RESUMO
Ao longo das últimas décadas, o número de estrangeiros residentes em Portugal aumentou de forma expressiva. Neste contexto, a comunidade brasileira assumiu uma importância cada vez maior, sendo em 2009 a nacionalidade mais representada, com uma participação de 25% no total de residentes estrangeiros em Portugal. Esta evolução tem, como seria de se esperar, reflexos a outros níveis, em particular no contexto do casamento. Contrariando a tendência decrescente observada para o total de casamentos ocorridos entre 2001 e 2009, aqueles em que pelo menos um dos cônjuges nasceu no Brasil quase quadruplicaram nesse período. Para muitos autores, os casamentos mistos são um bom indicador da integração das comunidades imigrantes na sociedade de acolhimento. Assim, dada a importância da comunidade brasileira residente em Portugal, é relevante observar qual o peso dos casamentos mistos nesta comunidade e analisar seus padrões de matrimônio. A análise estatística dos microdados dos casamentos disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatística possibilitou estudar e caraterizar a evolução dos casamentos registrados em Portugal, entre 2001 e 2009, envolvendo brasileiros residentes em Portugal. Ficou patente a existência de um elevado nível de casamentos mistos, em especial com portugueses, neste período, o que indicia sua integração na comunidade de acolhimento. Verificaram-se igualmente algumas diferenças nos padrões de matrimônio entre os sexos, bem como uma tendência para a diminuição da importância dos casamentos mistos, em especial entre os homens.
A lo largo de las últimas décadas, el número de extranjeros residentes en Portugal aumentó de forma expresiva. En este contexto, la comunidad brasileña asumió una importancia cada vez mayor, siendo en 2009 la nacionalidad más representativa, con una cuota de residentes del 25% en el total de población extranjera en Portugal. Esta evolución tiene, como cabría esperar, reflejos en otros niveles, en particular en el contexto del matrimonio. Contrariando la tendencia decreciente, observada para el total de matrimonios producidos entre 2001 y 2009, aquellos en que por lo menos uno de los cónyuges nació en Brasil casi se cuadruplicaron en ese período. Para muchos autores, los matrimonios mixtos son un buen indicador de la integración de las comunidades inmigrantes en la sociedad de acogida. Así pues, dada la importancia de la comunidad brasileña residente en Portugal, es relevante observar cuál es el peso de los matrimonios mixtos en esta comunidad y analizar sus patrones de matrimonio. El análisis estadístico de los microdatos de los matrimonios, puestos a nuestra disposición por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística, posibilitó estudiar y caracterizar la evolución de los matrimonios registrados en Portugal, entre 2001 y 2009, involucrando a brasileños residentes en Portugal. Quedó patente la existencia de un elevado nivel de matrimonios mixtos, en especial con portugueses, durante este período, lo que indicia su integración en la comunidad de acogida. Se verificaron igualmente algunas diferencias en los patrones de matrimonio entre los sexos, así como una tendencia a la disminución de la importancia de los matrimonios mixtos, en especial entre los hombres.
Over the past decades, the number of foreign residents in Portugal has increased significantly. In this context, the Brazilian community is of increasing importance, and was, in 2009, the most represented nationality, with a 25% share in the total of foreign residents in Portugal. As expected, this development reflects on other levels, particularly in the context of marriage. Contrary to the downward trend observed for total marriages occurring between 2001 and 2009, those in which at least one spouse was born in Brazil almost quadrupled during the period. For many authors, mixed marriages are a good indicator of immigrant community integration in the host society. Thus, given the prominence of the Brazilian community in Portugal, it is important to observe the relevance of mixed marriages in this community and to analyze marriage patterns. Statistical analysis of microdata from weddings provided by the National Statistics Institute led us to study and characterize the possible evolution of marriages registered in Portugal between 2001 and 2009 and involving Brazilians living in Portugal. During this period there was a high number of mixed marriages, especially with Portuguese nationals, suggesting an integration with the host community. There were also some differences in the patterns of marriage between the sexes, as well as a tendency to a decreasing importance of mixed marriages, especially among men.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Casamento/etnologia , Dados Estatísticos , Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Emigração e Imigração , Brasil/etnologia , Casamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Escolaridade , Família/etnologia , Portugal/etnologiaRESUMO
In order to obtain information about the population structure of two black Venezuelan populations with historical differences both in their origins and development, a variety of variables were utilized, especially on marital structure, including: frequency of surnames, isonymy, population genealogical consanguinity, multiple unions, and marital distances, all of which provided information and isolation, migration, endogamy, consanguinity, and patri-matrifocality. Results showed differences in the extent of isolation and endogamy, as well as differences in population structure, which can be directly related with historical conditions of each population. Results agree with those previously obtained with traditional genetic polymorphisms and with the historical information available. Thus, the usefulness of surnames for inferring about population structure is supported, as well as the usefulness of historical information for explaining genetic diversity.
PIP: "In order to obtain information about the population structure of two black Venezuelan populations with historical differences both in their origins and development, a variety of variables were utilized, especially on marital structure, including: frequency of surnames, isonymy, population genealogical consanguinity, multiple unions, and marital distances, all of which provided information and isolation, migration, endogamy, consanguinity, and patri-matrifocality. Results showed differences in the extent of isolation and endogamy, as well as differences in population structure, which can be directly related with historical conditions of each population." (EXCERPT)
Assuntos
População Negra , Etnicidade , Casamento/etnologia , População , Antropologia Cultural , Consanguinidade , Emigração e Imigração , Feminino , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo Genético , Condições Sociais , Isolamento Social , VenezuelaRESUMO
The relationship between economic conditions and marriage patterns in the Dominican Republic is analyzed using data collected in 1994 on women working in a free-trade zone. The author concludes that changes associated with structural adjustment appear to have contributed to a deterioration of the job market and a greater prevalence of female-headed households. It is shown that "structural adjustment increases the need for women to work, because of cuts in government programs, declining real wages, growing inflation, and a deterioration in male employment, which weakens the man's role as principal breadwinner and increases the importance and visibility of women's contribution to the household economy. This change in the gender composition of the labor force has encouraged some women to resist marriage and/or remarriage because the ¿marriage market' of eligible men willing and able to support a family has been reduced, contributing to greater marital instability."
Assuntos
Economia , Emprego , Características da Família , Casamento , Família Monoparental , Desemprego , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , República Dominicana , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Comportamento SocialRESUMO
PIP: This reexamination of the status of women in Haiti opens by noting that the analysis was prompted by an acknowledgement that the past decade has given Haitian women the opportunity to make great developmental and educational progress. The analysis begins by presenting a brief social history of Haitian women, which focuses on such issues as the second-class status afforded Haitian peasants in the 19th century; the fact that household and agricultural duties curtail the education of children; the prestige assigned to marriage versus the more usual common-law unions; the social hierarchy recognized by the peasants; the survival of polygamous unions; the involvement of women in farming, marketing, and trading food; and recent attempts by rural women to gain education and organize themselves to improve the conditions of their lives. The analysis then turns to the status of rural women after they migrate to urban areas, where economic categories create the social hierarchy and Statute Law applies. This section focuses on the income-generation opportunities that were available to these women during the Duvalier regimes, on the conditions of life for the middle class, and on the use of violence by employers and the state to control women of all classes. The second part of the analysis looks at how Haitian women have been represented in literature by female and male Haitian writers and highlights the way female writers used subversive narrative techniques to create a stereotype-breaking female identity. The essay concludes that women writers are continuing to further social activism and feminist struggles.^ieng
Assuntos
Violência Doméstica , Feminismo , Relações Interpessoais , Estado Civil , Casamento , Política , População Rural , Classe Social , População Urbana , Direitos da Mulher , América , Região do Caribe , Crime , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Haiti , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Problemas Sociais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: "This is a mainly methodological work: a generalization of the so-called proportional risk models to cases of multiple and competing risks.... Proportional risk models are an extension of the methodology implied in calculating mortality tables, where the risk function is made to depend on some variables (covariables), as in a regression model.... Life-table methodology has been...an essential instrument in demographic calculus and analysis." The author uses the proposed methods to analyze the determinants of the legalization and dissolution of consensual unions in Mexico. (EXCERPT)^ieng
Assuntos
Divórcio , Tábuas de Vida , Casamento , Métodos , Modelos Teóricos , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , PesquisaRESUMO
PIP: "This paper analyses the age at first marriage among the racial groups in San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico, during the first half of [the] XIX century, using censuses of population.... We also give a short panorama of the demographic transformations experienced by the city during the same period. Over all we explain the change from a context where women and [non whites] were the majority until a new context [in the]1850 decade, where the majority was composed [of] men and [whites]." (EXCERPT)^ieng
Assuntos
Etnicidade , Estado Civil , Casamento , Dinâmica Populacional , Distribuição por Sexo , População Branca , América , Região do Caribe , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Porto Rico , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
PIP: "This article analyzes...Havana's [Cuba] poor neighborhood households' structure [in the nineteenth century] by color, sex, and condition of the population. As a starting point, it presents two different levels of analysis: the households and coresident family groups.... The formation of family groups follows very different nuptiality patterns: marriage among...whites and cohabitation as the preferred option among...blacks, with [a] subsequent impact on illegitimacy levels. Nuptiality behavior by color, sex, age groups, and masculinity ratio reveals the complexity of [the] marriage market...influenced not only legally by color and condition but also because of important population imbalances." (EXCERPT)^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Etnicidade , Características da Família , Ilegitimidade , Casamento , Fatores Sexuais , Razão de Masculinidade , População Branca , América , Região do Caribe , Cuba , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Pesquisa , Distribuição por Sexo , Problemas SociaisRESUMO
PIP: Events related to the family, especially those involving children, are of extreme importance in the study of demographic evolution. A varied typology of families coexist in Colombia in addition to the traditional family based on a married couple. Colombia, like many Western countries, is undergoing a process of change in the patterns of family composition and structure. In the past 2 decades, nonmarital cohabitation has replaced marriage and traditional consensual union as the most accepted form of union among young people. Separation and divorce have led to one-parent families and successive unions, with children of different unions living together. Data from the 1995 National Survey of Demography and Health revealed that the proportions of nuclear and compound families have declined, while incomplete families headed by women, one-parent households, and nuclear households of childless couples have increased. The great majority of households still contain related persons. Consensual unions have increased and are predominant among women under age 30. 58% of families were nuclear, 30% were extended, 5.5% were compound, and 6.5% were one-person households. The proportion of households headed by women increased from 20% in 1978 to 25% in 1995. 64% of minors lived with both parents, 23% lived with the mother, and 2.4% lived with the father. 20% of children born during 1990-95 were conceived outside of a stable union. 58% of minors lived in poverty, with 35% living in extreme poverty. Households with minor children were poorer on average than households without minor children.^ieng
Assuntos
Demografia , Características da Família , Casamento , América , Colômbia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , População , Dinâmica Populacional , América do SulRESUMO
Using data from the World Fertility and Demographic and Health Surveys of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, we model the effects of education on three demographic outcomes: the timing of first sexual union, contraceptive use, and fertility. These effects are examined over time and across geographic areas using a multivariate framework. We find substantial improvements in female educational attainment over the last fifty years and a strong relationship between education and the demographic outcomes. Each successive increment in education is associated with declines in the marriage rate, increased contraceptive use, and lower fertility. Education accounts for some of the changes over time in the demographic outcomes, but the pattern varies by outcome, time period, and geographic area. In support of the social diffusion hypothesis, our results indicate that educational differences in reproductive behavior are reduced as the level of development increases and societies pass through their demographic transition.
PIP: This study examined the effects of educational attainment on the timing of first union, contraceptive use, and fertility in Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia over the past 50 years. Data were obtained from World Fertility Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys for Colombia (1976, 1986, and 1990); Peru (1977-78, 1986, and 1991-92); and Bolivia (1989 and 1993-94). Individual level data were used to examine the effects using various multivariate techniques: Cox proportional hazards models for age at first union; logistic models with controls for socioeconomic status for contraceptive use; and log linear techniques for fertility. Findings indicate a strong relationship between each demographic outcome: marriage age, contraceptive use, and fertility. In all countries, education influenced women's individual decisions about family formation. The strongest impact occurs between primary and secondary schooling, especially for marriage age. Increased educational attainment accounted for most of the decline in marriage rates over time. Increased education contributed to an increase in contraceptive use mostly in Peru. In Bolivia and Colombia, contraceptive availability was probably more important in the expansion of contraceptive use over time. Educational attainment over time only accounted for fertility decline in Peru and Colombia, and the effects were smaller than in other studies. Changes within educational categories appear to have contributed more to fertility decline than the expansion of educational opportunities. As countries progress through their transitions, there is a corresponding increase in contraceptive use and a later decline in actual fertility.
Assuntos
Anticoncepção/estatística & dados numéricos , Fertilidade , Educação em Saúde/organização & administração , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Política de Saúde , Casamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Bolívia , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Peru , Análise de Regressão , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
This paper assesses the effects of changes in women's education and labor force participation on nuptiality patterns and their implications for fertility decline in Venezuela. Results show that together with delays in union formation, changes in women's education and labor force participation produced a different, more "modern" type of consensual union, which coexists with "traditional" consensual unions. "Traditional" consensual unions remain a substitute for formal marriage among women from rural origins with low levels of education and higher levels of work experience. "Modern" consensual unions appear to be an option for well-educated women of urban origins. As in developed countries, these unions assume the form of a trial period before marriage or an alternative to singlehood. "Modern" consensual unions are more unstable than "traditional" consensual unions and they are associated with lower fertility.
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Identidade de Gênero , Casamento/tendências , Parceiros Sexuais , Mudança Social , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Venezuela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
PIP: Information on contraceptive knowledge and practice in Haiti is available from four national surveys taken over 20 years: the 1977 Haiti Fertility Survey, the 1983 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, the 1989 National Survey of Contraception, and the 1994-95 Survey of Mortality, Morbidity, and Use of Services. The proportion of Haitian women in union declaring knowledge of at least one contraceptive method increased from 83% in 1977 to 99% in 1994-95. The influence of educational level and rural or urban residence on knowledge declined over time and was virtually nil by 1995. The surveys indicated that, among women in union, 18% used a contraceptive method in 1977, 7% in 1983, 10% in 1989, and 17% in 1995. Educated and urban women had higher rates of contraceptive usage. The use of traditional methods has declined since 1977, while the proportion of women using modern methods increased from 5% in 1977 to 13% in 1995. Combining the survey results reporting contraceptive practice with analyses of the proximate determinants indicates that contraceptive usage only partially explains the decline in Haiti's total fertility rate from 6 in 1982-83 to 4.8 in 1995. Assuming that the natural fertility rate has remained constant at 17.7 children/woman over the past 2 decades, it was estimated, using the Bongaarts method, that in 1994-95 7.4 births were avoided due to marriage patterns, 3.6 due to breast-feeding and postpartum infecundity, 1.3 due to contraception, and 0.6 due to abortion. It is very likely that the impact of duration of union will decline in the future, as premarital sexual activity increasingly becomes the norm.^ieng
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , Conhecimento , Casamento , América , Região do Caribe , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Haiti , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
The author examines the demographic characteristics of the self-declared black population in Brazil. "A...general conclusion is that there are three demographic profiles: that of Whites, of Blacks, and of mixed blood.... The analysis has shown that [blacks and mixed bloods] are subjected to changes in mortality, marriage, and fertility, though at differing times. Mixed bloods are increasingly coming closer to whites, certainly as a result of the different rhythms of social, economic and cultural changes."
Assuntos
População Negra , Etnicidade , Fertilidade , Casamento , Mortalidade , Dinâmica Populacional , População Branca , América , Brasil , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , População , Características da População , América do Sul , HumanosRESUMO
PIP: The author examines consensual unions and nuptiality in rural Tlaxcala and in Mexico as a whole, with a focus on interpreting data from a cultural perspective. Aspects considered include continuity and change in couple formation customs, and consensual unions as a consequence of secularization.^ieng
Assuntos
Cultura , Estado Civil , Casamento , Mudança Social , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: The Brazilian government plans to launch an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) awareness campaign among indigenous tribes, according to Pedro Paulo Santana, of the Health Ministry AIDS department. The National Indian Foundation (Funai) estimates that 20 of the 320,000 Indians in Brazil have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is known as the "Disease of Manaus (the capital of Brazil)" among the Indians; it is considered by them to be a disease of the White man. However, because of the polygamous culture and sexual initiation ceremonies for adolescents of many tribes, the disease is a threat. Other Indians have been led into prostitution by "garimpeiros" (wildcat gold and diamond miners). A woman of the Tiriyo tribe in the northern state of Para may be spreading the disease among her people; the tribe numbers 380. Recorded cases of HIV or AIDS among the Indians appeared 3 years ago.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Cultura , Programas Governamentais , Infecções por HIV , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Serviços de Informação , Casamento , Fatores de Risco , América , Biologia , Brasil , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Etnicidade , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The author analyzes demographic phenomena of the life course in Mexico, with a focus on different generations and intergenerational relationships within the family since the 1930s. Aspects considered include education, occupations, marriage patterns, and reproduction.^ieng
Assuntos
Educação , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , Família , Casamento , Ocupações , Dinâmica Populacional , Reprodução , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , PesquisaRESUMO
PIP: The authors examine characteristics of female migration from Latin America to Italy. Aspects considered include country of origin, fertility behavior, age, employment status, household characteristics, and marriage patterns.^ieng
Assuntos
Distribuição por Idade , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Características da Família , Casamento , Comportamento Sexual , Fatores Etários , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Europa (Continente) , Fertilidade , Itália , América Latina , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Around the world, populations have experienced shortages of one sex or the other at marriageable ages, as a result of mortality declines. The solutions to this problem vary with the cultural context. Declines in the spousal age difference and increases in dowry payments (India) and polygamy (Africa) are two adjustments to a disequilibrium in the marriage market. We hypothesize that in Brazil the marriage market finds its balance by "recycling" men through highly unstable informal unions. Using census and 1984 survey data, we establish the relationship between a marriage squeeze and the increase in informal marriage. Census data and a competing-risks analysis of marriage choice provide evidence that a marriage squeeze has affected both the chances of marrying at all and the type of marriage entered.
PIP: The competing risks logistic model of the likelihood of entering a formal or informal union or staying single in Brazil reveals that race has a strong effect on marriage choice and marriage, only when region of residence is not included in the model. Blacks are more likely than Whites to enter informal unions. Asians are less likely to enter informal unions. Women in the northeast are less likely to enter formal marriages and more likely to enter informal unions than remaining single. Women in the south are more likely to enter formal marriages. Chances of entering an informal union are increased with urban residence and younger age. Increased schooling decreases the likelihood of entering a formal or informal union. Higher unearned income increases the likelihood of entering an informal union. After age 25 age becomes important in influencing the effects on entering informal and formal unions. Women over the age of 25 years and under the age of 35-39 years are less likely to enter formal unions and more likely to enter informal unions. Women over the age of 35-39 years are less likely to enter informal unions. The proportion of women working decreases the likelihood of formal marriage compared to remaining single and increases the likelihood of consensual unions. A greater supply of men increases the chances of entering a formal marriage rather than remaining single. The supply of men has no effect on remaining single compared to entering an informal union. Census data for 1980 on state level sex ratios and rates of divorced males per ever married women reveal that as the pool of marriageable men declines, it is easier for women to marry, stay married, and to remarry. It is more difficult for men to do so. The interpretation of findings is that Brazil's solution to the marriage squeeze is the recycling of marriage partners and an increase in informal unions. Other non-Latin countries exhibit different responses to the marriage squeeze, such as increased rates of polygyny or reduced spousal age differences.
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Relações Extramatrimoniais , Estado Civil/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Crescimento Demográfico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Razão de Masculinidade , Pessoa Solteira/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
PIP: The author provides data on the Surinamese and Netherlands Antilles population living in the Netherlands on January 1, 1994. Data are provided on sex, age, total fertility rate, death rate, marriage rate, and nationality. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng
Assuntos
Distribuição por Idade , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Etnicidade , Casamento , Mortalidade , Distribuição por Sexo , Estatística como Assunto , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Europa (Continente) , Fertilidade , Países Baixos , Antilhas Holandesas , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores Sexuais , América do Sul , SurinameRESUMO
PIP: In northwest Amazon societies, diverse groups marry across linguistic and geographic barriers: kinship and kin proximity occur according to cultural rules, and kinship, language, and residence may not be equated with genetic relatedness, as previously postulated. The assumption of genetic relatedness and random mating within a prescribed geographic zone or linguistic unit does not always hold true. Models should be based on cultural determinants of population dynamics that are more sensitive to detailed mate choice and gene flow patterns. The example is given of the Wanano, who belong to the Eastern Tukanoan Language group in the Central Northwest Amazon basin of the Uaupes River; 500-600 lived in Brazil, 180 Colombia, and 800 in the Vaupes Territory of Colombia. Settlements were 3-24 km from the river and had a population of 17-160 people. Men pursued fishing and women engaged in manioc cultivation. There was minimal exploitation of resources. The Wanano are unilineal kin groups with cross cousin marriages. They share a common cultural heritage with 15-20 other kin groups, and are linked through intermarriage. 14,000 Indians of diverse languages are thus united in marriage and kinship. Neighboring Arawakan and Cariban speaking groups reside to the north and west. About 13 distinct languages are part of the Eastern Tukanoan language. The basic principles of descent, marriage, and residence were supplied, and the consequences for village composition explicated. Focus was placed on 3 Wanano villages (Yapima; Mo, a large village with in-marrying from the village of Buhpoara; and Buhpoara) and spouse importation. Social organization was on the basis of sib (patrilineal descent group), language group (common identity, language, ancestry, and group name), and phratry, or nonresidential association of language groups. Ties were strong among more intimate or a"in-groups." Marriage rules applied to preferences for patrilineal cross cousins and sister exchange. The villages described exemplified the imbalances in the sex ratio and the bachelor surplus in the smaller Wanano villages. The result has been the practice of patrilocality and linguistic exogamy, where adult males of the same ethnicity live together and adult females are located through marriage.^ieng
Assuntos
Antropologia Cultural , Etnicidade , Família , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Idioma , Casamento , América , Antropologia , Brasil , Colômbia , Comunicação , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Características da Família , América Latina , População , Características da População , Ciências Sociais , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Studies of small, isolated, nonindustrial societies can yield models about the rate of natural increase of indigenous groups, and how changes affect available natural resources, health status, and long-term adaptation. South American Indian populations pose distinct problems. In this study, the aim was to explain population change among the Bakairi of central Brazil in the context of complex historical and social change. Contact with white society has occurred since the 1920s. The fertility rate has been moderate (5.36 children per woman). Information from field research in 1979, 1981, and 1989 was provided on village and household composition marriage patterns, fertility and reproduction, mortality by cause, and recent population trends. Total population was 137 males and 151 females. The estimated crude birth rate was 45.1 births per 1000 people. The crude death rate was 10.4 deaths per 1000 people. Natural rate of increase was 3.47%. The moderate fertility was attributed to the mean birth interval of 4 years, the long breast-feeding period, postpartum sex taboos, and fasting. Other factors may be the nature of forest, which is dry prairie, the limited size of the reservation, and the small percentage of arable land. Other traditional societies have a fertility of 4-8 children; higher fertility is usually associated with colonizing populations that are expanding into new territory. Fertility data was checked several times by first asking individual women for birth and death information, then verifying results with older women in the village, and finally consulting the FUNAI death-birth records, which are considered incomplete. There were 288 Indians living on the Bakairi reservation in 59 households, clustered in a T shape rather than a traditional circle due to FUNAI administrative rules. 80% (47) of households were married couples, and 10% were widows/widowers. Marriage occurred when parents of both families agreed, and took place at an average age of 16.2 years + or - 3.3 years. Divorce was rare, and may have involved a husband impregnating a lover. Causes of death included 41.1% (37) due to lung infections, 12.2% due to liver and heart disease, and 8.9% due to accidents.^ieng