RESUMO
PIP: Trends in marital fertility according to rural or urban residence, wife's educational level, and husband's occupation are analyzed for 6 Latin American countries which participated in both the World Fertility Survey and Demographic and Health Surveys. The countries were Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago. The principal methodological tool for this analysis is a statistical model of period marital fertility which expresses fertility as a function of spacing, which is assumed to operate equally in all durations of union, and of limiting, which increases in importance as the duration of union increases. The model permits a summary description of the levels and patterns of marital fertility and yields parameters that may be interpreted in terms of basic behavioral mechanisms, such as lactation and contraception. Total marital fertility in the 6 countries decreased in the recent past, with the magnitude of decline varying from .4 births/woman in Trinidad and Tobago to 2.2 in Mexico. The results indicate that the transition originated in an educated urban minority and has spread to almost all strata studied. Most of the observed fertility decline resulted from birth limitation, but spacing played a surprisingly large role. Despite the diversity of conditions in the 6 countries, the indices of spacing and limiting in the different social strata appeared to have followed a single pattern of increase over time. Although the trajectory followed by the indices of spacing and limiting is sufficiently broad to accomodate substantial differences between the countries, it is well defined, indicating that a common explanation exists. It is demonstrated that the pattern of increase is consistent with a simple mathematical model of social diffusion.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Intervalo entre Nascimentos , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Escolaridade , Emprego , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , Casamento , Modelos Teóricos , Características de Residência , População Rural , Mudança Social , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estatística como Assunto , População Urbana , América , Região do Caribe , Colômbia , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , República Dominicana , Economia , Equador , Geografia , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Peru , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , América do Sul , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
Old Colony Mennonites in Mexico appear to demonstrate natural fertility, using no form of artificial birth control and apparently not attempting to limit family size. The resulting fertility is nearly as high as that of the Hutterites, although the Mennonites lack the communal economic system of the latter. Most Mennonites in Mexico migrated from Canada in the 1920s, and the largest single settlement, called the Manitoba Colony, is one of four in the state of Chihuahua. A 1967 partial census obtained data from 38% of the Mennonite households. Family size in the sample was close to that in a local survey taken in the same year. Available church records matched with census forms permitted verification of and corrections to 560 female reproductive histories. The median number of live births to women over age 45 years was 9.5, compared with 10.4 in the Hutterites. Age-specific marital fertility rates and birth intervals closely resembled those of the Hutterites.
PIP: Old Colony Mennonites in Mexico appear to demonstrate natural fertility, use no form of artificial birth control, and are apparently not attempting to limit family size. The resulting fertility is nearly as high as that of the Hutterites, although the Mennonites lack the communal economic system of the latter group. Most Mennonites in Mexico migrated from Canada in the 1920s and the largest single settlement, called the Manitoba Colony, is 1 of 4 in the state of Chihuahua. A partial census in 1967 obtained data from 38% of the Mennonite households. Family size in the sample was close to that of a local survey taken in the same year. Available church records matched with census forms permitted verification of and corrections to 560 female reproductive histories. The median number of livebirths to women over age 45 was 9.5 compared with 10.4 in the Hutterite community. Age- specific marital fertility rates and birth intervals closely resembled those of the Hutterites.
Assuntos
Cristianismo , Emigração e Imigração , Fertilidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Intervalo entre Nascimentos , Canadá/etnologia , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Casamento , Idade Materna , México , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
PIP: This document compares 2 models of marital fertility, the Coale-Trussell and Rodriguez-Cleland, and applies them to analysis of recent fertility changes in Mexico. The work briefly assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the 2 models, describes their formulations, and outlines estimation procedures. The models are used to analyze data from the 1979 Mexico Fertility Survey (MFS) and the 1987 National Survey of Fertility and Health (DHS). The work ends with a discussion of possible interpretations of the changes estimated by the models in the light of changes in proximate fertility determinants. Louis Henry's concept of natural fertility was used by Coale to develop a method to analyze the magnitude of deviations from the age pattern of natural fertility displayed by populations adopting fertility control practices. The Coale-Trussell model is popular because of its mathematical simplicity and convenience for analyzing age-specific marital fertility, but it is not able to measure spacing behavior and neglects the effects of such traditional practices as prolonged abstinence or cessation of procreation according to norms concerning the woman's age. The Rodriguez-Cleland model decomposes marital fertility by both age and duration of marriage. The model as initially proposed by Page received less attention than the Coale-Trussell model because of its apparent complexity, but recent work by Rodriguez and Cleland demonstrated its analytic potential and detailed statistical methods for its estimation. Results of the Mexican analysis suggest that both models place the beginning of the fertility decline in Mexico at the early 1970s. Although the interpretation of the Coale-Trussell model is less clear than that of the Rodriguez-Cleland model, it may be concluded that the practice of limiting the number of births was already fairly widespread in some sectors of Mexican society, principally among urban women. The Rodriguez-Cleland model provides answers to questions about the contributions of variations in age at union, spacing, and limiting births to changes in marital fertility between the 2 surveys. Almost 2/3 of the decline resulted from practices to limit fertility, which were responsible for a reduction of about 1.4 children per women 25 years after the 1st union. Spacing practices were responsible for about 1/3 of the decline, while the slight changes in age at union were responsible for only a small part of the decline in marital fertility. Although the concept of natural fertility continues to be a useful took, it is insufficient to interpret the Mexican fertility transition as a passage from natural to controlled fertility, given that considerable fertility control was already practiced at the beginning of the transition.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Fertilidade , Modelos Teóricos , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores de Tempo , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , PesquisaRESUMO
PIP: The author analyzes changes in the crude birth rate in Mexico between 1970 and 1987, with a focus on the impact of declining marital fertility, changes in the proportions of women in conjugal unions by age group, and changes in the age and sex distribution of the population. Data are from national fertility surveys conducted in Mexico in 1976, 1982, and 1987.^ieng
Assuntos
Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Fertilidade , Estado Civil , Casamento , Distribuição por Sexo , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
"The evolution of fertility of [the] black population in Brazil is examined, with reference to the period from 1940 to 1984. In this analysis new elements and techniques are incorporated, in order to reconstruct the evolution of general fertility in the period, as well as estimates of marital fertility." Based on studies of socio-occupational categories and educational levels, it is found that marital fertility is sensitive to differences among social groups depending on spouse's ethnic group. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Escolaridade , Emprego , Etnicidade , Fertilidade , Classe Social , Estatística como Assunto , América , População Negra , Brasil , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Data from 6 fertility surveys conducted in Mexico between 1969-87 were used to compare rural and urban fertility and to determine whether a significant level of contraceptive usage could be achieved in rural areas despite their lack of socioeconomic development. Age-specific marital fertility rates were calculated for the 4 national-level and 2 rural fertility surveys. The index of fertility control developed by Coale and Trussel was calculated for rural, urban, and all areas. The marital total fertility rate in rural areas declined from 10.6 in 1970 to 7.4 in 1982, a decline of 2.5% annually. From 1982-87 the annual rate of decline in rural fertility slowed to 1.6%, reaching 6.8 children in 1987. The urban marital total fertility rate declined from 7.72 in 1976 to 5.03 in 1987, while the marital total fertility rate for Mexico as a whole declined from 9.04 in 1976 to 5.85 in 1987. The indices of fertility control showed slowly increasing use of contraception in rural areas starting from the very low level of 1969. The urban index of fertility control showed some contraceptive use for all age groups in all surveys. The increases in contraceptive usage were considerable in rural areas from 1976-82 and much less marked in urban areas. From 1982-87 the inverse was observed and the fertility decline in urban areas was more marked. The condition of natural fertility found in rural areas in 1969 subsequently disappeared. Over time, fertility decline and use of contraception have intensified. Contraception is widely practiced in urban areas and is continuing to become more prevalent. The rural fertility decline in 1976-82 suggests that at least sometimes increases in fertility control are more important in rural areas than in urban areas. The theory of modernization, which holds that fertility decline in developed countries is attributable to factors associated with the process of modernization, thus comes into question. However, it is probable that a sustained fertility decline in the most depressed rural areas will be achieved only with substantial socioeconomic change.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Economia , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , Idade Materna , Dinâmica Populacional , Pobreza , População Rural , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Urbana , América , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Pesquisa , Classe Social , Ciências SociaisRESUMO
PIP: Mexico's demographic transition was much later and more rapid than the classic transitions of European populations. A careful study of available data sources, especially fertility surveys, allows a detailed understanding of the reproductive process in Mexico, including the nuptiality patterns that influence fertility as well as changes in general and marital fertility. This work assesses the data sources and methods utilized to analyze Mexican fertility in the past, reviews fertility trends before the onset of the transition from about 1940-70, and describes the new reproductive patterns observed since about 1976. Fertility information from the decinnial censuses is not very adequate for measuring fertility levels or trends. Possible estimates based on census information are few and widely scattered in time, and omissions, underregistration, and faulty declarations are common because of the retrospective nature of the census. Census information is highly aggregated so that significant intermediate variables are not easy to assess. But census data are still the only source allowing estimations of fertility levels by areas of residence, administrative entities, and their social and economic characteristics. Mexico's vital statistics are of poor quality, with underregistration and late registration common. Evaluations of the Mexican Fertility Survey (EMF) of 1976-77 indicate that it provides more reliable estimates than the vital statistics or the census. The EMF and the National Demographic Survey (END) of 1982 indicate that the total fertility rate fell by 30.3% between 1974-80, from 6.27 to 4.37. Both the EMF and the END were national level surveys which collected complete fertility histories thus providing longitudinal information on the marital and fertility histories of women aged 15-49. This work uses primarily data from the EMF and END to analyze the period of fertility increase between 1940-60, the period of highest fertility between 1950-70, and the transition from a natural fertility regime to one of fertility control after 1970. The analysis contains 2 major parts, 1 presenting a study of general fertility including age specific rates for generations and periods, final family size of women terminating their childbearing, and the calendar of fertility for women still of fertile age. The 2nd major section focuses on marital fertility using the same indicators but taking into account the relationships between nuptiality and fertility. Comparisons are included between fertility levels based on the major surveys and those implied by the census and vital statistics data.^ieng
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Censos , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Coleta de Dados , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Fertilidade , Geografia , Casamento , Dinâmica Populacional , Estatísticas Vitais , América , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Pesquisa , Ciências SociaisRESUMO
PIP: In order to determine the impact of the available health services in rural areas on women's reproductive decisions, researchers documented fertility changes in rural Mexico from 1969-1981, determined rates of contraceptive use and breastfeeding, and examined medical personnel attitudes towards these 2 factors. Figures showed that the marital fertility rate of Mexico's rural population dropped from 10.6 children/per woman in 1969 to 8.1 in 1981; the same period saw a drop in the total fertility rate from 7.8 to 5.3. Researchers also noted a reduction in the mean length of breastfeeding, from 17.9 months to 15.1 months, and a rise in the use of contraception, from 1.9% to 33.8%. Knowledge about contraception increased significantly during the period, with doctors becoming an important vehicle for the its promulgation. Though doctors favored breastfeeding over bottlefeeding, they usually recommended shorter breastfeeding periods and early supplementation. Traditional midwives, however, recommended longer breastfeeding duration and later supplementation. This indicates the effects of health services in rural areas: where it is present, there is a significant positive impact on contraceptive use and some negative impact on breastfeeding. Overall, researchers conclude that Mexico's family planning program is working among its rural population, but point out some weaknesses, such as the lack of medical attention at delivery, medical personnel's ignorance over the possible adverse effects of early suspension of lactation and early supplementation. This suggests the need for some reeducation of the medical personnel.^ieng
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Aleitamento Materno , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Fertilidade , Pessoal de Saúde , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Conhecimento , Estudos Longitudinais , Tocologia , Médicos , População Rural , Fatores de Tempo , América , Anticoncepção , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Saúde , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , PesquisaRESUMO
PIP: This paper examines the relationship between sexual union instability and fertility in 3 English-speaking Caribbean societies--Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad/Tobago--using data collected in the World Fertility Program. There is usually a positive association between marital stability and fertility, the main reason being that marital instability causes periods of time in which a woman is not sexually active. High levels of divorce and marital separation are likely factors making for lower levels of aggregate fertility. To examine this relationship, this study used an index of cumulative fertility, the duration ratio, that controls for the biological effects of age, and age at 1st union was used as the dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis. The study demonstrated that despite many similarities between the 3 societies, there are also clear differences in terms of how membership in different types of sexual unions interacts with fertility. 1 main conclusion was that there is a positive association between the number of sexual unions and fertility, (in keeping with previous research on these societies). However, the factors were not uniform across the 3 societies. In Guyana marriage had the greatest effect on fertility while in Jamaica the 2 most unstable unions--visiting and common-law--had the greatest effect. In Trinidad/Tobago marriage and common-law had the greatest effect.^ieng
Assuntos
Fertilidade , Casamento , Feminino , Guiana , Humanos , Jamaica , Masculino , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
PIP: Analysis of data from the Guyana Fertility Survey on the trends and covariates of age at 1st birth among various birth cohorts of women ever in union indicates that an early entry into union is associated with young age at 1st birth and higher number of children born. Multivariate analysis showed that women with higher education, urban residence, and entry into 1st birth compared to others, and that young women are delaying their 1st birth for longer durations than older women. Work status of women before 1st birth and the starting age of union seem to be the 2 major contributory factors for age at 1st birth. Noticeably, the role of education has changed and is now more significant among younger cohorts than among older ones for 1st birth timing.^ieng
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Fertilidade , Idade Materna , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Guiana , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Mudança Social , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
This paper presents data on contraceptive use and fertility in Honduras obtained from a household survey conducted in 1984, and compares these data with similar information obtained from surveys carried out in 1981 and 1983. About half of the increase that has taken place in contraceptive use in Honduras is accounted for by sterilization. In 1981, 27 percent of women in union aged 15-49 years were practicing contraception; in 1984, the percentage of those 15-44 was 35 percent. The increase in urban areas was smaller (from 47 percent to 51 percent) than in rural areas (from 16 percent to 24 percent). Also, fertility remained almost unchanged in urban areas while declining in rural areas. Information from questions on place of purchase, price, and brand of contraceptive (for orals) was used to determine source of supply. The use of multiple questions to determine source results in a higher percentage of contraceptive use attributed to the Honduran Family Planning Association as compared with answers to a single question. The duration of breastfeeding in Honduras has increased, with the greatest changes occurring among women in urban areas and women with the highest levels of education. Efforts have been made to promote breastfeeding in urban areas and these results suggest that the efforts have been successful.
Assuntos
Anticoncepção/tendências , Fertilidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Aleitamento Materno , Feminino , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Honduras , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , GravidezRESUMO
PIP: Fertility change in Brazil is analyzed using data from censuses from 1940 to 1980 and the PNAD surveys of 1976 and 1984. Topics covered include regional fertility differentials, differences by ethnic group and color, and the impact of educational status on marital fertility. Consideration is given to methodological problems.^ieng
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Escolaridade , Etnicidade , Fertilidade , Geografia , Métodos , América , População Negra , Brasil , Cultura , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Data are analysed from the 1973 surveys of the Nigerian segment of the Changing African Family (CAFN) Project, which covered Yoruba women and men in Ibadan and the Western State of Nigeria. Of the 5874 women who were in union during the CAFN 1 survey, 54% reported that their husband had only 1 wife and 46% that their husband had more than 1 wife. Of the 1234 women in unions in the CAFN 2 survey, 49% reported monogamous husbands and 51% polygynous husbands. Differentials in fertility levels between women in monogamous unions and those in polygynous ones are investigated using mean number of children ever born as the measure of fertility. Factors examined include proportion of childless and infertile women, frequency of intercourse, age, educational level, religion, marital mobility (divorce) rank of wife and sexual abstinence. The CAFN 1 survey shows that wives of polygynists tend to be older than those of monogamists. Because of this the reported mean number of children ever born was higher for the wives of polygynists than for the wives of monogamists. When the data are standardized for the difference in age, the fertility levels of the women in the 2 types of unions were much closer to each other. When religion, education, abstinence, and occupation are also taken into account, it is observed that the 2 groups of women have similar levels of fertility. A multiple classification analysis was performed using number of wives of husband, educational level, religion and father's occupation as variables and occupation of spouse, place of birth, length of abstinence, contraceptive practice and age as covariates. The result also shows that the number of wives of the husband does not significantly affect the fertility level of women when other factors are taken into account. A high proportion of the Yoruba women are in polygynous unions and most of those in monogamous unions are potential wives of polygynists. Because of this, and particularly because most women try to have as many children as they can, the women in the 2 types of unions experience similar levels of fertility.^ieng
Assuntos
Fertilidade , Casamento , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Fatores Socioeconômicos , SurinameRESUMO
PIP: Based on a very large sample of married women aged 15 to 49 from the 1970 census of Mexico, the effect of literacy and education on the number of children ever born in different size communities is investigated. While cumulative marital fertility tends to be inversely related to community size, the overall shape of the education-fertility relationship is generally similar in rural, semi-urban, small urban, and large urban localities. These results combined with those for literacy do not support the hypothesis of an urbanization or a literacy threshold at which women's schooling begins to reduce family size. Literate wives have slightly more children than illiterate wives in rural areas, but in more urbanized regions this differential inverses and seems to widen with each increase in size of the community. Fertility is slightly higher at 1 to 3 years of primary school than at no education; it declines slightly at 4 to 5 years primary, and then declines substantially at complete primary, secondary, and preparatory/university levels. A statistically significant but small interaction between education and residence on cumulative marital fertility is noted. The overall greater impact of female education on cumulative marital fertility in urban as compared to semi-urban as compared to rural communities of Mexico is primarily due to the proportion of married women with fertility depressing educational backgrounds rather than to a markedly different effect of education, per se, on fertility. The results emphasize the country-wide importance of completion of the entire 6-year primary cycle.^ieng