RESUMO
Maternal malnutrition can alter developmental biology, programming health and disease in offspring. The increase in sugar consumption during the peripubertal period, a worldwide concern, also affects health through adulthood. Studies have shown that maternal exposure to a low protein diet (LPD) is associated with an increase in prostate disease with aging. However, the combined effects of maternal LPD and early postnatal sugar consumption on offspring prostate disorders were not investigated. The effects on aging were evaluated using a maternal gestational model with lactational LPD (6% protein) and sugar consumption (10%) from postnatal day (PND) 21-90, associating the consequences on ventral prostate (VP) rats morphophysiology on PND540. An increase was shown in mast cells and in the VP of the CTR + SUG and Gestational and Lactational Low Protein (GLLP) groups. In GLLP + SUG, a significant increase was shown in TGF-ß1 expression in both the systemic and intra-prostatic forms, and SMAD2/3p had increased. The study identified maternal LPD and sugar consumption as risk factors for prostatic homeostasis in senility, activating the TGFß1-SMAD2/3 pathway, a signaling pathway with potential markers for prostatic disorders.
Assuntos
Desnutrição , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Próstata , Doenças Prostáticas , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Doenças Prostáticas/patologia , Doenças Prostáticas/etiologia , Doenças Prostáticas/metabolismo , Desnutrição/complicações , Próstata/metabolismo , Próstata/patologia , Ratos , Inflamação/patologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/genética , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/efeitos adversos , Proteína Smad2/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Proteína Smad3/metabolismo , Proteína Smad3/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Mastócitos/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: The developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept has provided the framework to assess how early life experiences can shape health and disease throughout the life course. Using a model of maternal exposure to a low protein diet (LPD; 6% protein) during the gestational and lactational periods, we demonstrated changes in the ventral prostate (VP) transcriptomic landscape in young rats exposed to maternal malnutrition. Male offspring Sprague Dawley rats were submitted to maternal malnutrition during gestation and lactation, and they were weighed, and distance anogenital was measured, followed were euthanized by an overdose of anesthesia at 21 postnatal days. Next, the blood and the ventral prostate (VP) were collected and processed by morphological analysis, biochemical and molecular analyses. RNA-seq analysis identified 411 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the VP of maternally malnourished offspring compared to the control group. The molecular pathways enriched by these DEGs are related to cellular development, differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis, all of them involved in both normal prostate development and carcinogenesis. Abcg1 was commonly deregulated in young and old maternally malnourished offspring rats, as well in rodent models of prostate cancer (PCa) and in PCa patients. Our results described ABCG1 as a potential DOHaD gene associated with perturbation of prostate developmental biology with long-lasting effects on carcinogenesis in old offspring rats. A better understanding of these mechanisms may help with the discussion of preventive strategies against early life origins of non-communicable chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Desnutrição , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratos , Membro 1 da Subfamília G de Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Lactação , Desnutrição/complicações , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/genética , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Próstata/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Introduction: Maternal and child malnutrition is a worldwide public health problem with short, medium, and long-term adverse consequences for both mother and child. In Mexico, maternal and child malnutrition represents a serious public health problem that must be urgently addressed. In this context, Primary Health Care (PHC) plays an important role in the prevention, detection, monitoring, and treatment of the different forms of maternal and child malnutrition. Assessing the quality of nutritional care offered at this level of care is necessary in order to improve it; however, there are no indicators for the evaluation of this quality. Therefore, this study aimed at developing a set of indicators to assess the quality of maternal and child nutritional care at PHC. Methods: We developed indicators for different stages of life: preconception, pregnancy, infancy, and preschool age. A systematic review of the literature on clinical guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the different forms of malnutrition was carried out; the recommendations of the guidelines evaluated with good quality were extracted. Results: Based on these recommendations, 22 indicators were constructed. A pilot study was carried out to validate the indicators and 16 indicators were selected to assess the maternal and child nutritional care at PHC.
RESUMO
Introduction: Protein restriction during lactation can induce metabolic dysfunctions and has a huge impact on the offspring's phenotype later in its life. We tested whether the effects of a maternal low-protein diet (LP) in rats can be transmitted to the F2 generation and increase their vulnerability to dietary insults in adulthood. Methods: Female Wistar rats (F0) were fed either a low-protein diet (LP; 4% protein) during the first 2 weeks of lactation or a normal-protein diet (NP; 23% protein). The female offspring (F1 generation) were maintained on a standard diet throughout the experiment. Once adulthood was reached, female F1 offspring from both groups (i.e., NP-F1 and LP-F1) were bred to proven males, outside the experiment, to produce the F2 generation. Male F2 offspring from both groups (NP-F2 and LP-F2 groups) received a standard diet until 60 days old, at which point they received either a normal fat (NF; 4.5% fat) or a high fat diet (HF; 35% fat) for 30 days. Results: At 90 days old, LPNF-F2 offspring had increased lipogenesis and fasting insulinemia compared to NPNF-F2, without alteration in insulin sensitivity. HF diet caused increased gluconeogenesis and displayed glucose intolerance in LPHF-F2 offspring compared to LPNF-F2 offspring. Additionally, the HF diet led to damage to lipid metabolism (such as steatosis grade 3), higher body weight, fat pad stores, and hepatic lipid content. Discussion: We concluded that an F0 maternal protein restricted diet during lactation can induce a transgenerational effect on glucose and liver metabolism in the F2 generation, making the offspring's liver more vulnerable to nutritional injury later in life.
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INTRODUCTION: It is known that the quality and quantity of milk is directly related to the dietary habits of the mother. Despite that, the rates of maternal malnutrition during lactation are increasing in several countries; thus, observing its effects on the offspring is relevant. The present study aims to verify the effects of maternal malnutrition during breastfeeding on the skulls of adult-aged Wistar rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-six newborn rats were divided in three groups: the control group, in which the mother received a regular commercial diet containing 23% protein in unlimited amounts; the protein-energy restriction group, in which the dam received a commercial diet containing 8% protein in unlimited amounts; the energy restricted group, in which the dam received a commercial diet containing 23% of protein in limited amounts. After weaning, all rats received the same diet as the control group until 180 days of age. Then, the rats were euthanized, and their crania were excised and measured in radiographic images. Afterwards, their skull was decalcified with nitric acid (5%) and histological samples were obtained and the thickness of the diploe was verified. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls test were performed for comparison purposes. RESULTS: It was observed that the skull from the protein-energy restriction and energy-restriction groups was smaller and thinner than that of the control group in several parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal malnutrition during the lactation period caused long-term effects in skull morphology of Wistar rats. These effects could not be reversed after regulation of the diet.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to estimate the association between maternal nutritional extremes and offspring mortality in the Brazilian population. METHODS: this cross-sectional study used secondary data from Brazilian women of reproductive age obtained from the National Demographic and Health Survey 2006. Maternal anthropometric indices were used: height, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. Logistic regression modelling was used to evaluate the relationship between obesity and offspring mortality. The data analysis was appropriate for the complex sample design. RESULTS: children of mothers of short stature were at greater risk of death in the postnatal period than children of mothers of normal height, even after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics [odds ratio (OR) 4.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31-15.77]. Maternal obesity was associated with mortality, and children whose mothers were abdominally obese were at greater risk of dying in the neonatal period (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.23-8.27). Children of mothers who were overweight or obese (BMI≥25kg/m(2)) were at greater risk of dying in the neonatal period (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.12-5.16), and children of malnourished mothers (BMI<18.5kg/m(2)) were at greater risk of dying during the postneonatal period (OR 9.47, 95% CI 2.07-43.41). CONCLUSION: maternal obesity is a risk factor for neonatal death, maternal malnutrition is a risk factor for postneonatal death, and maternal short stature is a risk factor for mortality among Brazilian children.
Assuntos
Mortalidade Infantil/tendências , Desnutrição/mortalidade , Mortalidade Materna/tendências , Estado Nutricional , Complicações na Gravidez/mortalidade , Composição Corporal , Estatura , Brasil/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de 43 gestantes pertenecientes a los Policlínicos "Alberto Fernández Montes de Oca" y "Carlos Manuel Ramírez Corría", municipio de San Luis, provincia de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre del 2011, a fin de analizar la repercusión de la desnutrición materna sobre el nacimiento de niños con bajo peso. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron: edad de la madre, bajo peso en el embarazo, recién nacidos con bajo peso, edad gestacional y ganancia insuficiente de peso. El crecimiento intrauterino retardado resultó ser la causa principal del bajo peso al nacer y el antecedente obstétrico predominante fue la desnutrición materna. Asimismo, la edad gestacional menor de 37 semanas y la desnutrición se relacionaron con la ocurrencia de recién nacidos pretérmino y con el crecimiento intrauterino retardado, respectivamente.
A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in 43 pregnant women belonging to "Alberto Fernández Monte de Oca" and "Carlos Manuel Ramírez Corría" Polyclinics, San Luis municipality, Santiago de Cuba province, from January to December 2011, in order to analyze the impact of maternal malnutrition on birth of low weight infants. Among the analyzed variables were mother's age, low weight during pregnancy, low weight infants, gestational age and insufficient weight gain. Uterine growth retardation was found to be the main cause of low birth weight and predominant obstetric history was maternal malnutrition. Also, gestational age less than 37 weeks and malnutrition were related to the occurrence of preterm infants and with uterine growth retardation, respectively.
RESUMO
Introducción: el nacimiento de un niño bajo peso ha constituido una incógnita para los profesionales de la salud en todos los tiempos. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo que influyeron en el bajo peso al nacer, en el policlínico Aleida Fernández en los años 2007-2009. Métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de corte transversal en los años 2007-2009. El universo lo constituyeron las 31 embarazadas cuyos bebés presentaron pesos por debajo de 2 500 g, y la muestra quedó formada por las 22 que recibieron atención prenatal en nuestra área de salud. Se utilizó porcentaje, media y desviación estándar como estadística descriptiva. Resultados: de los recién nacidos, 16 (72,7 porciento) presentaron retardo del crecimiento intrauterino y 10 (45,4 porciento) fueron pretérminos. El 100 porciento de las estudiadas, presentó sepsis vaginal y 18 (81,8 porciento), anemia. Conclusiones: el bajo peso al nacer continúa siendo un problema de salud y durante el embarazo existen numerosos factores de riesgos favorecedores y/o causales de este, tales como: el antecedente de abortos provocados y la nuliparidad, la desnutrición materna con insuficiente ganancia ponderal, la presencia de anemia y la sepsis vaginal. El trabajo continuo y sistemático, consciente y orientado hacia la población de mayor riesgo, constituye un elemento crucial, para la reducción de este evento negativo
Introduction: the birth of an underweight child has been a mystery to health professionals at all times. Objective: to determine risk factors influencing low birth weight, at Aleida Fernández clinic from 2007 to 2009. Methods: a retrospective cross sectional study was carried out from 2007 to 2009. The universe was 31 pregnant women whose babies had weights below 2 500 g, and the sample 22 pregnant women, who received prenatal care in our health area. We used percentage, mean and standard deviation as descriptive statistics. Results: 16 (72.7 percent) out of the newborns had intrauterine growth retardation and 10 (45.4 percent) were preterm. 100 percent of the patients studied developed vaginal sepsis, and 18 (81.8 percent) developed anemia. Conclusions: low birth weight remains a health problem and during pregnancy, there are numerous predisposing risk factors and / or causes such as: a history of abortions and nulliparity, malnutrition, poor maternal weight gain, the presence of anemia, and vaginal sepsis. The continuous and systematic, conscious work aimed towards high-risk population is crucial for reducing this negative event
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Cuidado Pré-Natal/métodos , Estado Nutricional/fisiologia , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso/fisiologia , Estudos Transversais , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con el objetivo de mostrar como los factores socioeconómicos de un país influyen de forma importante en la desnutrición materna y fetal que trae como consecuencia el nacimiento de neonatos bajo peso, aspecto íntimamente relacionado con una mayor incidencia de mortalidad infantil. El nacimiento de neonatos bajo peso es un problema en el mundo actual, específicamente en los países del III mundo, identificados: Asia, África, América Latina y el Caribe, donde impera el hambre y la pobreza debido a la globalización neoliberal y también el acto deplorable de convertir alimentos en combustibles. Se demostró que adecuados factores económicos conjuntamente con los favorables sistemas sociales y políticos imperantes en cada país son decisivos para evitar el nacimiento de niños bajo peso. Se señalaron los Objetivos del Desarrollo del Milenio trazados por las diferentes organizaciones del sistema de Naciones Unidas.
A descriptive study was conducted to show how the social and economic factors of a country may substantially affect maternal and fetal malnutrition resulting in low birthweight newborns, all of which is closely related to a higher incidence of infant mortality. Low birthweighted neonates is a worldwide problem at present, particularly in the Third World countries located in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean where hunger and poverty derived from neoliberal globalization prevail, and also the sinister idea of converting food into fuels is another problem to be faced. It was proved that economic factors, social and political systems ruling in each country are decisive to avoid low birthweight children. The Millennium Development Goals laid out by the different UN organizations were pointed out.