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Scientific research on developing and characterizing eco-friendly metal nanoparticles (NPs) is an active area experiencing currently a systematic and continuous growth. A variety of physical, chemical and more recently biological methods can be used for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Among them, reports supporting the potential use of algae in the NPs green synthesis, contribute with only a minor proportion, although seaweed was demonstrated to perform as a successful reducing and stabilizing agent. Thus, the first part of the present review depicts the up-to-date information on the use of algae extracts for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, including a deep discussion of the certain advantages as well as some limitations of this synthesis route. In the second part, the available characterization techniques to unravel their inherent properties such as specific size, shape, composition, morphology and dispersibility are comprehensively described, to finally focus on the factors affecting their applications, bioactivity, potential toxic impact on living organisms and incorporation into food matrices or food packaging, as well as future prospects. The present article identifies the key knowledge gap in a systematic way highlighting the critical next steps in the green synthesis of metal NPs mediated by algae.

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Introducción: Los pescadores en Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, son vulnerables por el mal manejo y gestión de los recursos pesqueros y la pesca ilegal, excluyéndose de los beneficios otorgados por el Estado. Esto incide en que no cuenten con opciones que les permita crecer tanto a nivel económico como social. Objetivo: Determinar una estrategia de promoción social para las personas en exclusión social de Playas del Coco. Métodos: De febrero a septiembre 2018, se aplicó la Acción Participativa y la investigación Crítica, por medio de la entrevista semi estructurada y abierta, y la observación participante a miembros de la Asociación de Desarrollo, líderes comunales y pescadores de la zona, con edades entre los 17 y 40 años. Resultados: Se establecieron las bases teórico prácticas para un trabajo interdisciplinario entre trabajo social, turismo y biología marina por medio de la estrategia de intervención para los pescadores artesanales de Playas del Coco basada en el Modelo Socioeducativo Promocional y se documentó la situación actual de los habitantes de esta región. Conclusiones: La incursión del trabajo social en temas ambientales es viable, promocionando socialmente a los habitantes de Playas del Coco usando el turismo marino sostenible a través del modelo socioeducativo promocional.

Introduction: Fishermen in Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, are vulnerable due to the mismanagement of fishing resources and illegal fishing; excluding them from benefits granted by the State. This means that they do not have many options that allow them to grow both economically and socially. Objective: Determine a social promotion strategy for people in social exclusion in Playas del Coco. Methods: From February to September 2018, participatory action and critical research were applied, through semi-structured and open interview, and participant observation to members of the Development Association, community leaders and fishermen in the area, ranging in age between 17 and 40 years old. Results: Theoretical and practical bases were established for an interdisciplinary work between social work, tourism and marine biology through the intervention strategy for fishermen of Playas del Coco based on the Socio-educational Promotional Model and the current situation of the inhabitants was documented. Conclusions: The incursion of social science in environmental issues is viable, by social promotion of the inhabitants of Playas del Coco developing sustainable marine tourism through a socio-educational model.

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Oysters of the genus Crassostrea Sacco, 1897 are widely distributed worldwide, being important extractive and cultivation resources in Brazil. Because they have high phenotypical plasticity and congeneric similarity, identifications based on shell morphology are not always safe. The goal of this study was to identify the oysters of the Bahia State, northeast Brazil, using the molecular tools Polymerase Chain Reaction, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Oysters were collected at 12 sampling stations, from October 2014 to March 2015 and included samples of rhizomes (aerial roots)/stems of the red mangrove Rhizophorae mangle L. and in the sediment near to the underground roots of this one, on berths, natural rock outcrops near the mangrove swamp and in three oyster crops. It was confirmed the presence of two species of oysters: Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) and C. gasar (Deshayes, 1830) and that the latter was genetically identical to C. brasiliana reported in previous studies on the Brazilian coast. There was no co-occurrence of the two species on the same substrate, but these were found in nearby environments at two sampling points. Crassostrea rhizophorae was observed on the rhizomes/stems of R. mangle, as well as on artificial concrete walls (berths). The semi-buried oysters near R. mangle’s subterranean roots and adhered to small rocks of a rocky outcrop were C.gasar, which was also the exclusive oyster of the crops.

As ostras do gênero Crassostrea Sacco, 1897 são amplamente distribuídas mundialmente, sendo importantes recursos extrativistas e de cultivo no Brasil. Por possuírem alta plasticidade fenotípica e semelhança congenérica, as identificações baseadas na morfologia da concha nem sempre são seguras. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as ostras do estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil, utilizando as ferramentas moleculares Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase, Polimorfismo do Comprimento de Fragmentos de Restrição, sequenciamento de DNA e análise filogenética. As ostras foram coletadas em 12 estações amostrais, de outubro de 2014 a março de 2015 e incluíram coletas sobre rizomas (raízes aéreas)/caules do mangue vermelho Rhizophorae mangle L. e no sedimento próximo às raízes subterrâneas deste, em atracadouros, afloramentos rochosos naturais próximos ao manguezal e em três cultivos de ostras. Confirmou-se a presença de duas espécies de ostras: Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) e C. gasar (Deshayes, 1830) e que esta última foi geneticamente idêntica à C. brasiliana, relatada em estudos anteriores na costa brasileira. Não houve co-ocorrência das duas espécies no mesmo substrato, mas em dois pontos amostrais estas foram encontradas em ambientes próximos. Crassostrea rhizophorae foi observada nos rizomas/caules de R. mangle, bem como em paredes artificiais de concreto (atracadouros). As ostras semi-enterradas perto das raízes subterrâneas de R. mangle e aderidas a pequenas rochas de um afloramento rochoso foram C. gasar, que também foi a ostra exclusiva nos cultivos.

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Oysters of the genus Crassostrea Sacco, 1897 are widely distributed worldwide, being important extractive and cultivation resources in Brazil. Because they have high phenotypical plasticity and congeneric similarity, identifications based on shell morphology are not always safe. The goal of this study was to identify the oysters of the Bahia State, northeast Brazil, using the molecular tools Polymerase Chain Reaction, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Oysters were collected at 12 sampling stations, from October 2014 to March 2015 and included samples of rhizomes (aerial roots)/stems of the red mangrove Rhizophorae mangle L. and in the sediment near to the underground roots of this one, on berths, natural rock outcrops near the mangrove swamp and in three oyster crops. It was confirmed the presence of two species of oysters: Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) and C. gasar (Deshayes, 1830) and that the latter was genetically identical to C. brasiliana reported in previous studies on the Brazilian coast. There was no co-occurrence of the two species on the same substrate, but these were found in nearby environments at two sampling points. Crassostrea rhizophorae was observed on the rhizomes/stems of R. mangle, as well as on artificial concrete walls (berths). The semi-buried oysters near R. mangles subterranean roots and adhered to small rocks of a rocky outcrop were C.gasar, which was also the exclusive oyster of the crops.(AU)

As ostras do gênero Crassostrea Sacco, 1897 são amplamente distribuídas mundialmente, sendo importantes recursos extrativistas e de cultivo no Brasil. Por possuírem alta plasticidade fenotípica e semelhança congenérica, as identificações baseadas na morfologia da concha nem sempre são seguras. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as ostras do estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil, utilizando as ferramentas moleculares Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase, Polimorfismo do Comprimento de Fragmentos de Restrição, sequenciamento de DNA e análise filogenética. As ostras foram coletadas em 12 estações amostrais, de outubro de 2014 a março de 2015 e incluíram coletas sobre rizomas (raízes aéreas)/caules do mangue vermelho Rhizophorae mangle L. e no sedimento próximo às raízes subterrâneas deste, em atracadouros, afloramentos rochosos naturais próximos ao manguezal e em três cultivos de ostras. Confirmou-se a presença de duas espécies de ostras: Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) e C. gasar (Deshayes, 1830) e que esta última foi geneticamente idêntica à C. brasiliana, relatada em estudos anteriores na costa brasileira. Não houve co-ocorrência das duas espécies no mesmo substrato, mas em dois pontos amostrais estas foram encontradas em ambientes próximos. Crassostrea rhizophorae foi observada nos rizomas/caules de R. mangle, bem como em paredes artificiais de concreto (atracadouros). As ostras semi-enterradas perto das raízes subterrâneas de R. mangle e aderidas a pequenas rochas de um afloramento rochoso foram C. gasar, que também foi a ostra exclusiva nos cultivos.(AU)

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The decline of the Tiwanaku state saw the emergence of two new cultures-Pica-Tarapacá and Atacama-during the Late Intermediate Period in northern Chile. Archeological evidence suggests that both groups practised maize agriculture and pastoralism, but that their interaction zones differed significantly. Marine resources are common at Pica-Tarapacá sites, even those far from coast, while Atacama sites in the desert oases and precordilleran area seem to have directed their networks towards the highlands. Here we apply stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope analysis on human bone and enamel to test dietary patterns and residential mobility at two sites, Pica 8 and Quitor 6, representing the Pica-Tarapacá and Atacama cultures, respectively. Our results show that diet at the two sites indeed differed: significant but variable consumption of marine resources and maize is indicated at Pica 8, despite being an inland site, while diet at Quitor 6 was based mainly on terrestrial resources. The use of seabird guano and llama dung as fertilizers and extreme aridity may have contributed to the high nitrogen isotope values observed in Pica 8 humans. The δ(18) O values in Pica 8 individuals are generally lower than for Quitor in spite of its greater distance from the Andes. All three isotopes suggest the presence of at least five nonlocals in the 30 measured at Pica 8. This evidence for human mobility is consistent with the high levels of trade and interaction observed in the archeological record, and begins to quantify the degree of movement of specific individuals.

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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are mayor global public health issues. HIV-1 infection is now manageable as a chronic disease thanks to the development of antiretroviral therapy; however, the existence of HIV drug resistance and collateral effects have increased the search for therapeutic alternatives. Compounds of marine resources have been studied for their antiviral potential. Objectives: To evaluate the antiviral activity of isolated bromotyrosine-derivative compounds from the Colombian marine sponges, Verongula rigida and Aiolochoria crassa against HIV-1 infection in vitro. Methods: Cytotoxicity of 11 bromotyrosine-derivative compounds was determined by the MTT assay. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication was performed using the U373-MAGI cell line, which was infected with recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing viruses pseudotyped, in the presence or absence of the compounds. The percentage of infected cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. In addition, the inhibition of reverse transcription and nuclear import was determined by quantification of early and late reverse transcription products and 2-LTR circles, respectively, using quantitative PCR. Results: Aeroplysinin-1, purealidin B and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-Omethyltyrosine inhibited the HIV-1 replication in a dose-dependent manner, with a median maximum percentage of inhibition of 74% (20 µM), 57% (80 µM) and 47% (80 µM), respectively. Importantly, none of these concentrations were cytotoxic. Aeroplysinin-1, 19-deoxyfistularin 3, purealidin B, fistularin 3 and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-O-methyltyrosine inhibited the nuclear import efficiently; while 3,5-dibromoN,N,N,O-tetramethyltyraminium, aeroplysinin-1, purealidin B, fistularin 3 and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-Omethyltyrosine inhibited X4 HIV-1 cell entry with a median maximum percentage of inhibition ranging between 2 to 30%. Conclusions: Aeroplysinin-1, 19-deoxyfistularin 3, purealidin B, fistularin 3 and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-O-methyltyrosine inhibited HIV replication at different steps. This study opens the possibility of chemically synthesizing these compounds and evaluating them as alternative therapies against HIV-1.

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