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DNA barcoding and environmental DNA (eDNA) represent significant advances for biomonitoring the world's biodiversity and its threats. However, these methods are highly dependent on the presence of species sequences on molecular databases. Brazil is one of the world's largest and most biologically diverse countries. However, many knowledge gaps still exist for describing, identifying, and monitoring of mammalian biodiversity using molecular methods. We aimed to unravel the patterns of the presence of Brazilian mammal species on molecular databases to improve our understanding of how effectively it would be to monitor them using DNA barcoding and environmental DNA, and contribute to mammalian conservation. We foundt many gaps in molecular databases, with many taxa being poorly represented, particularly from Amazonia, the order Lagomorpha, and arboreal, gomivorous, near extinct, and illegally traded species. Moreover, our analyses revealed that species description year was the most important factor determining the probability of a species to being sequenced. Primates are the group with the highest number of species considered a priority for sequencing due to their high level of combined threats. We highlight where investments are needed to fill knowledge gaps and increase the representativity of species on molecular databases to enable a better monitoring ability of Brazilian mammals encompassing different traits using DNA barcoding and environmental DNA.

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Leptospira spp. are bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease with considerable impacts on the economy, animal health, and public health. This disease has a global distribution and is particularly prevalent in Brazil. Both rural and urban environments are habitats for Leptospira spp., which are primarily transmitted through contact with the urine of infected animals. Consequently, domestic and wild species can harbor these prokaryotes and serve as infection sources for other hosts. In the context of wild animals, there is a dearth of molecular studies elucidating the roles of various animal and bacterial species in the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of Leptospira spp. DNA in different species of free-living and captive wild animals and to assess the phylogenetic relationships of the identified microorganisms in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The samples were evaluated for the presence of the gene lipL32 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the amplified fragment after which phylogenetic analyzes were carried out. DNA from Leptospira spp. was extracted from kidney tissue from wild animals (Mammalia class). Pathogenic Leptospira spp. DNA was detected in 9.6% (11/114) of the samples, originating from nine species of wild animals, including the white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris), skunk (Conepatus chinga), geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi), margay (Leopardus wiedii), pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis), and european hare (Lepus europaeus). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of Leptospira borgpetersenii and Leptospira interrogans in these animals. This research is the first study contributing to the epidemiology of leptospirosis by identifying L. borgpetersenii and L. interrogans in free-living and captive wild animals in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, potentially acting as bacterial reservoirs. Additionally, our findings can inform sanitary measures for controlling and preventing the disease, thereby safeguarding public health.

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The San Quintin Kangaroo Rat, a rodent species microendemic to the San Quintin-El Rosario region in Baja California that was considered potentially extinct in the wild, was recently rediscovered. This stimulated subsequent searches by us throughout its known distribution range and on sites that seemed suitable beyond its limits. We captured the species at 19 out of 42 localities surveyed, of which 6 are beyond its historically known distribution range, expanding the latter by ~60 km. Most sites occupied by the species occur on abandoned farmland in early ecological successional stages. Our data support that in the highly transformed agricultural landscape into which the region was converted in the 20th century, the species was able to survive undetected and colonize/recolonize sites once habitat became adequate after agricultural abandonment. This exhibits that the species is highly resilient and persisted as a metapopulation. Further research and conservation actions must be framed within context of the region's agricultural development.

Quintín­El Rosario, Baja California, considerada potencialmente extinta, se redescubrió recientemente. Ello estimuló búsquedas en todo su rango de distribución conocido y en sitios potenciales que parecían adecuados más allá de sus límites geográficos. Capturamos a la especie en 19 de 42 localidades, de las cuales 6 estaban fuera de su rango de distribución históricamente conocido, expandiendo este rango en ~60 km. La mayoría de los sitios ocupados por la especie se encuentran en tierras de cultivo abandonadas en etapas tempranas de sucesión ecológica. Nuestros datos respaldan la hipótesis de que el paisaje agrícola altamente antropizado, en el que se convirtió la región en el siglo XX, la especie sobrevivió en refugios y colonizó/recolonizó sitios una vez que el hábitat se volvió adecuado después de su abandono agrícola. Esto mostró que la especie es altamente resiliente y persistió como una metapoblación. Las futuras acciones de investigación y conservación deben enmarcarse en el contexto del desarrollo agrícola de la región.

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A large number of tick species are proven vectors for the transmission of bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Soft ticks (Acari: Argasidae) in South America have been found to be the most frequent carriers of borreliae of the relapsing fever group (RFG); however, there are several information gaps specially on the taxonomy and distribution of some tick species. Here, we used light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and PCR amplification of a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene to evaluate 174 larvae of Ornithodoros (Argasidae) collected from three bat species (Eptesicus orinocensis, Molossus rufus and Noctilio albiventris) in the Orinoquia Region of Colombia. The morphological and molecular results confirmed that all the analyzed larvae corresponded to Ornithodoros hasei. Comparisons of mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences showed low genetic divergence (0% - 0.3%) between larvae of the Department of Arauca in the Orinoquia Region and higher genetic divergence (3.4 - 4.7%) in sequences from other American countries. Our work represents the most recent collection of this species in Colombia and provides a molecular evaluation for the first time. Moreover, a new association of O. hasei with bats such as E. orinocensis is documented. Considering the wide distribution of O. hasei in the American Continent, and its putative role as vector for Borrelia, integrative studies that involve morphological, morphometric, molecular data and experimental crosses are needed to determine if the higher genetic distances are associated with cryptic speciation, as detected in other tick complexes, or represent genetic divergences among geographically different populations of O. hasei.

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Tamandua Gray, 1825 contains two species of anteaters: Tamandua mexicana (Saussure, 1860), which occurs in southern Mexico, throughout Central America and south to the west of the Andes in South America, and Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758), widely distributed in South America, from Venezuela to northern Argentina, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. Historically, different coloration patterns have been attributed to the coat of Tamandua, with T. mexicana typically showing a partial or complete dark "vest" on the dorsal portion of the body, whereas T. tetradactyla can show a complete, partial, or absent vest and a coat varying from golden, pale yellow and pale gray to brown or black. These different coat colors are sometimes treated as inherent characteristics of subspecies of Tamandua. Here, we review color variation in Tamandua and describe six chromatic disorders for the genus: albinism, leucism, "brown" variation, melanism (partial and total), xanthochromism (partial and total) and, for the first time for anteaters, erythrism. In addition, we detail the morphological expression and geographic distribution of these anomalies in populations of Tamandua from Central and South America.(AU)

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The genus Molossops includes two monotypic species of insectivore bats distributed in South America: Molossopsneglectus and Molossopstemminckii. Both can be differentiated, based on sizes, M.temminckii being smaller (forearm less than 33 mm). Despite being monotypic, at least two additional subspecies have been described for M.temminckii, of which M.temminckiigriseiventer from the inter-Andean Valley of the Magdalena River in Colombia might represent a valid taxon. To test the taxonomic status of M.t.griseiventer, we reviewed specimens of M.temminckii from cis- and trans-Andean localities in Colombia. We used Cytochrome-b and Cytochrome Oxidase I comparisons to test the phylogenetic position of cis- and trans-Andean samples and compared qualitative morphology, morphometric and bioacoustics. Our results show that M.t.griseiventer is differentiated from cis-Andean specimens, providing further evidence of its validity at the species level. Furthermore, M.temminckii (sensu stricto) is also distributed in Colombia, but both M.griseiventer and M.temminckii are allopatric, with the Andes acting as a barrier. The specific identity of the specimens from the Caribbean Region of Colombia needs a new evaluation, but our results clearly show that the diversity of Molossops is underestimated.

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Terrestrial mammals face a severe crisis of habitat loss worldwide. Therefore, assessing information on habitat loss throughout different time periods is crucial for assessing species' conservation statuses based on the IUCN Red List system. To support the national extinction risk assessment in Brazil (2016-2022), we developed a script that uses the MapBiomas Project 6.0 data source of land cover and land use (annual maps at 30 m scale) within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to calculate habitat loss. We defined suitable habitats from the MapBiomas Project land cover classification for 190 mammalian taxa, according to each species range map and ecological characteristics. We considered a period of three generation lengths to assess habitat loss in accordance with the Red List assessment criteria. We used the script to estimate changes in available habitat throughout the analyzed period within the species' known ranges. The results indicated that habitat loss occurred within 94.3% of the analyzed taxa range, with the Carnivora order suffering the greatest habitat loss, followed by the Cingulata order. These analyses may be decisive for applying criteria, defining categories during the assessment of at least 17 species (9%), enriching discussions, and raising new questions for several other species. We considered the outcome of estimating habitat loss for various taxa when applying criterion A, which refers to population reduction, thus supporting more accurate inferences about past population declines.

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Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious, worldwide disease that affects the skin of mammals, including humans. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, however, the information available in wild mammal populations in the world, and particularly in Colombia is limited. Here, we document a new case of sarcoptic mange in an Andean porcupine (Coendou quichua) from the Andean region of Colombia. We morphologically and molecularly confirmed the mite as S. scabiei and documented the histopathology associated with scabies, and show the different stages of the life cycle of S. scabiei from the Andean porcupine skin samples. Our review of reports of additional cases of scabies in wild mammal species in South America showed 15 species, mostly carnivores, artiodactyls, and rodents. Considering the limited information in Colombia, it is urgent to evaluate the risk of this condition on mammals which would contribute to the epidemiological knowledge and the potential implications of sarcoptic mange in the ecology and conservation of wild mammals in the country.

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Comparative whole-genome analyses hold great power to illuminate commonalities and differences in the evolution of related species that share similar ecologies. The mustelid subfamily Lutrinae includes 13 currently recognized extant species of otters,1-5 a semiaquatic group whose evolutionary history is incompletely understood. We assembled a dataset comprising 24 genomes from all living otter species, 14 of which were newly sequenced. We used this dataset to infer phylogenetic relationships and divergence times, to characterize patterns of genome-wide genealogical discordance, and to investigate demographic history and current genomic diversity. We found that genera Lutra, Aonyx, Amblonyx, and Lutrogale form a coherent clade that should be synonymized under Lutra, simplifying the taxonomic structure of the subfamily. The poorly known tropical African Aonyx congicus and the more widespread Aonyx capensis were found to be reciprocally monophyletic (having diverged 440,000 years ago), supporting the validity of the former as a distinct species. We observed variable changes in effective population sizes over time among otters within and among continents, although several species showed similar trends of expansions and declines during the last 100,000 years. This has led to different levels of genomic diversity assessed by overall heterozygosity, genome-wide SNV density, and run of homozygosity burden. Interestingly, there were cases in which diversity metrics were consistent with the current threat status (mostly based on census size), highlighting the potential of genomic data for conservation assessment. Overall, our results shed light on otter evolutionary history and provide a framework for further in-depth comparative genomic studies targeting this group.

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Conceição dos Ouros is located in the Mantiqueira mountain range (elevation: 831‒1443 m a.s.l.), State of Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil. The largest two Atlantic Forest remnants of the Municipality of Conceição dos Ouros total more than 2,000 ha and the main vegetation type is seasonal semi-deciduous forest, isolated by a matrix of agricultural fields and pasture. The Municipality does not have any protected areas and is located in a highly fragmented region, albeit considered of special importance for the conservation of terrestrial vertebrates in the State of Minas Gerais. Due to a cooperation with the Municipality of Conceição dos Ouros to carry out a survey of the local biodiversity, in this study we present the results of the survey of medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals from the two forest remnants in the region. Sampling was performed from July 2019 to August 2021 and comprised a camera trap survey, active searching including direct (e.g. carcass sightings) and indirect (e.g. footprints and faeces) evidence of species presence and interviews with residents. Twenty-nine native and two non-native species were documented. Ten species are in some category of threat of extinction at regional, national or global levels. This is the first survey of the terrestrial mammal fauna in the area of Conceição dos Ouros and results could be helpful in designing conservation strategies at the local scale.

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The Anthropocene brought an accelerated risk of extinction for species across the globe. However, extinction proneness is not even across groups. Past and current events show large-sized mammals at greater extinction risk than smaller ones. For practical reasons, conservation actions tend to focus on the species level; therefore, well-founded species limits are pivotal. Since 2005, the number of known mammal species is about 20% higher but largely due to taxonomic discoveries in small-sized taxa. Here we review the recent taxonomic advances on medium- and large-sized mammals (MLM) from the Neotropics, and discuss misperceptions concerning the taxonomy stability in this group and how this may hinder proper conservation actions. We advocate that apparent taxonomic inertia toward large-sized mammals is partly related to limited systematic inquiry rather than representing an accurate knowledge of their diversity. Fortunately, this scenario has slowly changed in recent years. Linked to integrative analyses that took place during the 21st century, the Neotropical region represents a major example of recent growth in MLM diversity. Taxonomic novelties were found in eight orders of MLM and occurred across taxonomic ranks, from family to subspecies. Most changes comprise subspecies or synonyms elevated to full species, but new taxa of Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Pilosa, Primates, Perissodactyla, and large rodents have also been discovered. Recent reshuffles in MLM classification clearly illustrate the risk that bias in taxonomy studies can bring to conservation. Considering the new findings, some species previously labeled as "least concern" for conservation, stand now in some level of threat. This appraisal challenges the misperception of MLM as well-known and shows that taxonomy is a conservation issue.(AU)

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The seasonal forest formations of the Atlantic Forest are a threatened and poorly known habitat. We present here a list of the non-volant mammals occurring in a 515­ha forest fragment known as Santa Maria and located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Our surveys are based on live trap captures, camera traps, and active searches for footprints, as well as secondary data. We list 29 species of non-volant mammals in the fragment, recorded between 1996 and 2021. One species found in the fragment, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, is globally endangered. Two species are classified as "vulnerable" in the global red list: Myrmecophaga tridactyla, and Tapirus terresris. One species, Panthera onca, is classified as "critically endangered" in São Paulo state. The red howler, Alouatta guariba, was not recorded after 1999 and has probably been extirpated in the fragment. We show that the number of non-volant mammal species in Santa Maria fragment is high, in relation to its size. The fragment is also in a strategic position, between the Morro do Diabo state park and the Black Lion Tamarin Ecological station, the two largest protected areas in the region. Considering its high mammal richness and its possible role as stepping stone for the local fauna, we recommend that the fragment become a protected area.(AU)

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Resumen En este trabajo presentamos una lista actualizada de los murciélagos de Loreto basada en la revisión de bases de datos, colecciones científicas y literatura especializada. Encontramos que Loreto es el departamento con mayor diversidad de murciélagos del Perú, con 114 especies agrupadas en 7 familias (19.9% de la mastofauna peruana), y que incluyen dos de las nueve especies endémicas para Perú: Micronycteris (Micronycteris) matses y Hsunycteris dashe. Además, se encontraron 444 localidades diferentes con registros de especímenes, principalmente ubicadas a lo largo de ríos. Las especies registradas en cuatro o menos localidades únicas fueron consideradas como raras, mientras que las especies registradas en 111 o más localidades únicas fueron consideradas comunes. Presentamos un mapa de las ecorregiones de Loreto con las localidades únicas, tanto históricas como contemporáneas, además de un mapa de densidad de localidades por cada 25 km2 donde se identifican 6 zonas de vacíos de información: 1) norte y centro de Putumayo 2) noroeste de Maynas y noreste de Loreto, 3) centro de Maynas, 4) centro-norte del Datem del Marañón, norte de Alto Amazonas y extremo occidental de Loreto, 5) centro-sur de Requena y extremo oriental de Ucayali y 6) extremo occidental de Ucayali. Finalmente presentamos mapas de distribución para cada especie aquí reportada para Loreto.

Abstract In this work, an updated list of species of bats from Loreto is presented, this was elaborated using information of databases, zoological collections, and specialized literature. The results confirm Loreto as the most diverse department of Peru with 114 species of bats grouped into 7 families (19.9% of the Peruvian mastofauna), which include two of the nine endemic species to Peru: Micronycteris (Micronycteris) matses and Hsunycteris dashe. Additionally, 444 different locations were found with specimen records, located mainly along rivers. Species recorded in four or less different locations are considered rare, while species recorded in 111 or more different locations are considered common. We present a map of the Loreto ecoregions with the different localities, both historical and contemporary, as well as a map of density of locations per 25 km2, which identifies 6 areas of information gaps: 1) North and middle Putumayo, 2) Northwest Maynas and northeast Loreto, 3) Middle Maynas, 4) North-middle Datem del Marañón, north Alto Amazonas and western end of Loreto, 5) South-middle Requena and eastern end of Ucayali and 6) Western end of Ucayali. Finally we present distribution maps for each species reported here for Loreto.

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Resumen En el presente trabajo, presentamos una lista actualizada de mamíferos mayores para Loreto compuesta por 72 especies en 8 órdenes y 25 familias. Esta lista fue elaborada a partir de la minuciosa revisión de bases de datos, colecciones zoológicas y publicaciones científicas. En Loreto se encuentran 5 especies endémicas nacionales: Lagothrix flavicauda, Saguinus (Leontocebus) illigeri, Saguinus (Leontocebus) nigrifrons, Pithecia aequatorialis y Pithecia isabela, siendo las tres últimas también endémicas para Loreto. Se encontraron 292 localidades diferentes a partir de 3286 registros de mamíferos mayores. Se presenta un mapa de distribución de las localidades analizadas remarcando ecorregiones y registros históricos (antes del 2001) y contemporáneos (después del 2001). Asimismo, se presentan mapas con la distribución de las localidades donde han sido registradas las 72 especies estudiadas, y un mapa de densidad de las localidades registradas, el cual permite identificar dos zonas con vacíos de información: 1) la zona Datem del Marañón-Loreto y 2) la zona Alto Amazonas-Ucayali. Estas zonas requieren evaluaciones urgentes para complementar el conocimiento de la biodiversidad de Loreto y sustentar adecuadamente los planes de conservación y desarrollo sustentable.

Abstract In this work, we present an updated list of large mammals for Loreto composed of 72 species in 8 orders and 25 families. This list is elaborated from review of databases, zoological collections, and scientific publications. In Loreto is registered five Peruvian endemic species: Lagothrix flavicauda, Saguinus (Leontocebus) illigeri, Saguinus (Leontocebus) nigrifrons, Pithecia aequatorialis and Pithecia isabela; the last three have presence only in Loreto. We found 292 different locations and 3286 records of large mammals and build a distribution map highlighting ecoregions and historical (before 2001) and contemporary (after 2001) records. Likewise, we build maps for each of the 72 species with records in Loreto, and a density map that reveal two areas with information gaps: 1) the Datem del Marañón-Loreto zone, and 2) the Alto Amazonas-Ucayali zone. These zones require urgent evaluations to complement knowledge of Loreto's biodiversity and adequately support conservation and sustainable development plans.

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RESUMEN Los ecosistemas urbanos están entre los ambientes que más rápido crecen en el planeta debido al incremento de la población humana, y es necesaria información que permita tomar decisiones para el manejo y conservación de su biodiversidad. Por ello se revisaron las publicaciones sobre mamíferos urbanos colombianos y se analizaron cuatro aspectos: 1) la relación entre el número de publicaciones y el año, 2) la representación del conocimiento por regiones naturales y departamentos, 3) la relación entre el número de publicaciones y la población humana por departamento, y 4) la representación de los temas y órdenes de mamíferos estudiados en las diferentes regiones naturales. El número de publicaciones sobre los mamíferos urbanos se ha incrementado exponencialmente con el tiempo, pero estas no están distribuidas uniformemente entre las regiones naturales y departamentos. El número de publicaciones se incrementó con la población humana en los departamentos. Sin embargo, en algunos departamentos existe un número de publicaciones mayor al esperado, mientras que en otros están por debajo de las expectativas. Hay limitada información sobre las respuestas ecológicas de los mamíferos a la urbanización, su posibilidad de transmitir enfermedades, la composición de especies en la mayoría de las áreas urbanas y el efecto de la urbanización sobre la diversidad. Se sugiere aprovechar espacios como los campus universitarios e indicadores comportamentales de bajo costo para hacer experimentación y ayudar a desarrollar estrategias que permitan la coexistencia de humanos y mamíferos silvestres en y alrededor de las ciudades.

ABSTRACT Urban ecosystems are amongst the fastest growing environments on the planet due to the increase in human population. Hence, it is necessary to obtain information about biodiversity in such environments for their management and conservation. I reviewed the publications about Colombian urban mammals and analyzed four aspects: 1) the relationship between the number of publications and the year, 2) the contribution of publications from natural regions and departments, 3) the relationship between the number of publications and the human population per department, and 4) the contribution of publications about different subjects and mammal orders in different natural regions. The number ofpublications about urban mammals has increased exponentially with time, but the number of publications is not uniformly distributed among natural regions or departments. There was a positive relationship between the human population size per department and the number of publications. Nevertheless, in some departments, there was a higher than expected number of publications, whereas in others it was below the expectations. There is limited information about the ecological responses of mammals to urbanization, their possibility to transfer diseases, the species composition in most urban areas, and the effect of urbanizations on mammal diversity. I suggest that places such as university campuses and low-cost behavioral indicators based on activity or foraging should be used for experiments to develop strategies to allow the coexistence between humans and wild mammals in and around the cities.

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Phylogenetic reconstruction and species delimitation are often challenging in the case of recent evolutionary radiations, especially when postspeciation gene flow is present. Leopardus is a Neotropical cat genus that has a long history of recalcitrant taxonomic problems, along with both ancient and current episodes of interspecies admixture. Here, we employ genome-wide SNP data from all presently recognized Leopardus species, including several individuals from the tigrina complex (representing Leopardus guttulus and two distinct populations of Leopardus tigrinus), to investigate the evolutionary history of this genus. Our results reveal that the tigrina complex is paraphyletic, containing at least three distinct species. While one can be assigned to L. guttulus, the other two remain uncertain regarding their taxonomic assignment. Our findings indicate that the "tigrina" morphology may be plesiomorphic within this group, which has led to a longstanding taxonomic trend of lumping these poorly known felids into a single species.

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Abstract Introduction: There are no studies that specifically compare research output of Palearctic and Neotropical mammalogy; such comparison would be useful for informed decisions in conservation and management. Objective: To compare the scientific documents and citations about Palearctic and Neotropical mammals over half a century. Methods: We compared 50 years (1970-2019) of documents on 60 medium and large-sized (heavier than 1 kg) mammal species, in Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection, considering number of documents and four citation indicators at the species level (h-index, citation rate, total citations, and citations per year). Results: We retrieved 13 274 documents in Scopus and 12 913 in WoS. We found that Palearctic mammals have 3.77 times more documents than Neotropical species in Scopus (3.91 times in WoS), and that the documents recorded 5.95 more total citations in Scopus (6.93 times more in WoS). Palearctic documents also record more yearly citations and a higher h-index in both Scopus and WoS. Scopus retrieved more articles for Neotropical species (2 782 vs. 2 631 in WoS) and had more citations (28 120 vs. 24 977 in WoS); differences for the citation indicators between regions were marker in WoS. The h-index and total citations are greatly affected by how many studies are published, i.e. the region with more production is the one with higher values. The Neotropical articles showed a greater growth rate in the last decade, decreasing the gap between both regions. Conclusion: There is a regional bias in WoS and Scopus, which retrieve more articles and citations about Palearctic mammals than about Neotropical mammals; this bias is worse in WoS and means that an urgent increase in indexed research about Neotropical species is needed to be on par with Palearctic research.

Resumen Introducción: No existen estudios que comparen, específicamente, la investigación de la mastozoología paleártica con la neotropical; pero tales comparaciones serían útiles para tomar decisiones informadas en conservación y manejo. Objetivo: Comparar los documentos científicos sobre mamíferos paleárticos y neotropicales, y su impacto en citas, durante medio siglo. Métodos: Comparamos 50 años (1970-2019) de documentos sobre 60 especies de mamíferos de tamaño mediano y grande (más de 1 kg), en Scopus y la colección principal del Web of Science (WoS), considerando el número de documentos y cuatro indicadores de citas a nivel de especie (índice h, tasa de citas, total de citas y citas por año). Resultados: Recuperamos 13 274 documentos en Scopus y 12 913 en WoS, y encontramos que los mamíferos paleárticos tienen 3.77 veces más documentos que las especies neotropicales en Scopus (3.91 veces en WoS), y que los documentos registran 5.95 más citas totales en Scopus (6.93 veces más en WoS). Los documentos paleárticos también registran más citas anuales y un índice h más alto, tanto en Scopus como en WoS. Scopus recuperó más artículos para especies neotropicales (2 782 vs. 2 631 en WoS) y tuvo más citas (28 120 vs. 24 977 en WoS). Las diferencias para los indicadores de citas entre regiones fueron más marcadas en WoS. El índice h y el total de citas se ven muy afectados por la cantidad de estudios publicados, es decir, la región con más producción será la que tenga indicadores más altos. Los artículos neotropicales mostraron una mayor tasa de crecimiento en la última década, disminuyendo la brecha entre ambas regiones. Conclusión: Existe un sesgo regional en WoS y Scopus, que recuperan más artículos y citas sobre mamíferos paleárticos que sobre mamíferos neotropicales; este sesgo es peor en WoS y significa que se necesita un aumento urgente en la investigación indexada sobre especies neotropicales para estar al nivel de la investigación paleártica.

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