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OBJECTIVE: Understanding the local characteristics and statistics related to stillbirths may be the first step in a series of strategies associated with a reduction in stillbirth ratio. The aim of this study was to estimate the fetal mortality ratio and evaluate the investigation processes related to the causes of death, comparing the investigation according to the specific cause of death. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was retrospectively conducted in 10 tertiary obstetric care centers. Medical records of women with stillbirth managed between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018 were analyzed and classified, according to sociodemographic characteristics, and gestational and childbirth data, culminating in stillbirth. The stillbirth ratio and its causes were presented in proportions for the study period and individually for each health facility. RESULTS: Cases of 3390 stillbirths were analyzed. The stillbirth ratio varied from 10.74/1000 live births (LBs) in 2009 to 9.31/1000 in 2018. "Intrauterine hypoxia and asphyxia" (ICD-10 P20) and "unspecific causes of death" (ICD-10 P95) represented 40.8% of the causes of death. Investigation for TORCHS and diabetes occurred in 90.8% and 61.4% of deaths, respectively. Placental and necroscopic tests were performed in 36.6% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The adoption of a rational and standardized investigation of stillbirth remains an unmet need; the use of additional tests and examinations are lacking, especially when unspecific causes are attributed.

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INTRODUCTION: Birth weight is described as one of the main determinants of newborns' chances of survival. Among the associated causes, or risk factors, the mother's nutritional status strongly influences fetal growth and birth weight outcomes of the concept. This study evaluates the association between food deserts, small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA) and low birth weight (LBW) newborns. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional population study, resulting from individual data from the Live Birth Information System (SINASC), and commune data from mapping food deserts (CAISAN) in Brazil. The newborn's size was defined as follows: appropriate for gestational age (between 10 and 90th percentile), SGA (< 10th percentile), LGA (> 90th percentile), and low birth weight < 2,500 g. To characterize food environments, we used tertiles of the density of establishments which sell in natura and ultra-processed foods. Logistic regression modeling was conducted to investigate the associations of interest. RESULTS: We analyzed 2,632,314 live births in Brazil in 2016, after appropriate adjustments, women living in municipalities with limited availability of fresh foods had a higher chance of having newborns with SGA [OR2nd tertile: 1.06 (1.05-1.07)] and LBW [OR2nd tertile: 1.11 (1.09-1.12)]. Conversely, municipalities with greater availability of ultra-processed foods had a higher chance of having newborns with SGA [OR3rd tertile: 1.04 (1.02-1.06)] and LBW [OR2nd tertile: 1.13 (1.11-1.16)]. Stratification by race showed that Black and Mixed/Brown women had a higher chance of having newborns with SGA [OR3rd tertile: 1.09 (1.01-1.18)] and [OR3rd tertile: 1.06 (1.04-1.09)], respectively, while Mixed-race women also had a higher chance of having newborns with LBW [OR3rd tertile: 1.17 (1.14-1.20)]. Indigenous women were associated with LGA [OR3rd tertile: 1.20 (1.01-1.45)]. CONCLUSION: The study found that living in areas with limited access to healthy foods was associated with an increased risk of SGA and low birth weight among newborns, particularly among Black and Mixed/Brown women. Therefore, urgent initiatives aimed at reducing social inequalities and mitigating the impact of poor food environments are needed in Brazil.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of recent federal statute changes mandating child welfare-based Plan of Safe Care (POSC) supportive programming and community-based linkages to treatment providers, resources, and services for families of infants affected by prenatal substance exposure (IPSE). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of Delaware's statewide child welfare case registry data for IPSE birth notifications and subsequent hotline reports for serious physical injury/fatality concerns from November 1, 2018-October 31, 2020. Abstracted variables included IPSE sex, substance exposure type, family characteristics (maternal personal child welfare history or mental health diagnosis, treatment engagement), and POSC referrals. RESULTS: Of 1436 IPSE, 1347 (93.8%) had POSC support. Most IPSE (67.2%) had exposure to single substance types prenatally. Nearly 90% avoided out-of-home placement. Nearly one-fourth of mothers delivered a prior IPSE; 40% of mothers had personal histories of childhood protective services involvement. Also, 43.5% of mothers and 9.1% of fathers were referred to community-based resources, including substance use, mental health treatment, parenting classes, and home visiting nursing. Nearly 58% of IPSE were referred for pediatric/developmental assessment. Notably, 0.82% (11 out of 1347) of IPSE with POSC sustained serious physical or fatal injury. CONCLUSIONS: POSC promote supportive, potentially protective linkages to community-based programming for IPSE and their families.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to describe women's autonomous actions during childbirth and to understand their reasons. Method: qualitative research designed through social phenomenology premises. Phenomenological interviews were conducted with 15 postpartum women hospitalized at a hospital's rooming-in setting in the south of Brazil, from September to December 2017. For the analysis, the principles of the adopted framework were followed, associated with productions related to the object of study. Results: autonomous actions were developed from the time of pregnancy and during childbirth, and their reasons derived from their previous experiences. Such experiences were signified by the fear of what they had heard or because in previous births they had experienced pain, complications and unwanted interventions; due to the bond with companions and their experience with labor and delivery. Conclusion: the reasons for women's autonomous actions in the childbirth process are sustained on their biographical situation, set of knowledge and social relations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las acciones autónomas de las mujeres durante el parto y comprender sus razones. Método: investigación cualitativa perfilada por los supuestos de la fenomenología social. Se realizó entrevista fenomenológica a 15 puérperas hospitalizadas en el alojamiento conjunto de un hospital del sur de Brasil, de septiembre a diciembre de 2017. Para el análisis, se siguieron los fundamentos del marco adoptado, dialogando con producciones relacionadas con el objeto de estudio. Resultados: se desarrollaron acciones autónomas desde el embarazo y durante el parto y sus motivos a partir de la experiencia de las mujeres. Estos fueron significados por miedo a lo que escucharon o porque en partos anteriores tuvieron dolor, complicaciones e intervenciones no deseadas; por el vínculo con el compañero y porque tiene experiencia o experiencia con el proceso de parto y nacimiento. Conclusión: las razones de las acciones autónomas de las mujeres en el proceso del parto se basan en su situación biográfica, conocimientos y relaciones sociales.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as ações autônomas das mulheres durante o parto e compreender suas razões. Método: pesquisa qualitativa delineada por meio dos pressupostos da fenomenologia social. Realizou-se entrevista fenomenológica com 15 puérperas internadas no alojamento conjunto de um hospital no Sul do Brasil, de setembro a dezembro de 2017. Para análise, foram seguidos os fundamentos do referencial adotado dialogados com produções relacionadas com o objeto de estudo. Resultados: as ações autônomas foram desenvolvidas desde a gestação e durante o parto, e suas razões derivaram de suas experiências anteriores. Estas foram significadas pelo medo daquilo que ouviram falar ou porque nos partos anteriores tiveram dor, complicações e intervenções não desejadas; pelo vínculo com o acompanhante e porque esse possui experiência ou vivência com processo de parto e nascimento. Conclusão: as razões para as ações autônomas das mulheres no processo de parto estão sustentadas em sua situação biográfica, bagagem de conhecimento e relações sociais.

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BACKGROUND: Maternal malnutrition and infant feeding mode impact short and long term infant and child morbidity and mortality. The period of lactation may provide an opportunity to modulate the risk of disease later in life. Our aim was to estimate the effect of maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant feeding mode, particularly breastfeeding practices, on the anthropometric status of children under 2 years in Colombia. METHODS: A secondary analysis was performed using the data from ENSIN 2010. Term infants under 2y, singleton, with a mother older than 18y, were included in the analysis. Outcomes were wasting (WLZ < -2SD), overweight (WLZ > +2SD) and stunting (LAZ < -2SD). Predictors were infant feeding (exclusive and predominant BF constructed from 24-h recall, age at introduction of liquids, semisolids and solids) and maternal BMI. Socioeconomic variables, maternal education and age, conditions during pregnancy and birth weight were analyzed as covariates. RESULTS: Mothers of overweight infants had higher BMI (Mean dif = 1.47 kg/m2; 95% CI = 2.1, 0.8) than those with normal weight infants. Stunting and wasting were not predicted by maternal anthropometry or infant feeding mode. Fewer maternal years of education were associated with wasting (OR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.86, 0.97; p = 0.003) and stunting (OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.89, 0.94; p < 0.0001), while more maternal years of education were associated with overweight (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.01; p = 0.001); higher birth weight was associated with overweight (OR = 1.001; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.001; p < 0.0001) and lower birth was associated with stunting (OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.89; p < 0.0001) in the final regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal BMI is a modifiable target for public health policy to promote healthy infant growth. Infant nutritional status is affected by direct and indirect factors that need to be addressed in further studies.

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INTRODUCTION: The importance of breastfeeding is undisputed. It provides benefits to infants, nursing mothers, families, and society as a whole. The World Health Organization encourages a diet of exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age; however, this routine may be unfeasible for many reasons, one of which is the mother's use of medication. OBJECTIVE: To characterize medications used by nursing mothers in terms of risk categories, place of care and medical professionals responsible for the prescription, and the extent of medical advice received by the mothers. METHODS: This is a retrospective, quantitative, and cross-sectional study. The data were collected from Brazil's Family Health Strategies (ESF) program and included information on 161 nursing mothers from 2012 and 2013 and their use of medications while breastfeeding. The data were considered in absolute and relative frequencies and compared to the secondary variables in the study in order to determine whether any associations existed. The chi-square test was applied as part of the analysis. RESULTS: Of the nursing mothers interviewed, 55.9% reported taking medication. The most frequent groups of medications were those affecting the genito-urinary system and sex hormones, endocrine system, followed by systemic and cardiovascular medications. In the ESF program, general practitioners were the medical professionals who most frequently prescribed medication to these women, followed by gynecologists. Of the women who received prescriptions, 64.4% received some type of medical advice. The statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between risk category and medical specialty (p=0.03), as well as between risk category and place of care (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The most frequently used drug class was that of contraceptives. All medication classified as contraindicated was found to have been prescribed as part of primary care by general practitioners. Thus, these results reflect the need for more qualified professionals throughout Brazil's public health care network.

INTRODUÇÃO: É inquestionável a importância do aleitamento materno. Seus benefícios abrangem o lactente, a nutriz, a família e a sociedade. A Organização Mundial de Saúde preconiza o aleitamento exclusivo até os seis meses de idade, o qual pode ser comprometido por alguns motivos, dentre eles o uso de medicamentos. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os medicamentos utilizados por nutrizes, no que se refere a: categorias de risco; locais e responsáveis pela prescrição médica e orientações recebidas. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, retrospectivo, quantitativo. Os dados foram coletados na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) com 161 nutrizes nos anos de 2012 e 2013, por meio de questionário estruturado, contendo informações sobre o uso de medicamentos durante a lactação. Os dados foram apresentados em frequências absolutas e relativas, e comparados às variáveis selecionadas no estudo para verificação da existência de associação, utilizando-se o Teste do Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: 55,9% das entrevistadas referiram uso de medicamentos, predominando os que atuam no Sistema hormonal, seguidos dos de uso sistêmico e cardivascular. O clínico geral foi o que mais prescreveu, seguido do ginecologista, na ESF. 64,4% das entrevistadas receberam algum tipo de orientação. A análise estatística demonstrou associação positiva entre categoria de risco e as variáveis especialidade médica (p=0,03) e local de atendimento (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A classe de medicamento mais utilizada foi a dos anticoncepcionais. Todo medicamento classificado como contra indicado foi prescrito, na Atenção Primária, pelo clínico geral. Sendo assim, destaca-se a necessidade de profissionais qualificados em toda rede de atenção à saúde.

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Objetivo: Objetivou-se compilar sintética e descritivamente resultados de estudos científicos que versam acerca do Near Miss Materno. Métodos: Realizou-se consulta às bases de dados Biblioteca Científica Eletrônica Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe (LILACS) e Literatura Internacional em Ciências da Saúde e Biomédica (PubMed), no período de 2011 a junho de 2016, com os descritores "Maternal Near Miss" and "severe maternal morbidity" e suas representações nos idiomas português e inglês. Após a exclusão dos textos repetidos, da leitura dos resumos e da análise por instrumento validado, esta revisão contou com 28 publicações. Resultados: Os estudos apontam determinantes clínicos diretamente relacionados à ocorrência do Near Miss Materno. Dentre eles, destacam-se: gestação de alto risco; internações durante a gestação; comorbidades clínicas, principalmente hipertensão grave, infecções e hemorragias; partos cesáreos; uso de fórceps e necessidade de admissão em UTI. Conclusão: Os estudos apontam, além dos determinantes clínicos, que fatores socioeconômicos e de assistência estão diretamente relacionados à ocorrência de Near Miss Materno, o que o torna uma ferramenta viável para avaliação da qualidade do serviço de saúde e do impacto de políticas públicas direcionadas à melhoria da saúde materna e de redução das iniquidades sociais. A detecção precoce e a oferta de cuidados obstétricos de emergência tornam-se essenciais para a redução das taxas de Near Miss e de mortalidade materna.

Objective: The objective was to make a synthetic and descriptive compilation of the results of scientific studies addressing maternal near miss. Methods: A search was conducted in the databases of the Electronic Scientific Library Online (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature (LILACS) and International Literature in Health and Biomedical Sciences (PubMed),in the period from 2011 to June 2016, with the descriptors "maternal near miss" and "severe maternal morbidity" and their representations in Portuguese and English. After the exclusion of duplicate texts, the reading of the abstracts and the analysis by validated instrument, this review comprised 28 publications. Results: The studies indicate clinical determinants directly related to the occurrence of maternal near miss, among which, these stand out: high-risk gestation; hospitalizations during pregnancy; clinical comorbidities, mainly severe hypertension, infections and hemorrhage; cesarean delivery; use of forceps and need for ICU admission. Conclusion: In addition to the clinical determinants, the studies point out that socioeconomic and healthcare factors are directly related to the occurrence of maternal near miss, which makes it a viable tool for evaluation of the quality of the healthcare service and the impact of public policies aimed at improving maternal health and reducing social inequities. Early detection and provision of emergency obstetric care are essential to reduce maternal near miss and mortality rates.

Objetivo: El objetivo fue compilar de modo resumido y descriptivo los resultados de estudios científicos sobre el Near Miss Materno. Métodos: Se realizó consulta en las bases de datos Biblioteca Científica Electrónica Online (SciELo), Literatura Latino-Americana y del Caribe (LILACS) y Literatura Internacional de Ciencias de la Salud y Biomédico (PubMed) en el periodo entre 2011 y junio de 2016 con los descriptores "maternal Near Miss" and "severe maternal morbidity" y sus representaciones en los idiomas portugués e inglés. Se incluyeron 28 publicaciones en la revisión tras la exclusión de los textos duplicados, de la lectura de los resúmenes y del análisis por instrumento validado. Resultados: Los estudios señalan determinantes clínicos directamente relacionados con la ocurrencia del Near Miss Materno. Entre ellos se destacan: el embarazo de alto riesgo; los ingresos durante el embarazo; las comorbilidades clínicas, principalmente la hipertensión grave, las infecciones y las hemorragias; los partos por cesárea; el uso de fórceps y la necesidad de admisión en la UCI. Conclusión: Los estudios señalan que además de los determinantes clínicos, los factores socioeconómicos y de asistencia están directamente relacionados con la ocurrencia del Near Miss Materno lo que le hace una herramienta viable para la evaluación de la calidad del servicio de salud y del impacto de las políticas públicas dirigidas para la mejoría de la salud materna y de la reducción de las inequidades sociales. La detección precoz y la oferta de los cuidados obstétricos de emergencia son esenciales para la disminución de las tasas del Near Miss y de la mortalidad materna.

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Objetivou-se analisar estratégias adotadas para a implantação das diretrizes da Rede Cegonha, sob a perspectiva de gestores. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem quanti-qualitativa, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu em 2015, mediante entrevistas a três gestores do nível estratégico de uma maternidade de risco habitual em uma capital do sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se o método de análise do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo com apoio do software Qualiquantisoft®. Como resultados, emergiram as categorias, entre outras: Estratégias para implantação do Modelo Assistencial, e Estratégias para reorganização estrutural do modelo gerencial, que foram condizentes à implantação do modelo assistencial preconizado pela Rede Cegonha. Pode-se concluir, sob a luz desta pesquisa, que a proposta da gestão em implantar um modelo humanizado, pautado em evidências científicas, está em processo de construção, com avanços valiosos, empenho das equipes e valorização do profissional impulsionando as ações de mudança, concretizando a efetivação do cuidado em permanente aprimoramento (AU).

The objective was to analyze the strategies adopted for the implementation of the guidelines of the Stork Network from managers' perspective. An exploratory research with a quantitative and qualitative approach was undertaken. The data were collected in 2015 through interviews with three strategic managers from a common-risk maternity hospital in a capital in the South of Brazil. The analysis method of the Collective Subject Discourse was used with the software Qualiquantisoft®. The following categories emerged as results, among others: Strategies for the implementation of the Care Model, and Strategies for the structural reorganization of the management model, which lead to the implementation of the care model recommended by the Stork Network. In the light of this research, it can be concluded that the management's proposal to implement a humanized care model based on scientific evidence is under construction, with valuable advances, the teams' effort and the valuation of the professional who drives the change actions, putting in practice the continuous improvement of care (AU).

La finalidad fue analizar estrategias adoptadas para la implementación de las directivas de la Red Cigüeña, bajo la perspectiva de gestores. Se trata de una investigación exploratoria, con aproximación cuanti-cualitativa. Los datos fueron recolectados en 2015, mediante entrevistas con tres gestores del nivel estratégico de una maternidad de riesgo habitual en una capital del sur de Brasil. Fue utilizado el método de análisis del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo con apoyo delsoftware Qualiquantisoft®. Como resultados, emergieron las categorías, entre otros: Estrategias para implantación del Modelo Asistencial, y Estrategias para reorganización estructural del modelo gerencial, que llevaron a la implantación del modelo asistencial preconizado por la RedCigüeña. Se pudo concluir, a la luz de esta investigación, que la propuesta de la gestión en implantar un modelo humanizado, pautado en evidencias científicas, está en proceso de construcción, con avances valiosos, empeño de los equipos y valuación del profesional, impulsando las acciones de cambio, concretizando la práctica del cuidado en permanente perfeccionamiento (AU).

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