.) niltoi sp. nov. can be distinguished by the styliger plate being medially cleft with a well-sclerotized ventrally-directed process at the posteromedial margin, while female imagos can be distinguished by the egg guide being well-developed, reaching sternum IX, and sternum IX about as long as wide, with a shallow apical cleft. Together with Miroculis (Miroculis) samba Costa, Almeida Salles and Miroculis (Miroculis) wolverine Costa, Almeida Salles, M. (M.) niltoi sp. nov. represents species within Miroculis with male imago exhibiting both extremely long penes and styliger plate. Now, Miroculis comprises 26 valid species, with 19 of them reported from Brazil.

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There are seven genera and eight species of mayflies recorded for Tocantins state, Brazil, but only three belonging to the family Leptophlebiidae. Based on male imagoes, Simothraulopsis primus sp. nov. is described from Tocantins state, Northern Brazil. The species is characterized by the male genitalia being short, lanceolate, with a straight spine and by the "U" shape between the penis lobes. Other distinguishing features are the brown thorax and yellowish brown abdomen.

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The nymphal stages of Tricorythodes pemonensis n. comb. and T. zagaia n.comb. are firstly described. The nymphal characters as well as the characteristic swelling at the base of second forceps segment in male imago justify moving them from Macunahyphes to Tricorythodes. Additionally, other three species described in Macunahyphes are also transferred to Tricorythodes: Tricorythodes araca (Souto Salles) new comb., Tricorythodes eduardoi (Almeida Mariano) new comb., and Tricorythodes incognitus (Molineri et al.) new comb. Macunahyphes australis is the only species that remains in the genus.

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Three species of Camelobaetidius Demoulin, 1966 have been reported from Colombia until now, based on nymphs. We describe a fourth species based on nymphs from the Colombian Orinoco river basin. The new species can be recognized by: 1) labrum narrowly rounded anteriorly; 2) segment II of labial palp with a short rounded distomedial projection; 3) incisors of right mandible with eleven denticles; 4) gills absent from the bases of coxae; 5) tarsal claws with ten denticles; 6) outer margin of forefemur with a row of about 23 long, spine-like setae; 7) posterior margin of tergum IV with truncate spines, and 8) terminal filament almost as long as cerci. [Zoobank URL: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:500CF998-8EF3-43E3-BA8B-F062B92768F3].

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Agrichemical contamination can provoke evolutionary responses in freshwater populations. It is a particularly relevant issue in semi-arid regions due to the sensitivity of endemic species to pollutants and to interactions with temperature stress. This paper investigates the presence of pesticides in rivers within a semi-arid agricultural watershed of Chile, testing for their effects on population genetic characteristics of the endemic mayfly Andesiops torrens (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Pesticides were detected in sediment samples in ten out of the 30 sites analyzed throughout the upper part of the Limarí watershed. To study the evolutionary impact of such contamination on A. torrens, we used a genome-wide approach and analyzed 2056 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) loci in 551 individuals from all sites. Genetic differentiation was weak between populations, suggesting high gene flow across the study area. While we did not find evidence of pesticide effects on genetic diversity nor on population differentiation, the allele frequency of three outlier SNP loci correlated significantly with pesticide occurrence. Interrogation of genomic resources indicates that two of these SNPs are located within functional genes that encode for the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 and Dumpy, both potentially involved in insect cuticle resistance processes. Such genomic signatures of local adaptation are indicative of past adverse effects of pesticide exposure on the locally adapted populations. Our results reveal that A. torrens is sensitive to pesticide exposure, but that a high gene flow may confer resilience to contamination. This research supports the contention that A. torrens is an ideal model organism to study evolutionary responses induced by pesticides on non-target, endemic species.

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ABSTRACT Gynandromorphism or intersexuality is a rare condition where the individual has male and female features. In this report we described two imagoes of Farrodes xingu Domínguez et al. (1996) from Brazil presenting intersex traits. We considered the arranged sexual characters as antero-posterior and bilateral. One individual has a male head, abdomen full of eggs and the subgenital plate with a malformed outset of penes (antero-posterior), while the other individual has half of the head with a male-like turbinate eye and the other half with a regular female-like one, and with malformed male genitalia (bilateral).

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The nymphs of a new species of Camelobaetidius (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) possibly related to the South American species of this genus were found on the Atlantic and Pacific slopes of Costa Rica. Among other characteristics it is distinguished by having the anterodorsal arc of labrum with 1 + 6 setae, the first two frayed, ventrally 4 small setae near the lateral margin, and a minute seta near the anterior margin, on both sides of the cleft; the left mandible incisors with 6 denticles similar in size and the tip of the slender process extended at about the same level as the incisors; the paraglossa and glossa equal in length and a little shorter than segment II of labial palp, and a short triangular distomedial projection on segment II of labial palp; small nipple-like thoracic gills at base of forecoxa; claws with 27-32 denticles; posterior margin of abdominal terga with rounded spines; paraproct with 1-3 sclerotized spines, and cerci approximately 12% longer than the median filament. Both sexes present several different colorations. Some data on microhabitat preferences of nymphs are also given.

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Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 is a Neotropical genus of Leptophlebiidae with nine species known from South America. In the present paper, based on male imagos from the northeastern region of Brazil in the states of Alagoas and Piauí, two new species of the Simothraulopsis are described: Simothraulopsis sinuosus sp. nov. and Simothraulopsis gracilianus sp. nov.

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Tricorythodes macuira sp n. is described and illustrated based on nymphs of both sexes and eggs from Colombia. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: maxillary palp 2-segmented and small, pronotum with rounded anterolateral projection, pronotum and mesonotum with thick and long setae on margins, femora I and II with transverse row of long setae at dorsum, tarsal claws with marginal row of 5-8 denticles and subdistal double row of 4-2 + 1-2 submarginal denticles, subtriangular operculate gills shaded black on a basal stripe, ventralmost lamellae of gills III-V with dorsal extension very well developed, abdominal segments VII-IX with small posterolateral spines. Eggs with one polar cap, polygonal chorionic plates with elevated margins and long adhesive filaments near the uncapped pole.

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In recent decades, major advances in the systematics of the Western Hemisphere genus Paracloeodes Day have been made in South America. Despite the taxonomic progress, uncertainties in identification remain due to the morphological similarities among some nymphs and due to the general lack of knowledge of the imago stages (only 4 of 20 are described from throughout the range of the genus). This study addresses these impediments in part through description of the male imagoes of six species (P. atroari Nieto Salles, P. binodulus Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty, P. ibicui Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty, P. pacawara Nieto Salles, P. peri Nieto Salles, P. waimiri Nieto Salles), description of two new species based on morphologically distinct nymphs (P. aristotelesi sp. n. and P. carolinae sp. n.), description of one new species based on morphologically distinct nymph and male imago (P. prismatobranchus sp. n.); redescription of three species based on type material (P. ibicui Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty, P. leptobranchus Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty and P. eurybranchus Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty); proposal of one new synonym based on morphological analyses of specimens from Bolivia, Brazil and Uruguay, including type specimens (P. pacawara = P. morellii Emmerich Nieto); and the presentation of a new key to identify nymphs from South America to the species level.

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A new species of the mayfly genus Thraulodes is described based on specimens from the state of Roraima, Brazil. The male imago of Thraulodes rodrigoi sp. nov. is described and the new species can be easily recognized by: forewing with one weakly marked cross veins basal to bullae; femora of forelegs with an apical transversal band brown heavily marked and one submedian macula; styliger plate triangular with a medial rounded projection; and penes short and wide, without lateral pouch. Thraulodes sternimaculatus Lima, Mariano Pinheiro, 2013 is also reported for the first time in Piauí State.

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