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BACKGROUND: There has been debate over whether the existing World Health Organization (WHO) criteria accurately represent the severity of maternal near misses. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of two WHO clinical and laboratory organ dysfunction markers for determining the best cutoff values in a Latin American setting. METHODS: A prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted in five Latin American countries. Patients with severe maternal complications were followed up from admission to discharge. Organ dysfunction was determined using clinical and laboratory data, and participants were classified according to severe maternal outcomes. This study compares the diagnostic criteria of Latin American Centre for Perinatology, Network for Adverse Maternal Outcomes (CLAP/NAMO) to WHO standards. RESULTS: Of the 698 women studied, 15.2% had severe maternal outcomes. Most measured variables showed significant differences between individuals with and without severe outcomes (all P-values <0.05). Alternative cutoff values suggested by CLAP/NAMOs include pH ≤7.40, lactate ≥2.3 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥ 24 bpm, oxygen saturation ≤ 96%, PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 342 mmHg, platelet count ≤189 × 109 × mm3, serum creatinine ≥0.8 mg/dL, and total bilirubin ≥0.67 mg/dL. No significant differences were found when comparing the diagnostic performance of the CLAP/NAMO criteria to that of the WHO standards. CONCLUSION: The CLAP/NAMO values were comparable to the WHO maternal near-miss criteria, indicating that the WHO standards might not be superior in this population. These findings suggest that maternal near-miss thresholds can be adapted regionally, improving the identification and management of severe maternal complications in Latin America.
RESUMO
Resumo Este estudo, de caráter misto e sequencial exploratório, objetivou identificar padrões relacionados a trajetória de mulheres gestantes e puérperas que evoluíram para situações de risco, desde sua chegada em um primeiro serviço de assistência até sua admissão em uma maternidade terciária. A fase quantitativa analisou 1.703 prontuários e registros de internação de mulheres assistidas em três maternidades terciárias da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza, no Ceará, entre 2010 e 2019. Na fase qualitativa, realizada entre janeiro e setembro de 2020, participaram 14 mulheres sobreviventes ao Near Miss Materno (NMM), por meio da Entrevista Narrativa Autobiográfica de Schütze. Os achados desvelam como atrasos relacionados aos profissionais e ao sistema de saúde contribuíram para a peregrinação de gestantes e puérperas e, consequentemente, para os quadros de NMM. A peregrinação destas mulheres associa-se a problemas nas estruturas da rede de atenção e dos serviços de saúde. Assim, fazem-se necessários o uso de ferramentas de acompanhamento da qualidade do serviço prestado pelos profissionais de saúde, os processos assistenciais bem estabelecidos, as estruturas físicas e as Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), que suportem o seguimento desses processos.
Abstract This mixed-method and sequential exploratory study aims to identify patterns related to the trajectory of pregnant and puerperal women who evolved to risk situations, from arrival in a first care service to admission to a tertiary maternity hospital. The quantitative phase analyzed 1,703 medical records and hospitalization records of women assisted in three tertiary maternity hospitals in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza, Ceará, from 2010 to 2019. The qualitative phase was conducted from January to September 2020 with 14 women survivors of Maternal Near Miss (MNM), using Schütze's Autobiographical Narrative Interview. The findings reveal how delays related to professionals and the health system contributed to the pilgrimage of pregnant and postpartum women and, consequently, to the MNM cases. The peregrination of these women is associated with problems in the structures of the Care Network and the services. Thus, it becomes necessary to use tools to monitor the quality of the service provided by health professionals and to provide well-established care processes, physical structures, and the healthcare networks that support the follow-up of these processes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Saúde Pública , Saúde da Mulher , Assistência Integral à Saúde , Near Miss , Obstetrícia , BrasilRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The burden of maternal morbidity in neonatal outcomes can vary with the adequacy of healthcare provision and tool implementation to improve monitoring. Such information is lacking in Latin American countries, where the decrease in severe maternal morbidity and maternal death remains challenging. OBJECTIVES: To determine neonatal outcomes according to maternal characteristics, including different degrees of maternal morbidity in Latin American health facilities. METHODS: This is a secondary cross-sectional analysis of the Perinatal Information System (SIP) database from eight health facilities in five Latin American and Caribbean countries. Participants were all women delivering from August 2018 to June 2021, excluding cases of abortion, multiple pregnancies and missing information on perinatal outcomes. As primary and secondary outcome measures, neonatal near miss and neonatal death were measured according to maternal/pregnancy characteristics and degrees of maternal morbidity. Estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PRadj) with their respective 95% CIs were reported. RESULTS: In total 85,863 live births were included, with 1,250 neonatal near miss (NNM) cases and 695 identified neonatal deaths. NNM and neonatal mortality ratios were 14.6 and 8.1 per 1,000 live births, respectively. Conditions independently associated with a NNM or neonatal death were the need for neonatal resuscitation (PRadj 16.73, 95% CI [13.29-21.05]), being single (PRadj 1.45, 95% CI [1.32-1.59]), maternal near miss or death (PRadj 1.64, 95% CI [1.14-2.37]), preeclampsia (PRadj 3.02, 95% CI [1.70-5.35]), eclampsia/HELPP (PRadj 1.50, 95% CI [1.16-1.94]), maternal age (years) (PRadj 1.01, 95% CI [<1.01-1.02]), major congenital anomalies (PRadj 3.21, 95% CI [1.43-7.23]), diabetes (PRadj 1.49, 95% CI [1.11-1.98]) and cardiac disease (PRadj 1.65, 95% CI [1.14-2.37]). CONCLUSION: Maternal morbidity leads to worse neonatal outcomes, especially in women suffering maternal near miss or death. Based on SIP/PAHO database all these indicators may be helpful for routine situation monitoring in Latin America with the purpose of policy changes and improvement of maternal and neonatal health.
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Morte Perinatal , Complicações na Gravidez , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Ressuscitação , Mortalidade Infantil , Mortalidade Materna , Sistemas de Informação , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The sustained reduction in maternal mortality in America underlines the need to analyse women who survived a complication that could have been fatal if appropriate and timely care had not been taken. Analysis of maternal near-miss (MNM) cases, as well as potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), are considered indicators for monitoring the quality of maternal care. The specific objective of this study protocol is to develop a surveillance system for PLTC, MNM and maternal mortality, as primary outcomes, in Latin American and Caribbean maternal healthcare institutions. Secondarily, the study was designed to identify factors associated with these conditions and estimate how often key evidence-based interventions were used for managing severe maternal morbidity. This is a multicenter cross-sectional study with prospective data collection. The target population consists of all women admitted to health centres participating in the network during pregnancy, childbirth, or the postpartum period. Variables describing the sequence of events that may result in a PLTC, MNM or maternal death are recorded. Relevant quality control is carried out to ensure the quality of the database and confidentiality. Centres with approximately 2,500 annual deliveries will be included to achieve a sufficient number of cases for calculation of indicators. The frequency of outcome measures for PLTC, MNM and maternal mortality and their confidence intervals and differences between groups will be calculated using the most appropriate statistical tests. Similar procedures will be performed with variables describing the use of evidence-based practices. Networking creates additional possibilities for global information management and interaction between different research groups. Lessons can be learned and shared, generating scientific knowledge to address relevant health problems throughout the region with provision of efficient data management.
Assuntos
Maternidades , Mortalidade Materna , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , América Latina/epidemiologia , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Estudos Multicêntricos como AssuntoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine incidences of potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), maternal near misses (MNM), and maternal deaths (MD) in women who gave birth in participating facilities, and to determine the probability that a pregnancy involving a PLTC would evolve into an MNM and/or an MD. METHODS: This was a multicentric observational study implemented on a maternal network from August 2018 to May 2019 in five Latin-American countries. We summarized categorical variables as frequencies and continuous variables with median, interquartile range, and standard deviations. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated and multivariate predictive models were built. RESULTS: There were 33 901 deliveries and miscarriages, of which 8.0% had at least one PLTC and 0.6% had an MNM. Hypertensive disorder was the most frequent condition to evolve into a severe maternal outcome. CONCLUSION: Identifying PLTC can help to prevent MNM and MD. The inclusion of these predictors in a real-time data registration system like the Perinatal Informatic System could work as a surveillance tool for early detection, leading to a reduction in the rate of worsening conditions.
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Morte Materna , Near Miss , Complicações na Gravidez , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Mortalidade Materna , Família , Grupos RaciaisRESUMO
Abstract Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may cause irreversible organ damage. Pregnancy with SLE may have severe life-threatening risks. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) in patients with SLE and analyze the parameters that contributed to cases of greater severity. Methods This is a cross-sectional retrospective study from analysis of data retrieved from medical records of pregnant women with SLE treated at a University Hospital in Brazil. The pregnant women were divided in a control group without complications, a group with potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), and a group with maternal near miss (MNM). Results The maternal near miss rate was 112.9 per 1,000 live births. The majority of PLTC (83.9%) and MNM (92.9%) cases had preterm deliveries with statistically significant increased risk compared with the control group (p = 0.0042; odds ratio [OR]: 12.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-96.6 for the MNM group and p = 0.0001; OR: 4.84; 95%CI: 2.2-10.8 for the PLTC group). Severe maternal morbidity increases the risk of longer hospitalization (p < 0.0001; OR: 18.8; 95%CI: 7.0-50.6 and p < 0.0001; OR: 158.17; 95%CI: 17.6-1424,2 for the PLTC and MNM groups, respectively), newborns with low birthweight (p = 0.0006; OR: 3.67; 95%CI: 1.7-7.9 and p = 0.0009; OR: 17.68; 95%CI: 2-153.6) for the PLTC and MNM groups, respectively] as well as renal diseases (PLTC [8.9%; 33/56; p = 0.0069] and MNM [78.6%; 11/14; p = 0.0026]). Maternal near miss cases presented increased risk for neonatal death (p = 0.0128; OR: 38.4; 95%CI: 3.3-440.3]), and stillbirth and miscarriage (p = 0.0011; OR: 7.68; 95%CI: 2.2-26.3]). Conclusion Systemic lupus erythematosus was significantly associated with severe maternal morbidity, longer hospitalizations, and increased risk of poor obstetric and neonatal outcomes.
Resumo Objetivo Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) pode causar danos irreversíveis aos órgãos. A gravidez com LES pode ter riscos para condições ameaçadoras à vida. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de MMG em pacientes com LES e analisar os parâmetros que contribuíram para os casos de maior gravidade. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo a partir da análise de dados obtidos de prontuários de gestantes com LES atendidas em um Hospital Universitário no Brasil. As gestantes foram divididas em grupo controle sem intercorrências, grupo com condições potencialmente ameaçadoras a vida (CPAV) e grupo com near miss materno (NMM). Resultados A taxa de NMM foi de 112,9 por 1.000 nascidos vivos. A maioria dos casos de CPAV (83,9%) e NMM (92,9%) teve partos prematuros com risco aumentado estatisticamente significativo em comparação com o grupo controle (p = 0,0042; odds ratio [OR]: 12,05; intervalo de confiança [IC]: 1,5-96,6 para o grupo NMM e p = 0,0001; OR: 4,84; IC95%: 2,2-10,8 para o grupo CPAV). MMG aumenta o risco de maior tempo de internação (p < 0,0001; OR: 18,8; IC95%: 7,0-50,6 e p < 0,0001; OR: 158,17; IC95%: 17,6-1424,2 para os grupos CPAV e NMM, respectivamente), recémnascidos com baixo peso (p = 0,0006; OR: 3,67; IC95%: 1,7-7,9 e p = 0,0009; OR: 17,68; IC95%: 2-153,6 para os grupos CPAV e NMM, respectivamente), bem como doenças renais (CPAV: 58,9%; 33/56; p = 0,0069 e NMM: 78,6%; 11/14; p = 0,0026)]. Os casos de NMM apresentaram risco aumentado para óbito neonatal (p = 0,0128; OR: 38,4; IC95%: 3,3-440,3), natimorto e aborto espontâneo (p = 0,0011; OR: 7,68; IC95%: 2,2-26,3). Conclusão Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico foi significativamente associado à morbidade materna grave, internações mais longas e risco aumentado de desfechos obstétricos e neonatais ruins.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Evento Inexplicável Breve Resolvido , Morte Materna , Lúpus Eritematoso SistêmicoRESUMO
Resumo: Este estudo objetiva analisar a compreensão das mulheres que vivenciaram a morbidade materna aguda grave (near-miss materno) sobre a assistência obstétrica recebida. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, com referencial metodológico da história oral temática, realizada por meio de entrevistas presenciais. Participaram do estudo doze mulheres de diferentes regiões brasileiras e que vivenciaram o near-miss materno, principalmente, por complicações de síndromes hipertensivas, hemorragias e infecções. Das memórias coletivas emergidas, identificou-se a violência obstétrica na forma de: I. abuso físico; II. intervenções não consentidas ou aceitas com base em informações parciais ou distorcidas; III. cuidado não confidencial ou privativo; IV. tratamento não digno e abuso verbal; e V. abandono, negligência ou recusa de atendimento. Em conclusão, a violência obstétrica pode somar-se aos eventos que culminarão no near-miss materno e, nesse sentido, é potencialmente ameaçadora da vida.
Abstract: This study aims to analyze the understanding of women who experienced the maternal near-miss about obstetric care received. It was a research of a qualitative approach, with a methodological reference of the thematic oral history, carried out through interviews with women who lived maternal near-miss. Twelve women from different Brazilian regions were interviewed and who experienced maternal near-miss, mainly due to complications of hypertensive syndromes, hemorrhages and infections. From the emerged collective memories, obstetric violence was identified in the form of: I. physical abuse; II. interventions not consented or accepted based on partial or distorted information; III. non-confidential or private care; IV. non-dignified care and verbal abuse; and V. abandonment, negligence or refusal of care. In conclusion, that obstetric violence can added to the events that will culminate in maternal near-miss and, in this sense, it is potentially life threatening.
Resumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la comprensión de las mujeres que experimentaron morbilidad materna aguda severa (near-miss materno) sobre la atención obstétrica recibida. Se trata de una investigación con enfoque cualitativo, con un marco metodológico de historia oral temática, realizada a través de entrevistas presenciales. Participaron en el estudio 12 mujeres de diferentes regiones brasileñas que experimentaron near-miss materno, principalmente debido a complicaciones de síndromes hipertensivos, hemorragias e infecciones. A partir de las memorias colectivas surgidas, se identificó la violencia obstétrica en forma de: I. maltrato físico; II. intervenciones no consentidas o aceptadas con base en información parcial o distorsionada; III. atención no confidencial o privada; IV. trato indigno y abuso verbal; y V. abandono, negligencia o negativa a asistir. En conclusión, la violencia obstétrica puede se sumar a los eventos que culminarán en un casi accidente materno y, en este sentido, es potencialmente mortal.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Poder Familiar , Near Miss , Violência Obstétrica , Tocologia , Saúde da MulherRESUMO
Maternal near-miss (MNM) is a maternal quality care indicator. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines it as a state in which a woman nearly dies but survives due to a complication during pregnancy, birth, or puerperium. The Latin American Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FLASOG) and the Colombian National Health Institute (INS) established recommendations for the event's epidemiological surveillance; nonetheless, the operational definitions of the cases are different. This retrospective study examined the approaches of FLASOG and INS versus the WHO approach (gold standard) for the assessment of MNM in a high obstetric risk unit. Patients admitted with at least one criterion of the WHO, FLASOG, or INS approach for the definition of MNM from March 2016 to March 2017 were included. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV, NPV) were evaluated, as well as the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve of the FLASOG and INS. MNM classification compared to WHO system as reference. The results highlight that the WHO classification establishes very high boundaries for some of the diagnostic criteria and the lack of standardization of the MNM criteria among the different proposals in Latin America hinders the applicability in Colombia and other countries with a similar situation.
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Serviços de Saúde Materna , Near Miss , Complicações na Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Mortalidade Materna , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To date, the rates of potentially life-threatening condition (PTLC), maternal near miss (MNM) and maternal deaths in pregnant patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and variables associated to it have not been studied. METHODS: This study was as a cross-sectional retrospective study conducted at São Paulo Hospital of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, a tertiary hospital that provides public medical care through the Brazilian unified health system to high-risk pregnancies. Inclusion criteria were T1DM pregnant women who delivered from January 2005 to December 2015. Three groups were established by the World Heath Organization criteria and associations were assessed using the chi-square test in between MNM and no morbidity or PLTC and no morbidity. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The final sample included 137 patients, 8 MNM cases (5.84%), 51 PLTC (37.23%), no cases of maternal deaths and 78 patients (56.93%) did not present any complication. Moreover, there were 122 live births, resulting in a near miss rate of 65.5 per 1.000 live births in patients with T1DM. Two of the MNM cases were for clinical criteria (uncontrollable fit in both) and laboratory criteria for the other six: one patient with severe acute azotemia (creatinine > 300 µmol/ml), one patient with severe hypoperfusion (lactate > 5 mmol/L) and four of them with loss of consciousness and the presence of glucose and ketoacids in urine. PLTC criteria were studied in MNM and PLTC cases. Prolonged hospital stay was the most prevalent PLTC criteria in both groups (100% of MNM cases and 96% of PLTC), followed by renal failure in 50% of MNM cases and severe preeclampsia in 22% of PLTC cases. This study could not find any association between prenatal factors or sociodemographic characteristics with maternal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: MNM rate in T1DM was extremely high, and determined by complications of the primary disease or hypertensive disorders. No sociodemographic variables studied were related to maternal morbidity; therefore, we could not predict what increases MNM and PLTC in this specific population.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiologia , Mortalidade Materna , Near Miss/estatística & dados numéricos , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Nascido Vivo , Morte Materna , Gravidez , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Introdução: Near miss materno é a ocorrência de um evento de quase morte de uma mulher, no período da gestação, parto ou até 42 dias após o parto. O monitoramento do near miss materno permite a identificação das fragilidades e proposição de ações para redução da mortalidade materna. Objetivo: Produzir uma tecnologia validada para o monitoramento e investigação de near miss materno. Método: Pesquisa metodológica que partiu de um formulário de notificação de casos de near miss materno, aplicado desde 2018, pela Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Foi desenvolvida no período de maio de 2019 a julho de 2020, respeitados os princípios de ética em pesquisa; aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Setor de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Paraná e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa Hospital do Trabalhador da SESA-PR, em março de 2020. Foi desenvolvida em três etapas: 1ª Etapa: Reconstrução do Formulário com qualificação do conteúdo (referencial teórico e profissionais de gestão). 2ª Etapa: Validação do conteúdo e formato do Formulário por especialistas (pesquisadores na temática, profissionais da assistência materno-infantil da atenção primária e hospitalar e, gestores regionais da atenção à saúde materno-infantil). 3ª Etapa: Teste Piloto do Formulário pelos usuários (notificadores de near miss materno). Os mesmos receberam o formulário na plataforma REDCap (Research Eletronic Data Capture). Resultados: Na 1ª Etapa o Formulário passou a contar com 12 Blocos, estabelecidos segundo os critérios da OMS e, em evidências sugeridas por estudiosos da temática, incluindo de maneira abrangente as informações relacionadas ao ciclo-gestacional e à atenção pré-natal, parto e puerpério. Na 2ª Etapa, participaram da validação 24 juízes/especialistas, sendo 22 enfermeiros (91,7%), um médico e um pesquisador, todos com experiência em notificação ou monitoramento ou pesquisa em near miss materno. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo geral foi de 96,3%. A consistência interna, medida pelo alfa de Cronbach, obteve um índice maior que 0,80 em todos os Blocos. Na 3ª Etapa, o teste piloto foi aplicado a quatro notificadores que, em unanimidade, consideraram o formulário adequado para a notificação. Conclusões: O Produto desta Pesquisa é uma Tecnologia para Monitoramento e Investigação do near miss materno, para aplicação no Paraná como um instrumento confiável e válido. Entende-se que a validação do formulário ampliou as informações para além das investigações intrahospitalares, de maneira a percorrer amplamente a Linha de Cuidado Materno. Esta tecnologia define um modelo de notificação que poderá ser aplicado, replicado e/ou ajustado para outros cenários brasileiros, igualmente objetivando um impacto social de qualidade no processo gravídico-puerperal com sobrevida materna e do concepto.
Introduction: Maternal near-miss is the occurrence of a woman's near-death event, during pregnancy, childbirth, or up to 42 days after delivery. The monitoring of maternal near-miss allows the identification of weaknesses and the proposition of actions to reduce maternal mortality. Objective: To produce a validated technology for the monitoring and investigation of the maternal near-miss. Method: Methodological research that started from a notification form of maternal near-miss cases, applied since 2018 by the State Department of Health. It was developed from May 2019 to July 2020, respecting the principles of ethics in research; approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Sector of the Federal University of Paraná and by the Research Ethics Committee of the SESA-PR, Hospital do Trabalhador, in March 2020. It was developed in three stages. 1st Stage: Reconstruction of the Form with content qualification (theoretical framework and management professionals). 2nd Stage: Validation of the content and format of the Form by specialists (researchers in the theme, professionals in maternal and child care in primary and hospital care, and regional managers in maternal and child health care). 3rd Stage: Pilot Test of the Form by users (maternal near-miss notifiers). They received the Form on the REDCap platform (Research Electronic Data Capture). Results: In the 1st Stage, the Form now has 12 sections established according to WHO criteria, and in evidence suggested by scholars of the theme, including comprehensively the information related to the gestational cycle and prenatal care, childbirth, and puerperium. In the 2nd Stage, 24 judges/specialists participated in the validation, 22 nurses (91.7%), one doctor, and one researcher, all with experience in notification or monitoring or research in maternal near-miss. The overall Content Validity Index was 96.3%. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha, obtained an index greater than 0.80 in all sections. In the 3rd Stage, the pilot test was applied to four notifiers who, unanimously, considered the form appropriate for notification. Conclusions: The Product of this Research is a Technology for Monitoring and Investigation of the maternal near-miss, for application in the state of Paraná as a reliable and valid tool. It is understood that the validation of the form expanded the information beyond the in-hospital investigations, in order to cover the Maternal Care Line widely. This technology defines a notification model that can be applied, replicated, and/or adjusted for other Brazilian scenarios, also aiming for a quality social impact on the pregnancy-puerperal process with maternal and fetus survival.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Gravidez , Mortalidade Materna , Monitoramento Ambiental , Segurança do Paciente , Near Miss , Tecnologia , Morbidade , Estudo de Validação , Saúde MaternaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of the use of Intensive Care Units (ICU) in maternal mortality. METHODS: A secondary analysis of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health, a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in maternity hospitals in 29 countries. Women who had severe maternal outcome (maternal death or maternal near-miss) and the availability and use of ICU beds were included. The women were categorized according to availability of ICU, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the risk of maternal death. To rate the severity of complications, the Maternal Severity Score (MSS) and the Maternal Severity Index (MSI) were used. RESULTS: Of 314 623 women observed, 24 396 had severe complications. Of those, 16 981 (69.6%) were in facilities with ICUs; 1573 women were admitted to ICUs (6.4% of women with maternal complications and 0.5% of total). There is a significant protective effect for maternal mortality for patients with more severe conditions using ICUs (odds ratio 0.16, 95% confidence interval 0.07-0.33). CONCLUSION: The use of ICU was associated with significantly reduced odds of maternal death in obstetric patients with severe clinical conditions. The availability and appropriate use of good-quality ICUs are therefore crucial to reduce maternal mortality.
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Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade Materna , Complicações na Gravidez/terapia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Maternidades , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Morte Materna , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/etiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess general and reproductive health in women after severe maternal morbidity (SMM). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed at a tertiary maternity hospital. Women with SMM criteria who delivered during 2008-2012 were included in the SMM group. The control group included a random sample of women without SMM delivering in the same year of cases. Both groups were compared regarding sociodemographic/obstetric characteristics, general and reproductive health, using χ2 , Yates χ2 , Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: There were 315 women in the SMM group and 323 women in the control group. The SMM group was older and had a history of more medical conditions (hypertension, diabetes, obesity), cesarean deliveries, preterm births, and perinatal deaths. Breastfeeding was negatively affected in these women, as was fertility. The SMM group had a non-significant trend of fewer children after index pregnancy, had new complications in subsequent pregnancies, and required specialized medical care, besides higher risk of death. CONCLUSION: Women experiencing SMM are at higher risk of general and reproductive health problems after pregnancy, including risk of death. Therefore, their surveillance and follow-up should continue beyond 42 days postpartum, highlighting the importance of more specialized health care.
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Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Saúde Reprodutiva , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Feminino , Maternidades/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Morbidade , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Abstract Objective To assess the use of the intensive care unit (ICU) and its effect on maternal mortality (MM) among women with severe maternal morbidity (SMM). Materials and Methods A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study on surveillance of SMM in 27 Brazilian obstetric referral centers. The analysis focused on the association between ICU use and maternal death according to individual characteristics and disease severity. Two multivariate regressions considering use of the ICU, age, ethnicity, adequacy of care and the human development index were performed to identify the factors associated to maternal death and maternal near-miss. Results Out of 82,388 deliveries during the period, there were 9,555 (11.6%) women with SMM, and the MM ratio was of 170.4/100 thousand live births. In total, 8,135 (85.1%) patients were managed in facilities in which ICUs were available; however, only 2,059 (25.3%) had been admitted to the ICU. On the multivariate analysis, when the severity of the maternal disease was measured by the maternal severity score (MMS), the strength of the association between the use of the ICU and maternal death was greatly reduced, along with inadequate care and non-availability of the ICU at the facility. On the assessment of only the more critical cases (SMO, severe maternal outcome), the same pattern of association between ICU and MM was observed. In the models used, only inadequate care and MSS were significantly associated with MM. Conclusion The current study indicates that the main variables associated with maternal death are the severity and adequacy of the case management, which is more frequent in ICU admissions. The use of the ICU without the stratification of the patients by severity may not produce the expected benefits for part of the women.
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da utilização de unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) na mortalidade materna (MM) entre mulheres com morbidade materna grave (MMG). Materiais e Métodos Foi realizada uma análise secundária de um estudo transversal de vigilância de morbidade materna grave em 27 centros de referência obstétrica no Brasil. O foco desta análise foi a associação entre a utilização de UTI e morte materna segundo características individuais e condições de gravidade. Análises múltiplas considerando as variáveis uso de UTI, idade, etnia, adequação do cuidado e índice de desenvolvimento humano foram realizadas para identificar os fatores associados à morte materna e near-miss materno. Resultados Dos 82.388 partos ocorridos durante o período de estudo, 9.555 (11,6%) mulheres apresentaram MMG, e a razão de MM foi de 170,4/100 mil nascidos vivos. Neste grupo, 8.135 (85,1%) pacientes foram atendidas em instituições com disponibilidade de leitos de UTI, mas apenas 2.059 (25,3%) foram de fato admitidas em leitos de UTI. Na análise de regressão multivariada, quando se considerou a gravidade do caso pelo maternal severity score (pontuação de severidade materna, MMS, na sigla em inglês), houve uma grande redução da força de associação entre utilização de UTI e morte materna, além da inadequação do cuidado e não disponibilidade de UTI na instituição. Na avaliação considerando apenas os casos de maior gravidade (desfecho materno grave, DMG), observou-se o mesmo padrão de associação entre UTI e MM. Nos modelos utilizados, apenas a inadequação do cuidado e o MSS apresentam associação significativa com a MM. Conclusão O presente estudo aponta que as principais variáveis associadas à morte materna são a gravidade e a adequação do manejo do caso, mais frequentes nas internações em UTI. A utilização dos leitos de UTI sem a estratificação da gravidade da paciente pode não trazer benefícios esperados para uma parte das mulheres.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Complicações na Gravidez/mortalidade , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Brasil , Mortalidade Materna , Análise de Regressão , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate drug use among mothers during the postpartum period after a severe pregnancy-related complication. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of maternal morbidity including maternal near-miss and control groups conducted in a tertiary hospital in Campinas, Brazil, between July 2008 and June 2012. The Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was used to assess drug use during lifetime, pregnancy, and in the previous 3 months. RESULTS: Of 638 women evaluated, drug use was reported by 165 (25.8%). Alcohol was the most common substance used (n=133, 20.6%), followed by tobacco (n=85, 13.2%), and cocaine (n=15, 2.3%). The highest risk for postpartum drug use was among those using drugs during pregnancy. There were no differences between the morbidity and control groups, but there was a significant difference in the need for intervention to reduce alcohol consumption in the severe maternal morbidity group. Risk for substance abuse intervention increased three-fold in women with PTSD criteria, and all aspects of quality of life were worse among drug users. CONCLUSION: Drug use during pregnancy and maternal complications are linked to postpartum drug abuse. These women should be managed during pregnancy; postpartum follow-up requires updated guidance and must go beyond family planning.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Complicações na Gravidez/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Morbidade , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To investigate the association between sociodemographic and obstetric variables and delays in care with maternal near misses (MNMs) and their health indicators. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted at a high-risk maternity hospital in northeastern Brazil from June 2015 to May 2016 that included all pregnant women seen at the maternity hospital during the data collection period and excluded those who had not been discharged at the end of the study or whom we were unable to contact after the 42nd postpartum day for MNM control. We used the MNM criteria recommended by the WHO. Risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. The p values of all tests were two-tailed, and the significance level was set to 5%. RESULTS: A total of 1094 pregnant women were studied. We identified 682 (62.4%) women without adverse maternal outcomes (WOAMOs) and 412 (37.6%) with adverse maternal outcomes (WAMOs), of whom 352 had potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTCs) (85.4%), including 55 MNM cases (13.3%) and five maternal deaths (1.2%). During the study period, 1002 live births (LBs) were recorded at the maternity hospital, resulting in an MNM ratio of 54.8/1000 LB. The MNM distribution by clinical condition identified hypertension in pregnancy (67.2%), hemorrhage (42.2%) and sepsis (12.7%). In the multivariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with an increased risk of MNM were fewer than six prenatal visits (OR: 3.13; 95% CI: 1.74-5.64) and cesarean section in the current pregnancy (OR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.45-5.82). CONCLUSIONS: The factors significantly associated with the occurrence of MNM were fewer than six prenatal visits and cesarean section in the current pregnancy. These findings highlight the need for improved quality, an increased number of prenatal visits and the identification of innovative and viable models of labor and delivery care that value normal delivery and decrease the percentage of unnecessary cesarean sections.
Assuntos
Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez/epidemiologia , Near Miss/estatística & dados numéricos , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/epidemiologia , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Sepse/epidemiologia , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cesárea/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Maternidades , Humanos , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Cuidado Pré-Natal/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecção Puerperal/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Tempo para o Tratamento , Hemorragia Uterina/epidemiologia , Inércia Uterina/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess the association between maternal potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), maternal near miss (MNM), and maternal death (MD) with perinatal outcomes. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 27 Brazilian referral centers from July, 2009 to June, 2010. All women presenting any criteria for PLTC and MNM, or MD, were included. Sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics were evaluated in each group of maternal outcomes. Childbirth and maternal morbidity data were related to perinatal adverse outcomes (5th min Apgar score < 7, fetal death, neonatal death, or any of these). The Chi-squared test evaluated the differences between groups. Multiple regression analysis adjusted for the clustering design effect identified the independently associated maternal factors with the adverse perinatal outcomes (prevalence ratios; 95% confidence interval). RESULTS: Among 8271 cases of severe maternal morbidity, there were 714 cases of adverse perinatal outcomes. Advanced maternal age, low level of schooling, multiparity, lack of prenatal care, delays in care, preterm birth, and adverse perinatal outcomes were more common among MNM and MD. Both MNM and MD were associated with Apgar score (2.39; 1.68-3.39); maternal hemorrhage was the most prevalent characteristic associated with fetal death (2.9, 95% CI 1.81-4.66) and any adverse perinatal outcome (2.16; 1.59-2.94); while clinical/surgical conditions were more related to neonatal death (1.56; 1.08-2.25). CONCLUSION: We confirmed the association between MNM and MD with adverse perinatal outcomes. Maternal and perinatal issues should not be dissociated. Policies aiming maternal care should include social and economic development, and improvements in accessibility to specialized care. These, in turn, will definitively impact on childhood mortality rates.
Assuntos
Mortalidade Perinatal , Cuidado Pré-Natal/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Mortalidade Materna , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Morbidade , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/mortalidade , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To investigate the associations of maternal variables - sociodemographic, obstetrical and maternal near miss (MNM) variables - with neonatal near miss (NNM) using the new concept of NNM formulated by the Centro Latino-Americano de Perinatologia (CLAP) and the corresponding health indicators for NNM. METHODS: An analytical prospective cohort study was performed at maternity hospital for high-risk pregnancy in Northeastern Brazil. Puerperal women whose newborn infants met the selection criteria were subjected to interviews involving pretested questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed with the Epi Info 3.5.1 program using the Chi square test and Fisher's exact test when appropriate, with a level of significance of 5%. A bivariate analysis was performed to evaluate differences between the groups. All the variables evaluated in the bivariate analysis were subsequently included in the multivariate analysis. For stepwise logistic regression analysis, a hierarchical model was plotted to assess variable responses and adverse outcomes associated with MNM and NNM variables. RESULTS: There were 1002 live births (LB) from June 2015 through May 2016, corresponding to 723 newborn infants (72.2%) without any neonatal adverse outcomes, 221 (22%) NNM cases, 44 (4.4%) early neonatal deaths and 14 (1.4%) late neonatal deaths. The incidence of NNM was 220/1000 LB. Following multivariate analysis, the factors that remained significantly associated with increased risk of NNM were fewer than 6 prenatal care visits (odds ratio (OR): 3.57; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.57-4.94) and fetal malformations (OR: 8.78; 95% CI: 3.69-20.90). Maternal age older than 35 years (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.23-0.83) and previous cesarean section (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.29-0.68) protected against NNM. CONCLUSION: Based on the large differences between the NNM and neonatal mortality rates found in the present study and the fact that NNM seems to be a preventable precursor of neonatal death, we suggest that all cases of NNM should be audited. Inadequate prenatal care and fetal malformations increased the risk of NNM, while older maternal age and a history of a previous cesarean section were protective factors.
Assuntos
Maternidades/estatística & dados numéricos , Near Miss/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade Perinatal , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cesárea/estatística & dados numéricos , Anormalidades Congênitas/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Recém-Nascido , Idade Materna , Gravidez , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Cuidado Pré-Natal/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Proteção , Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistência à Saúde , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the burden of indirect causes of maternal morbidity/mortality in Brazil. Methods Secondary analysis of a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 27 referral obstetric units within the Brazilian Network for Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity. Results A total of 82,388 women were surveilled: 9,555 women with severe maternal morbidity were included, and 942 (9.9%) of them had indirect causes of morbidity/ mortality. There was an increased risk of higher severity among the indirect causes group, which presented 7.56 times increased risk of maternal death (prevalence ratio [PR]: 7.56; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 4.99-11.45). The main indirect causes of maternal death were H1N1 influenza, sepsis, cancer and cardiovascular disease. Non-public antenatal care (PR: 2.52; 95%CI: 1.70-3.74), diabetes (PR: 1.90; 95%CI: 1.24-2.90), neoplasia (PR: 1.98; 95%CI: 1.25-3.14), kidney diseases (PR: 1.99; 95%CI: 1.14-3.49), sickle cell anemia (PR: 2.50; 95%CI: 1.16-5.41) and drug addiction (PR: 1.98; 95%CI: 1.03-3.80) were independentlyassociatedwithworseresultsintheindirectcausesgroup.Someprocedures for the management of severity were more common for the indirect causes group. Conclusion Indirect causes were present in less than 10% of the overall cases, but they represented over 40% of maternal deaths in the current study. Indirect causes of maternal morbidity/mortality were also responsible for an increased risk of higher severity, and they were associated with worse maternal and perinatal outcomes. In middle-income countries there is a mix of indirect causes of maternal morbidity/ mortality that points to some advances in the scale of obstetric transition, but also reveals the fragility of health systems.
Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a importância das causas indiretas da morbidade/mortalidade materna no Brasil. Métodos Análise secundária de um estudo transversal multicêntrico realizado em 27 unidades obstétricas de referência da Rede Brasileira de Vigilância da Morbidade Materna Grave. Resultados Um total de 82.388 mulheres foram avaliadas, sendo que 9.555 foram incluídas com morbidade materna grave, 942 (9,9%) delas com causas indiretas de morbidade/mortalidade. Houve risco aumentado de maior gravidade entre o grupo das causas indiretas, que apresentou risco de morte materna 7,56 vezes maior (razão de prevalência [RP]: 7.56; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 4.99-11.45). As principais causas indiretas de óbitos maternos foram a gripe H1N1, sepses, câncer e doença cardiovascular. Atenção pré-natal não pública (RP: 2,52; IC95%: 1,70-3,74), diabetes (RP: 1,90; IC95%: 1,24-2,90), neoplasia (RP: 1,98; IC95%: 1,25-3,14), doenças Renais (RP: 1,99; IC95%: 1,14-3,49), anemia falciforme (RP: 2,50; IC95%: 1,16-5,41) e toxicodependência (PR 1,98; IC95%: 1,03-3,80) foram associados independentemente com piores resultados no grupo de causas indiretas. Alguns procedimentos para o manejo da gravidade foram mais comuns para o grupo de causas indiretas. Conclusão As causas indiretas de morbidade mortalidade materna ocorreram em menos de 10% dos casos, mas foram responsáveis por mais de 40% das mortes maternas no presente estudo. As causas indiretas da morbidade mortalidade materna também se relacionaram com maior gravidade, e estiveram associadas a piores resultados maternos e perinatais. Nos países de renda média, há uma combinação de causas indiretas de morbidade/mortalidade materna que apontam para alguns avanços na escala de transição obstétrica, mas também mostram a fragilidade dos sistemas de saúde.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações na Gravidez/mortalidade , Mortalidade Materna , Estudos Transversais , Morbidade , Causas de Morte , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among women experiencing a severe maternal morbidity event and associated factors in comparison with those without maternal morbidity. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study, 803 women with or without severe maternal morbidity were evaluated at 6 months to 5 years postpartum for the presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Interviews were conducted by telephone and electronic data was stored. Data analysis was carried out by using χ2, Fisher's Exact test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant change in the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder related to a previous severe maternal morbidity experience. There were also no differences in diagnostic criteria for severe maternal morbidity (hypertensive syndromes, hemorrhage, surgical intervention or intensive care unit admission required, among other management criteria). Low parity (2.5-fold risk) and increasing age were factors associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. CONCLUSIONS: A severe maternal morbidity episode is not associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms within five years of the severe maternal morbidity event and birth. However, a more advanced maternal age and primiparity increased the risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. This does not imply that women who had experienced a severe maternal morbidity event did not suffer or need differentiated care.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Paridade , Complicações na Gravidez/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Fatores de Tempo , Prevalência , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estudos Retrospectivos , Morbidade , Idade Materna , Assistência ao Convalescente/psicologia , Período Pós-Parto/psicologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare severe maternal complications (potentially life-threatening conditions [PLTCs], maternal near miss [MNM], and maternal death) and perinatal outcomes between multiple and singleton pregnancies. METHODS: A secondary analysis was undertaken using data from the Brazilian Network for Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity (prospective surveillance of morbidities in 27 Brazilian obstetric units between July 2009 and June 2010). Health indicators and criteria used for PLTCs and MNM were assessed. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PRadj ) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: Among 267 multiple pregnancies, 235 (88.0%) were affected by PLTCs, 25 (9.4%) by MNM, and 7 (2.6%) by maternal death; these prevalences did not differ from singleton pregnancies (n=7986). Management criteria for MNM were used almost twice as much in multiple pregnancies (PRadj 1.85, 95% CI 1.41-2.42). Preterm birth (PRadj 1.62, 95% CI 1.41-1.86), low birthweight (PRadj 1.73, 95% CI 1.45-2.06 for the first-born vs singleton), any adverse perinatal outcome (PRadj 1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.22 for the second- vs first-born), and neonatal near miss (PRadj 1.37, 95% CI 1.13-1.67 for the second-born vs singleton) were significantly associated with multiple pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Among cases of severe maternal morbidity, perinatal but not maternal outcomes were poorer for multiple pregnancies than for singletons. Differentiated care is needed during pregnancy and childbirth.