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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of applying oxidized cassava starch-based edible coatings with addition of lemongrass essential oil emulsion on 'Palmer' mangoes stored under refrigeration. A completely randomized design was used, arranged in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme, with five types of coatings and three evaluation times. The evaluated postharvest quality parameters consisted of weight loss, pulp and peel firmness, biochemical transformations related to pigments, and pulp and peel coloration of mango. The application of edible coatings with a 0.9 % EO concentration resulted in delayed fruit ripening, evidenced mainly by a 7.25 % reduction in weight loss, a 29.23 % increase in soluble solids content, and a 24.15 % decrease in total chlorophyll, when compared to uncoated fruits, which showed 19.8 %, 48.66 %, and 82.00 %, respectively, over the storage period. This effect was also evident in the angle Hue (°h) measurement, with uncoated fruits showing a decrease of 32.2 %. The antimicrobial effect and absence of anthracnose symptoms were observed in the fruits in which the coating with 0.9 % EO was applied. Therefore, biodegradable coating with the addition of 0.9 % emulsion EO, can be used as postharvest treatments for maintenance quality of 'Palmer' mangoes during refrigerated storage.

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Direct and indirect ecological interactions, environmental factors, and the phenology of host plants can shape the way mites interact. These relationships interfere with species occurrence and consequently alter the structure and stability of the intraplant community. As predatory mites act as regulators of herbivorous mites, we hypothesized that these mites may occupy a central position in a network of interactions among mite species associated with mango trees, and the occurrence of these species is mediated by environmental variables and the phenological stage of the host plant. We evaluated the global structure of the interaction network of mites associated with individual Mangifera indica plants and analyzed the interspecific relationships of the species using an undirected Bayesian network approach. Additionally, we observed a correlation between mite population density and plant phenological stage. Environmental variables, such as average monthly temperature, monthly precipitation, and average monthly relative humidity at different sampling date were used in the correlation analysis. The modularity at the mite-plant network level showed a low specialization index H2 = 0.073 (generalist) and high robustness (R = 0.93). Network analysis revealed that Amblyseius largoensis, Bdella ueckermanni, Parapronematus acaciae, and Tuckerella ornata occupied central positions in the assembly of mites occurring on mango trees. Environmental variables, average monthly temperature, and monthly precipitation were correlated with the occurrence of Brachytydeus formosa, Cisaberoptus kenyae, Oligonychus punicae, T. ornata, and Vilaia pamithus. We also observed a correlation between the plant phenological stage and population densities of Neoseiulus houstoni, O. punicae, P. acaciae, and V. pamithus.

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Mangoes contain several components that are beneficial for health, in addition to being potential sources of starch for the food industry. However, a substantial amount of fruit is lost in the field because it does not meet commercial standards, resulting in food losses and environmental damage. Herein, the physicochemical properties of mango flours and starches obtained from different parts of the fruit of two cultivars were evaluated. Mango peel flours have higher levels of proteins, fibers, minerals, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity than pulp flours, in addition to a higher yellowing index and water and oil-holding capacity, and can be used as a functional flour. The pulp flours, with the higher starch content, showed characteristics that make them valuable as a potential ingredient in soft baking and gluten-free products. Mango starches have circular and oval shapes, with a bimodal distribution. All starches showed an A-type crystallinity pattern. Pulp starches showed a higher peak viscosity and breakdown, with a lower setback, and can be used as a thickening or gelling agent. The higher thermal stability of kernel starch suggests its application in sauces, baking, dairy products, and canned foods.

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We present a study on the green synthesis of undoped and Er-doped ZnO compounds using Mangifera indica gum (MI). A set of tests were conducted to assess the structure of the material. The tests included X-ray diffraction, Raman, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Optical properties were studied using diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence. Morphological and textural investigations were done using SEM images and N2 adsorption/desorption. Furthermore, photocatalytic tests were performed with methylene blue (MB), yellow eosin (EY), and the pharmaceutical drug ibuprofen (IBU) under UV irradiation. The study demonstrated that replacing the stabilizing agent with Mangifera indica gum is an effective method for obtaining ZnO nanoparticles. Additionally, the energy gap of the nanoparticles exhibits a slight reduction in value. Photoluminescence studies showed the presence of zinc vacancies and other defects in both samples. In the photocatalytic test, the sample containing Er3+ exhibited a degradation of 99.7% for methylene blue, 81.2% for yellow eosin, and 52.3% for ibuprofen over 120 min. In the presence of methyl alcohol, the degradation of MB and EY dyes is 16.7% and 55.7%, respectively. This suggests that hydroxyl radicals are responsible for the direct degradation of both dyes. In addition, after the second reuse, the degradation rate for MB was 94.08%, and for EY, it was 82.35%. For the third reuse, the degradation rate for MB was 97.15%, and for EY, it was 17%. These results indicate the significant potential of the new semiconductor in environmental remediation applications from an ecological synthesis.

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A elevada produção global de Mangifera indica gera uma considerável quantidade de resíduos, como cascas e sementes que são frequentemente descartados. O aproveitamento desses subprodutos promove uma abordagem mais sustentável, reduzindo impactos ambientais e abrindo novas perspectivas na área fitocosmética. A casca apresenta metabólitos secundários conhecidos principalmente por suas propriedades antioxidantes, destacando-se os compostos fenólicos. Esses antioxidantes são capazes de retardar a velocidade de oxidação promovida por radicais livres formados por fatores externos ou fisiopatológicos. Assim, antioxidantes naturais extraídos a partir de espécie vegetal estão sendo cada vez mais estudados para aplicação na indústria cosmética e farmacêutica. O potencial fitocosmético do extrato glicólico da casca de M. indica L. var. Tommy Atkins em três bases galênicas (gel de Carbopol®, gel-creme e gel de Estagel®) foi avaliado por meio dos ensaios de atividade antioxidante, pelo método do radical DPPH, e estudos de estabilidade. As formulações com o extrato apresentaram-se estáveis e compatíveis para o uso tópico, pois não foram verificados sinais de instabilidade como alteração das características organolépticas e do pH. Em relação à atividade antioxidante, formulações com o extrato apresentaram potencial antioxidante, porém a formulação com Carbopol® e gel-creme apresentaram melhor desempenho em relação ao Estagel®. Após 30 dias de estabilidade preliminar em diferentes condições de temperatura (40,0 ± 2<0°C, 20,0 ± 5,0°C, 5,0 ± 2,0°C) houve redução de atividade antioxidante somente no gel de Carbopol® armazenado sob elevada temperatura, indicando a melhor forma de armazenamento. Diante disso, os resultados sugerem a promissora incorporação de M. indica L. var. Tommy Atkins em bases cosméticas.

The high global production of Mangifera indica generates a considerable amount of waste, such as peels and seeds that are often discarded. The use of these by-products promotes a more sustainable approach, reducing environmental impacts and opening new perspectives in the phytocosmetics area. The peel presents secondary metabolites known mainly for their antioxidant properties, highlighting phenolic compounds. These antioxidants are capable of slowing down the rate of oxidation promoted by free radicals formed by external or pathophysiological factors. Thus, natural antioxidants extracted from plant species are increasingly being studied for application in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. The phytocosmetic potential of the glycolic extract from the peel of M. indica L. var. Tommy Atkins in three galenic bases (Carbopol® gel, cream gel and Estagel® gel) was evaluated through antioxidant activity tests, the DPPH radical scavenging method, and stability studies. The formulations with the extract were stable and compatible for topical use, as there were no signs of instability such as changes in organoleptic characteristics and pH. Regarding antioxidant activity, formulations with the extract showed antioxidant potential, however the formulation with Carbopol® and gel-cream showed better performance compared to Estagel®. After 30 days of preliminary stability in different temperature conditions (40.0 ± 2<0°C, 20.0 ± 5.0°C, 5.0 ± 2.0°C) there was a reduction in antioxidant activity only in the gel of Carbopol® stored at high temperature, indicating the best form of storage. Therefore, the results suggest the promising incorporation of M. indica L. var. Tommy Atkins in cosmetic foundations.

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Mango and its by-products have traditional medicinal uses. They contain diverse bioactive compounds offering numerous health benefits, including cardioprotective and metabolic properties. This study aimed to explore the impact of mango fruit and its by-products on human health, emphasizing its metabolic syndrome components. PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were searched following PRISMA guidelines, and the COCHRANE handbook was utilized to assess bias risks. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown several benefits of mango and its by-products. For this systematic review, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. The collective findings indicated that the utilization of mango in various forms-ranging from fresh mango slices and mango puree to mango by-products, mango leaf extract, fruit powder, and mangiferin-yielded many favorable effects. These encompassed enhancements in glycemic control and improvements in plasma lipid profiles. Additionally, mango reduces food intake, elevates mood scores, augments physical performance during exercise, improves endothelial function, and decreases the incidence of respiratory tract infections. Utilizing mango by-products supports the demand for healthier products. This approach also aids in environmental conservation. Furthermore, the development of mango-derived nanomedicines aligns with sustainable goals and offers innovative solutions for healthcare challenges whilst being environmentally conscious.

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This study investigated the potential uses of discarded mango peel and seed parts by analyzing their water sorption behavior, hydration kinetics, and stability when converted into extract powders at pH 3 and 10. The results revealed that peel extracts had a higher water adsorption capacity compared with seed extracts due to differences in their composition. Peel extracts were primarily composed of carbohydrates (approximately 75%) with a low protein content, while seed extracts contained fewer carbohydrates (less than 30%) but higher levels of proteins (more than 30%) and lipids. The critical water content for maintaining the glassy state of peel extract powders during storage was found to be 0.025 and 0.032 g of water/g for extracts obtained at pH 3 and 10, respectively. In contrast, the Tg values of seed extracts remained relatively unchanged across different water content levels, suggesting that proteins and lipids inhibited the water's plasticizing effect in the solid matrix. These findings indicate that both mango waste fractions exhibit distinct hygroscopic behaviors, necessitating different approaches to processing and utilization. These extracts hold potential applications for various food products such as beverages, gels, sauces, or emulsions, contributing to the reduction in waste and the creation of value-added products from mango residues.

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The mango weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Curculionidae), pest present in Brazil and is restricted to some municipalities in the Rio de Janeiro State. This curculionid attacks the mango crop exclusively and puts mango production globally at risk, especially those destined for export. Using ecological modeling tools, this study is the first to map the potential risk of S. mangiferae in Brazil. We aimed to identify the potential distribution of this pest in Brazilian states, drawing up thematic maps of regions that present suitable and unsuitable climatic conditions for the establishment of the pest using the MaxEnt ecological niche model. The average annual temperature, the annual precipitation, the average daytime temperature range, and the annual temperature range were the variables that contributed most to the selected model. The MaxEnt model predicted highly suitable areas for S. mangiferae throughout the Brazilian coast, especially on the northeast coast. The region responsible for more than 50% of mango production in Brazil, the São Francisco Valley, was classified by the model with suitability for the pest; it can impacts exportations due to the imposition of phytosanitary barriers. This information can be used in strategies to prevent the introduction and establishment of this pest in new areas and monitor programs in areas with recent occurrence. In addition, the model results can be used in future research plans on S. mangiferae in worldwide modeling studies and climate change scenarios.

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Previous studies have indicated that mango fruit has a chemopreventive capacity against colorectal cancer cells. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract of lyophilized mango pulp (LMPE) on colon adenocarcinoma cells (SW480) and their metastatic derivatives (SW620) death and cellular invasion. DNA fragmentation was assessed by TUNEL assay; autophagy and expression of DR4 and Bcl-2 by flow cytometry; the expression of 35 apoptosis-related proteins and of matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 9 by immunodetection; and the invasive capacity of the cells by Boyden chamber. The results showed that LMPE at 30 mg/mL and 48 h of exposure results in DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in SW480 (p < 0.001) and SW620 (p < 0.01) cells. Additionally, LMPE decreased autophagy in the SW480 and SW620 cell lines (p < 0.001), which could sensitize them to the DNA damage generated by LMPE. The LMPE did not modulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 9, nor did it affect cellular invasion processes in the SW480 and SW620 cell lines. In conclusion, LMPE induces apoptosis and decreases autophagy in SW480 and SW620 cells.

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Anastrepha obliqua Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a polyphagous species with hog plums (Spondias spp.) (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) and mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) as primary host fruits. In this study, the olfactory preference of A. obliqua for three stages of ripeness of two mango cultivars ('Coche' and 'Ataulfo') was investigated. The female flies were more attracted to ripe 'Coche' fruits compared to those ripe 'Ataulfo'. Further, they were more attracted to the 'Coche' half-ripe and ripe fruits than to the unripe ones, but they did not discriminate among the stages of ripeness of 'Ataulfo' fruits. The male flies did not show preference for any specific mango cultivars or ripeness stage tested. Four compounds from ripe 'Coche' mangoes, and two from ripe 'Ataulfo' fruits were identified using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic (GC-EAD) recording and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. 'Coche' mango volatiles eliciting responses from the female antennae were ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, and ethyl octanoate. The two 'Ataulfo' mango volatiles were identified as 3-carene and ethyl octanoate. These compounds were absent in unripe mangoes of both cultivars. Synthetic blends of these compounds were attractive to females as mango extracts in field cage tests. Our results suggest that the olfactory preference of A. obliqua for attractive hosts is based on the presence or absence of the compounds associated with fruit maturity.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate and select entomopathogenic fungi that produces insecticidal compounds for the control of adults of Anastrepha obliqua Macquart (Diptera: tephritidae) that are the main pest of mango (Mangifera indica L. Bark) in Colombia. Nine entomopathogenic fungi isolates were evaluated, five belonging to the genus Metarhizium and four belonging to the genus Beauveria. One strain of the species Metarhizium robertsii with insecticidal activity was selected. By column fractionation, an active fraction was obtained, which caused mortalities higher than 90% after 48 h of exposure. Through HPLC it was determined that the active fraction is composed of more than 22 metabolites. Identification of the metabolites by UHPLC MS/MS revealed the presence of destruxin in E, D, A and B groups (destruxin E-diol, destruxin D, destruxin D1, destruxin D2, destruxin A2, destruxin A, destruxin A3, dihydrodestruxin A, desmB, destruxin B2, destruxin B and destruxin B1). The evaluation of the insecticidal capacity of the organic fractions obtained by HPLC indicated that the extract obtained from the isolate M. robertsii had a compound with high activity on adults of A. obliqua (destruxin A) causing massive mortality of up to 100%, after 48 h of the treatment administration. Furthermore, two other compounds with medium activity were found (destruxin A2 and destruxin B), showing mortalities between 60.0 and 81.3%, respectively. The extract of the isolate MT008 of M. robertsii showed higher insecticidal activity and a potential source for the control of A. obliqua.

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In this project, we employed ethanolic (EMI) and aqueous (AMI) extracts of mango (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae) fruit seeds as a modulator of antibiotic resistance against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii to evaluate natural compounds isolated from by-products or waste of edible plants. We also investigated the effect of these extracts alone and in combination with standard classes of antibiotics in the desired strains. M. indica seeds were processed and exploited using ethanol and water. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clinical isolates were examined against EMI and AMI extracts, followed by seven antibiotics of ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, amikacin, meropenem, ampicillin, and colistin. The checkerboard method evaluated the synergistic action between mango kernel extract (EMI) and seven antibiotics. EMI extract significantly revealed antimicrobial properties against MDR A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa with synergistic effects with the applied antibiotics. The considerable antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extract of M. indica seeds can have great curative value as antibacterial drugs against infections caused by MDR P.aeruginosa and A. baumannii.

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Swell-Drying operation (SD) was applied on mangoes to evaluate its effect on drying kinetics: starting accessibility (δW), apparent drying coefficient (Dapp), and time to obtain a final moisture content of 20% d.b (tf = 20% d.b). Swell-drying consisted of (1) submitting fresh mangoes to a first pre-drying stage under Convective Air Drying (CAD) until a moisture content of 37% d.b; (2) applying Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) treatments on pre-dried mangoes by following a central composite rotatable design (steam pressure: 0.2-0.6 MPa and treatment time: 5 and 55 s); and (3) apply post-drying of mangoes under CAD. In both cases, CAD was performed at 60 °C and airflow of 1 m/s. Results showed that both the treatment time and the steam pressure impacted the Dapp and the δW. By comparing to the control, SD (0.54 MPa and 48 s) increased the Dapp and δW to 12.2 and 2.7 times, respectively. Moreover, SD triggers a significant reduction in post-drying time (tf = 20% d.b), being this of 2.4 h vs. 30.8 h. These results could be linked to the expansion of the internal pores of mangoes generated by the instant autovaporization of residual water triggered by DIC treatment.

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Background: Hydrocolloids are ingredients used to improve the technological properties of products; currently, there is a growing demand from the food industry and consumers to use natural ingredients and reduce the environmental impact. Methods: This work evaluated the effect of pH on hydrocolloid extraction from the pulp, seed, and peel of mango (Mangifera indica) var. hilaza and their chemical, physicochemical, techno-functional, and structural properties. Results: The main component of the hydrocolloid was the carbohydrates for pulp (22.59%) and peel (24.05%), and the protein for seed (21.48%) was corroborated by NIR spectra and associated with the technological and functional properties. The solubility increases with the temperature presenting values higher than 75% at 80 °C; the swelling index was higher than 30%, while the water holding capacity was higher in samples with higher carbohydrate content (110−121%). Moreover, a higher content of total phenolic compounds (21.61 ± 0.39−51.77 ± 2.48 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (≥193.82 µMol Trolox/g) was obtained. The pH of extraction changes the color parameters and microstructural properties. Conclusions: Novel ingredients from mango pulp, seed, and peel at different pH levels have technological and functional properties that are potential use in the food industry as an alternative to the development of microstructural products.

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BACKGROUND: Treatment with low temperatures can be used to quarantine mangoes against fruit-fly infestation. However, mangoes can develop chilling injury (CI) when stored at temperatures below 13 °C. We demonstrated that the immersion in polyol solutions can alleviate CI symptoms in 'Palmer' mangoes stored at 8 °C. These suggest that polyols can be used to reduce CI in mangoes during quarantine at low temperatures. Thus, we investigated the efficacy of applying 0.1% (v/v) glycerol, propylene glycol, or sorbitol to 'Palmer' mangoes subjected to cold treatment (1.0 °C) for 28 days. Mangoes were then ripened at 23 °C for 7 days. RESULTS: Among these polyols, sorbitol was the most effective in alleviating CI for up to 14 days of cold treatment. Mangoes treated with sorbitol showed lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and reduced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. These fruit also had elevated levels of ascorbate (AsA), especially in the epicarp, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity. CONCLUSION: Sorbitol can reduce the CI, but to an unsatisfying level, and it should be combined with other treatments storage at low temperature. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Heat treatment during pasteurization of mango (Mangifera indica L.) pulp reduces the phenolic content and its potential health benefits. The bioactive content, phenolics profile, and antioxidant capacity of 'Ataulfo' mango pulp after ohmic heating (OH) treatment (15.0-20.0 V/cm), and conventional heating (CT, 72 °C) were evaluated. No significant differences were observed in the gallic acid and mangiferin content and its antioxidant capacity (ABTS). Mass spectrometry analysis (LC/MS-TOF) showed that all treatments produced the same profile of phenolic compounds, including 6 phenolic acids, 2 gallotannins, 1 benzophenone, 2 xanthones, and 3 flavonoids. PCA analysis confirmed that mangiferin and gallic acid were the main contributors to the ABTS antioxidant capacity. These results demonstrate that OH treatments can preserve the compositions of phenolic compounds mango pulp, thus maintaining its potential health benefits.

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Colletotrichum causing anthracnose in mango is known for its variable virulence that may have an effect on disease development and efficacy of management strategies. In this study, we characterized Colletotrichum spp. isolated from mango fruits under in vitro and in vivo conditions using close-range thermography and reflectance spectroscopy. Twenty-six isolates were phylogenetically characterized to ascertain species using the internal transcribed spacer sequence. Virulence, spectral (in vivo and in vitro), and thermographic responses (in vivo) of these isolates were analyzed. Isolates were grouped into the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex and classified into eight morphotypes. Mycelial growth, conidia production, sporulation abundance, and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) varied largely among isolates. Disease symptoms were observed 4 days after inoculation (dai), and, for most morphotypes, changes in tissue temperature were registered at 11 dai, with the greatest decrease at 14 dai with pathogen sporulation. In vitro and in vivo morphotypes shared changes in the spectrum range, and main variations were found in the number of informative spectral bands. In vivo average gross reflectance was higher in disease-inoculated tissue than in healthy uninoculated tissue. Morphotype responses varied depending on AUDPC values and postinoculation time. Discriminant analysis of the spectral response using principal component analysis and partial least squares regression explained 94 to 96.3 and 98 to 99.9% of the variance from in vitro and in vivo tests, respectively. Spectral markers were obtained for four distinct morphotype groups. We found three (550 to 650, 650.1 to 790, and 1,300 to 1,400 nm) and two (520 to 830 and 1,100 to 1,450 nm) regions with highly (P < 0.05) discriminant spectral bands for diseased fruits and morphotype characterization.

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With the aim of identifying key factors that determine oviposition decisions by Anastrepha obliqua for management purposes, we conducted a behavioral study under natural/semi-natural field conditions to identify where exactly in the fruit (upper, middle, or lower sections) females preferred to lay eggs in a highly susceptible mango cultivar ("Criollo"), and whether sunlight incidence and fruit chemical compounds influenced oviposition site selection by this pestiferous fly. Females oviposited in shaded, upper fruit sections where pulp had higher total carbohydrate concentrations but similar total protein, lipid, and polyphenol concentrations than non-oviposited sections. Peel had higher overall nutrient and mangiferin/quercetin-3-D-galactoside (polyphenols) concentrations. An untargeted metabolomic analysis of oviposited and non-oviposited fruit sections identified abscisic acid (ABA) and dihydrophaseic acid glucoside, a by-product of ABA catabolism, as potential chemical markers that could play a role in fruit acceptance behaviors by female flies. We conclude that females preferentially oviposit in fruit sections with optimal chemical and environmental conditions for larval development: more carbohydrates and antioxidants such as mangiferin and ferulic acid and lesser sunlight exposure to avoid lethal egg/larval desiccation/overheating. We make specific recommendations for A. obliqua management based on female host selection behavior, a tree pruning scheme exposing fruit to direct sunlight, application of a host marking pheromone, and the use of egg sinks in the orchard.

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The objective was to evaluate the fermentation profile, aerobic stability, chemical composition, and mineral content of silages of mango combined with cocoa pod husk meal. A completely randomized design was adopted, including four levels (65, 70, 75, and 80%) and five repetitions, totaling 20 experimental silos that were opened after 90 days of sealing. Increasing mango levels in the silages increased the dry matter recovery, total carbohydrates, and fraction B2 of carbohydrates, and reduced gas losses, dry matter, and mineral matter. The quadratic effect was found for pH, buffering capacity, potassium, boron, iron, and nitrogen fractions A and B1 + B2. Using unconventional products such as mango combined with cocoa pod husk meal for silage making can reduce the cost of food supplementation for ruminants, and the environmental contamination.(AU)

Foi avaliado o perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia, composição química e conteúdo mineral de silagens de manga combinadas com farelo de casca de cacau. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, incluindo quatro níveis (65, 70, 75 e 80%) e cinco repetições, totalizando 20 silos experimentais abertos aos 90 dias da vedação. O incremento dos níveis de manga nas silagens aumentou a recuperação de matéria seca, carboidratos totais e fração B2 de carboidratos, e reduziu as perdas de gases, matéria seca e matéria mineral. Foi encontrado um efeito quadrático para pH, capacidade tampão, potássio, boro, ferro e para as frações de nitrogênio A e B1 + B2. A utilização de produtos não convencionais como a manga combinada com a farinha da casca da vagem de cacau para a produção de silagem pode reduzir o custo da suplementação alimentar para ruminantes e a contaminação ambiental.(AU)

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Mangifera indica can generate up to 60% of polluting by-products, including peels. However, it has been shown that flavonoids and mangiferin are mainly responsible for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities closely related to the wound-healing process. The chemical composition of MEMI (methanolic extract of M. indica) was analyzed by HPLC-DAD, as well as concentrations of total phenol (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) and antioxidant activity (SA50). Wound-healing efficacy was determined by measurements of wound contraction, histological analysis, and tensiometric method; moreover, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and acute dermal toxicity (OECD 402) were also evaluated. Phenol, resorcinol, conjugated resorcinol, and mangiferin were detected. TPC, TFC, and SA50 were 136 mg GAE/g, 101.66 mg QE/g, and 36.33 µg/mL, respectively. Tensile strength and wound contraction closure did not show significant differences between MEMI and dexpanthenol groups. Histological analysis (after 14 days) shows a similar architecture between MEMI treatment and normal skin. MEMI exhibits a reduction in edema. Staphylococcus epidermidis had an MIC of 2 mg/mL, while Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli reached 4 mg/mL. The MEMI showed no signs of toxicity. Therefore, this study demonstrates multiple targets that flavonoids and mangiferin of MEMI may present during the healing process.

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