RESUMO
PIP: Trends in marital fertility according to rural or urban residence, wife's educational level, and husband's occupation are analyzed for 6 Latin American countries which participated in both the World Fertility Survey and Demographic and Health Surveys. The countries were Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago. The principal methodological tool for this analysis is a statistical model of period marital fertility which expresses fertility as a function of spacing, which is assumed to operate equally in all durations of union, and of limiting, which increases in importance as the duration of union increases. The model permits a summary description of the levels and patterns of marital fertility and yields parameters that may be interpreted in terms of basic behavioral mechanisms, such as lactation and contraception. Total marital fertility in the 6 countries decreased in the recent past, with the magnitude of decline varying from .4 births/woman in Trinidad and Tobago to 2.2 in Mexico. The results indicate that the transition originated in an educated urban minority and has spread to almost all strata studied. Most of the observed fertility decline resulted from birth limitation, but spacing played a surprisingly large role. Despite the diversity of conditions in the 6 countries, the indices of spacing and limiting in the different social strata appeared to have followed a single pattern of increase over time. Although the trajectory followed by the indices of spacing and limiting is sufficiently broad to accomodate substantial differences between the countries, it is well defined, indicating that a common explanation exists. It is demonstrated that the pattern of increase is consistent with a simple mathematical model of social diffusion.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Intervalo entre Nascimentos , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Escolaridade , Emprego , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , Casamento , Modelos Teóricos , Características de Residência , População Rural , Mudança Social , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estatística como Assunto , População Urbana , América , Região do Caribe , Colômbia , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , República Dominicana , Economia , Equador , Geografia , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Peru , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , América do Sul , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
"This article presents a description of the patterns of marriage to be found in the different regions of Mexico based on an analysis of the National Demographic Survey...conducted in 1982.... An assessment was made of first marriages in terms of their timing, intensity, average age at marriage and nature of the union according to the size of the settlement. Then a similar analysis was effected for each region. In conclusion, it is pointed out that in Mexico two patterns of nuptiality coexist: one which is characterized as 'traditional' and the other which has been called the 'Gulf-Caribbean' pattern because in some respects it is similar to the patterns found in the Caribbean region." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Geografia , Casamento , Fatores de Tempo , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
PIP: The effects of migration on fertility in Ecuador were analyzed by subdividing migrant categories into permanent-, return-, circular-, and non-migrants, and context factors into 6 socioeconomic and agrarian variables. The study is introduced with a conceptual framework that explains personal intermediate variables and their influence on fertility in terms of demographic transition theory, and then defines the influences of selection for fertility, disruption of marital unions, and socialization into fertility norms at the origin vs. assimilation of norms at the destination. Migrants are usually better educated, younger and upwardly mobile, all selecting for lower fertility. Migration disrupts formation of marital unions, and causes separation of spouses, lowering fertility. Data for this study were from the 1974 and 1982 Ecuadorian Population Censuses. The contextual variables analyzed were urban/rural; manufacturing/agricultural; mineral extraction/economic recession; long/recent agricultural settlement; domestic/export crop; and large/medium sized farm. The analysis of personal attributes showed that fertility increased over the range on non-migrants through circular-, return- to permanent-migrants, a finding explained by degrees of disruption of unions. Higher fertility was associated with less education, lower economic participation, higher prevalence of marriage, longer residence and older ages. Regression analysis also showed that personal attributes outweighed contextual factors: thus age, marriage rates, residence time, education and economic activity were significant. Contextual factors were important only for non-migrants, except for destination variables which affected return-migrants and origin variables which affected circular-migrants. Low fertility was associated with urbanization, industrialization, mineral extraction, large farms, recent farm settlement and export crops. The results indicate cear influences of modernity and place influences on fertility of migrants.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Agricultura , Divórcio , Escolaridade , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Fertilidade , Geografia , Indústrias , Casamento , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Análise de Regressão , Pesquisa , População Rural , Mudança Social , Estatística como Assunto , Migrantes , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Equador , América Latina , População , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Data from the 1976 Mexican Fertility Survey are analyzed to determine the extent of legitimization of children born out of wedlock. The socioeconomic characteristics of women in consensual and legal unions are compared. The frequency and timing of legalization of consensual unions is analyzed, and the number of consensual unions and the frequency of legalization in rural and urban areas are compared. The role of pregnancy in forcing legalization and the stability of legal unions with and without prior cohabitation are studied. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng
Assuntos
Ilegitimidade , Casamento , Gravidez , População Rural , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Urbana , América , América Central , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Reprodução , Problemas SociaisAssuntos
Fertilidade , Legislação como Assunto , Casamento , Análise Atuarial , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , México , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
For 20 years, female sterilization has been increasing in popularity as a contraceptive method in Costa Rica. However, contraceptive sterilization has never been allowed explicitly under Costa Rican law. In 1976 the Costa Rican National Assembly instituted more stringent guidelines regarding medical sterilizations in order to eliminate contraceptive sterilizations, which had been occurring under relatively loose interpretations of national policy. Data from the 1976 National Fertility Survey and the 1981 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey indicate that the change in policy had only a short-term effect. Period sterilization rates fell substantially after 1976 but rebounded considerably by 1980, and the estimate of the proportion of married women who will ultimately be sterilized was approximately .5 for the periods both before and after 1976.
PIP: There has been a rapid decline in fertility in Costa Rica in the past 2 decades as a result of dramatic increases in the use of contraceptives, female sterilization being one of the most popular. The objection of certain groups to contraceptive sterilization was responsible for a change in procedures designed to eliminate sterilization for contraceptive purposes. However the enforcement of this policy has had little or no long term effect since medical versus contraceptive indications for the procedure cannot be defined precisely, and surgical sterilization for medical reasons is an important part of any modern health program for women. Other examples of government effort to eliminate access to certain forms of contraception or to reverse fertility declines, especially Eastern European countries such as limiting the availability of abortion, have had only very short-lived impact on birth rates. Romania provides the most striking example. In 1966, before stringent regulations in regard to abortion went into effect, the abortion ratio per 1000 live births was 3050; in 1967 it was 333, when abortion was legally limited to women over 45; or women having 4 or more children; or with specific medical indications. But the ratio increased to a level close to 1000 by 1972; abortions were being performed more frequently on the grounds of adverse mental health consequences, which were classified as a medical indication. The general conclusion from the cases cited in this paper is that once low fertility norms are widely accepted in a society that is accustomed to access to the effective contraception needed to fulfill those norms, the ability of a government to restrict access to certain methods of contraception is substantially limited. Studies of family planning in developing countries show that the task of initiating a fertility decline is very difficult as high fertility norms are deeply integrated into social systems and not easy to dislodge. However, once low fertility norms and associated behavior are firmly established, they are equally difficult to dislodge.
Assuntos
Política Pública , Esterilização Tubária/tendências , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Costa Rica , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Casamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Romênia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
PIP: 156 fertile, sexually active women aged 17-47 from the Northwest zone of Mexico City were interviewed during 1980 to explore the relationship between several demographic variables, their intention to have a child within 2 years, and birth control practice. The average age of the respondents was 28, the average duration of union was 7 years, and the average number of living children was 2. 85 women stated they wanted no more children, and the maximum number desired by any respondent was 6. 41 women stated they intended to conceive a child within 2 years. 28 used no contraception, 76 used an IUD or hormonal method, and the remainder used other methods including rhythm, withdrawal, spermicides, and condoms. A significant inverse relationship was found between the woman's age, number of living children, and duration of marriage, and the desire to have children. Women desiring 1 or more children were under 36 years old, in unions for 4 or fewer years, and had 2 or fewer living children. 29 women stated they wanted a child but did not intend to conceive within 2 years. No significant relationship was found between the intention to have a child within 2 years and birth control practice. Women with at least 1 child and married 2 or more years were however more likely to use birth control. No significant difference was found between women employing efficient contraceptive methods (IUDs and hormonal methods) and those using other methods.^ieng
Assuntos
Anticoncepção/psicologia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Mulheres/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População UrbanaRESUMO
PIP: A model of contraceptive use as a conditioning factor in Colombian fertility is described and tested using data from the National Fertility Survey of 1976 in which 5378 women representative of the country and its geographical regions were interviewed. The variables included in the model are cumulative fertility, desired fertility, duration of union, use of contraception, knowledge of effective contraception, education, women's labor force participation, zone of residence, and age. The analysis demonstrates that cumulative fertility depends on couple's ideal family size; duration of union, especially in the 1st 10 years and increasingly less thereafter; mother's education, which has a negative effect that was the most consistent of all those measured; and rural or urban residence. The indirect effects of education and area of residence were found to be present but small. The variables of knowledge and use of contraceptive methods deserve consideration because of their potential relevance for family planning campaigns. Although over 95% of women had knowledge of effective methods of contraception, only 50 to 66% reported having used contraception at any time in their lives.^ieng