RESUMO

Apple (Malus domestica) is the third most produced fruit worldwide. It is a well-known source of bioactive compounds mainly represented by hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, dihydrochalcones, dehydroascorbic acid, carotenoids, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and phloridzin. Due to the lack of a recent evaluation of the clinical trials associated with apple consumption, this review investigated the effects of this fruit on metabolic conditions related to inflammation and oxidative stress and reviewed the applications of apple waste on food products. Thirty-three studies showed that apples or its derivatives exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, improve blood pressure, body fat, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and reduce cardiovascular risks. Apples have a great economic impact due to its several applications in the food industry and as a food supplement since it has impressive nutritional value. Dietary fiber from the fruit pomace can be used as a substitute for fat in food products or as an improver of fiber content in meat products. It can also be used in bakery and confectionary products or be fermented to produce alcohol. Pomace phytocompounds can also be isolated and applied as antioxidants in food products. The potential for the use of apples and by-products in the food industry can reduce environmental damage.

RESUMO

Background: Rootstocks less vigorous are among the most crucial management techniques to modernize fruit cultivation. Replanting with fallow land has become necessary due to a lack of land to establish new orchards. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of various rootstocks of the American Geneva® series on the yield performance of the apple (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivars 'Gala Select' and 'Fuji Suprema' under replanting conditions in southern Brazil. Methods: After two years of fallow land, the experiments were initiated in 2017 and conducted during the 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 growing seasons in Painel and Caxias do Sul municipalities at the Santa Catarina and the Rio Grande do Sul State, respectively. The 'Gala Select' and 'Fuji Suprema' were grafted onto the G.202, G.814, G.210, and G.213 Geneva series rootstocks in a tall spindle training system using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the interrelationship among the variable's vigor, productivity, and fruit quality. Results: The PCA result showed significant differences in vigor, productivity, and fruit quality when the G.210 and G.213 and G.814 and G.213 Geneva series rootstocks were used in combination with Gala Select and Fuji Suprema cultivars, respectively. The PCA analysis clustered all cultivar/rootstock combinations into two groups, based on their vigor and productivity and the yield performance and fruit quality data, that differed significantly among combinations and regions. The 'Gala Select'/G.202 and 'Fuji Suprema'/G.213 combinations were less vigorous than the 'Gala Select'/G.210 and 'Fuji Suprema'/G.814 combinations. However, 'Gala Select'/G.210 (semi-dwarfing) and G.213 (dwarfing) are the combinations with high yield performance, productive efficiency and fruit quality, being more reliable to the producer, and less vigorous, resulting in lower labor costs under replating conditions, with two years of fallow land, from 2018 until 2021 growing seasons.

RESUMO

Most commercial apple orchards are established on either Marubakaido (Malus prunifolia Borkh.) (high vigor), M-9 (Malus pumila) (low vigor), or a combination of both rootstocks through the intergrafting technique. The Geneva® Series rootstocks were developed as an alternative to orchards modernization. The vigor of rootstocks influences the anatomical xylem formation and, therefore, the canopy cultivar's hydraulic conductivity. When affected by embolism, hydraulic conductivity harms plant metabolism, reducing crop yield and fruit quality. This study aimed to evaluate four Geneva® Series rootstocks with potential use in southern Brazil, in terms of hydraulic conductivity (K) and percentage loss of conductance (PLC), during the winter period in two different years. The G.213 rootstock presented the best performance for the variables analyzed; however, higher values of xylem functionality loss were observed in G.814.

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Apples have a continuous hydrophobic layer that covers the surface of the fruit, which is called the cuticle. The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the cuticular wax layer of apples were reported after cold storage, although the interaction between 1-MCP and dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) is not yet known. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of 1-MCP on the wax composition and metabolism of 'Maxi Gala' apples after storage in a controlled atmosphere (CA) and dynamic controlled atmosphere based on chlorophyll fluorescence (DCA-CF) and respiratory quotient (DCA-RQ; RQ = 1.3 and 1.5). The 1-MCP treatment effectively decreased ethylene production for CA and DCA-CF treatments, while in DCA-RQ treatments produced no effect. The average extracted cuticular wax content of 'Maxi Gala' apples was 16.65 g m-2 and no differences in storage conditions or 1-MCP application were observed. Alkanes, alcohols, fatty acids, aldehydes, and terpenoids were identified in the chemical composition of the cuticular waxes, being alkanes and fatty acids the predominant ones. Moreover, 1-MCP decreased fatty acid and 10-nonacosanol concentrations in the fruit. Fruit with the 1-MCP application and stored in DCA had lower α-farnesene concentrations. The wax compositions of the DCA-stored apples with and without 1-MCP were similar. However, 1-MCP treatment resulted in a greater mass loss in fruit stored in DCA.

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The aim of study was to characterize patterns of interception and distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in an apple orchard and to examine its relationship with morphophysiological characteristics of "Royal Gala" and "Fuji Suprema" apple trees. The experiments were conducted during three production cycles in two distinct orchard areas, one covered by black anti-hail netting and another uncovered (control). We analyzed PAR characteristics with data from meteorological sensors installed on the canopy, as well as growth, anatomical, and physiological variables of apple trees. The reduction of PAR by netting influenced the components of radiation balance. PAR intercepted, absorbed, transmitted, and reflected by the canopy under netting decreased by 33%, 31%, 32%, and 46%, respectively, in comparison to uncovered canopy. When leaf area index (LAI) was 1.5 (under netting) and 2.5 (uncovered), maximum PAR interception efficiency was reached. During the three production cycles, a light extinction coefficient of 1.09 and 0.76 was found under netting and in the control, respectively. Plant height was greater under netting in all three cycles for both cultivars. Number of leaves, LAI, and shape index did not differ between treatments. At stage 85, leaves of "Royal Gala" under netting showed lower chlorophyll content and thinner parenchymas in comparison to the control. However, physiological and anatomical characteristics of Fuji "Suprema" did not change under anti-hail netting.

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The aim of this study was to study the effect of the auxin naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and the brassinosteroid 28-homocastasterone (28-HCS) applied every 15 days (harvest 2015/16) or every 21 days (harvest 2016/17) after full bloom, on the physical, chemical and biochemical attributes of the ‘Galaxy apples. The study was performed at a commercial orchard at Vacaria county, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The following treatments were applied: water (control), NAA (0.1%), 28-HCS (10‒6 M) and NAA (0.1%) + 28-HCS (10‒6 M). For this purpose, 300 μL of the plant growth regulator solutions were applied to the fruit peduncles. Fruits treated with NAA every 21 days presented higher starch-iodine index and lower total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), lightness index (L) and hue angle (h°) than 28-HCS-treated fruits. Fruits treated every 15 days with NAA presented reduced skin rupture force (SRF), total antioxidant activities (TAA) of the skin and flesh, and hydrogen peroxide content compared to the control fruits. In addition, NAA application every 15 and 21 days resulted in increased anthocyanin content in the skin. Application of NAA + 28-HCS reduced superoxide dismutase activity. 28-HCS applications increased TSS, color attributes (C and h°) of the skin, total antioxidant activity of the skin and flesh and peroxidase activity compared to control fruits. These results are expected to help to understand how plant growth regulators affect apple quality. In addition, results described here are also expected to help on the development of strategies to reduce post harvest losses and to increase fruit shelf life.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação do ácido naftaleno acético (ANA) e do brassinosteroide (catasterona), aplicados a cada 15 (safra 2015/16) ou 21 (safra 2016/17) dias a partir dos 40 dias após a plena floração, nos atributos físico-químicos e bioquímicos de maçãs ‘Galaxy. O estudo foi realizado em um pomar comercial de macieiras ‘Galaxy no município de Vacaria, RS. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: água (controle), ANA (0,1%), catasterona (10‒6 M) e ANA (0,1%) + catasterona (10‒6 M). As aplicações foram realizadas no pedúnculo dos frutos, utilizando 300 µL de solução por pedúnculo. Frutos tratados com ANA a cada 21 dias tiveram maior índice de iodo-amido e menores valores de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável e dos atributos de cor L e ângulo hue (h°) do que os frutos tratados com catasterona. Aplicações de ANA a cada 15 dias reduziu a força de ruptura da casca (FRC), atividade antioxidante (AAT) da casca, da polpa e conteúdo de peróxido de hidrogênio. Além disso, ANA aplicada a cada 15 ou 21 dias aumentaram o teor de antocianinas na casca. ANA + catasterona reduziu a atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase. Entretanto, aplicações de catasterona a cada 15 dias aumentou o teor de SS, atributos de cor (C e h°) na casca, atividade antioxidante da casca e da polpa, compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e atividade da enzima peroxidase dos frutos de maçãs. Portanto, estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para confirmar a ação desses fitorreguladores na manutenção da qualidade e redução das perdas pós-colheitas de maçãs ‘Galaxy.(AU)

RESUMO

A method to extract apple peel wax was developed using the dispersive solvent extraction technique and applied to four apple cultivars (Royal Gala, Pink Lady®, Red Delicious, and Granny Smith). Different variables of the method were optimized, namely type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvents, ionic strength, and use of ultrasound. Extracts were evaluated as gravimetric yield of wax and composition as determined by gas chromatography. Optimized conditions provided yields higher than 95%. In a repeatability assay, the relative standard deviation for the extracted wax content was <3%. Thirty-one wax compounds were identified, among them fatty acids, hydrocarbons, sterols, and terpenes. Fatty acids were the major constituents in the analyzed extracts. N-alkane, nonacosane, and triterpene ursolic acid were also significant constituents. The method allows the determination of the total peel wax content and the different constituents of this fraction from distinct apple cultivars.

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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to study the effect of the auxin naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and the brassinosteroid 28-homocastasterone (28-HCS) applied every 15 days (harvest 2015/16) or every 21 days (harvest 2016/17) after full bloom, on the physical, chemical and biochemical attributes of the 'Galaxy' apples. The study was performed at a commercial orchard at Vacaria county, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The following treatments were applied: water (control), NAA (0.1%), 28-HCS (10‒6 M) and NAA (0.1%) + 28-HCS (10‒6 M). For this purpose, 300 μL of the plant growth regulator solutions were applied to the fruit peduncles. Fruits treated with NAA every 21 days presented higher starch-iodine index and lower total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), lightness index (L) and hue angle (h°) than 28-HCS-treated fruits. Fruits treated every 15 days with NAA presented reduced skin rupture force (SRF), total antioxidant activities (TAA) of the skin and flesh, and hydrogen peroxide content compared to the control fruits. In addition, NAA application every 15 and 21 days resulted in increased anthocyanin content in the skin. Application of NAA + 28-HCS reduced superoxide dismutase activity. 28-HCS applications increased TSS, color attributes (C and h°) of the skin, total antioxidant activity of the skin and flesh and peroxidase activity compared to control fruits. These results are expected to help to understand how plant growth regulators affect apple quality. In addition, results described here are also expected to help on the development of strategies to reduce post harvest losses and to increase fruit shelf life.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação do ácido naftaleno acético (ANA) e do brassinosteroide (catasterona), aplicados a cada 15 (safra 2015/16) ou 21 (safra 2016/17) dias a partir dos 40 dias após a plena floração, nos atributos físico-químicos e bioquímicos de maçãs 'Galaxy'. O estudo foi realizado em um pomar comercial de macieiras 'Galaxy' no município de Vacaria, RS. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: água (controle), ANA (0,1%), catasterona (10‒6 M) e ANA (0,1%) + catasterona (10‒6 M). As aplicações foram realizadas no pedúnculo dos frutos, utilizando 300 µL de solução por pedúnculo. Frutos tratados com ANA a cada 21 dias tiveram maior índice de iodo-amido e menores valores de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável e dos atributos de cor L e ângulo hue (h°) do que os frutos tratados com catasterona. Aplicações de ANA a cada 15 dias reduziu a força de ruptura da casca (FRC), atividade antioxidante (AAT) da casca, da polpa e conteúdo de peróxido de hidrogênio. Além disso, ANA aplicada a cada 15 ou 21 dias aumentaram o teor de antocianinas na casca. ANA + catasterona reduziu a atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase. Entretanto, aplicações de catasterona a cada 15 dias aumentou o teor de SS, atributos de cor (C e h°) na casca, atividade antioxidante da casca e da polpa, compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e atividade da enzima peroxidase dos frutos de maçãs. Portanto, estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para confirmar a ação desses fitorreguladores na manutenção da qualidade e redução das perdas pós-colheitas de maçãs 'Galaxy'.

RESUMO

Colletotrichum fructicola causes two important diseases on apple in Southern Brazil, bitter rot (ABR) and Glomerella leaf spot (GLS). In this pathosystem, the Colletotrichum ability to cause different symptoms could be related to differences of extracellular enzymes produced by the fungi. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the production of these enzymes between ABR- and GLS-isolate in vitro and to evaluate their involvement on infected apple leaves with C. fructicola. In agar plate enzymatic assay, ABR- showed significantly higher amylolytic and pectolytic activity than GLS-isolate. In contrast, for lipolytic and proteolytic no significant differences were observed between isolates. In culture broth, ABR-isolate also had higher activity of pectin lyase (PNL), polygalacturonase (PG) and laccase (LAC). Notably, LAC was significantly five-fold higher in ABR- than GLS-isolate. On the other hand, in infected apple leaves no significant difference was observed between isolates for PNL, PG and LAC. Although differences in extracellular enzymes of ABR- and GLS-isolate have not been observed in vivo, these results contributed to highlight the importance to investigate such enzymes in depth.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: In this research it was evaluated if the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), associated to different cooling times between the harvest and storage, replaces the pre-cooling in Galaxy apples. Treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme, combining the following factors: application of 1-MCP (with or without) and different times between harvest and cooling (24 hours, 96 hours, 144 hours and 192 hours in 2013; and 24 hours, 48 hours, 144 hours and 240 hours in 2014). After four months of cold storage (1.0±0.2°C/92±5% RH - Relative Humidity) were evaluated: flesh firmness, texture, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS) and skin color. Apples treated with 1-MCP showed greater flesh firmness, texture and SS, in both years, and more TA and lower incidence of mealy flesh compared to apples not treated with 1-MCP in 2013. The 1-MCP was effective in maintaining the fruit quality, even with the cooling delay of up to 240 hours. Cooling delay of 192 hours and 240 hours in Galaxy apples not treated with 1-MCP should be avoided because it reduces the quality of fruits.(AU)

RESUMO: Neste trabalho avaliamos se o uso de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), associado com diferentes tempos de resfriamento entre a colheita e o armazenamento, substitui o pré-resfriamento em maçãs Galaxy. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial, combinando os fatores aplicação de 1-MCP (com ou sem) e diferentes tempos entre a colheita e o resfriamento (24h, 96h, 144h e 192h, em 2013; e 24h, 48h, 144h e 240h, em 2014). Após quatro meses de armazenamento refrigerado (1,0±0,2°C/92±5% de UR), foram avaliados: firmeza de polpa, textura, acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS) e cor da epiderme. As maçãs tratadas com 1-MCP apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa, textura e SS, em ambos os anos, e maior AT e menor incidência de polpa farinácea em comparação a maçãs não tratadas com 1-MCP, em 2013. O 1-MCP foi eficaz em manter a qualidade dos frutos, mesmo com o retardo do resfriamento em até 240h. O retardo do resfriamento de 192h e 240h em maçãs Galaxy não tratadas com 1-MCP deve ser evitado, pois diminui a qualidade dos frutos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: In this research it was evaluated if the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), associated to different cooling times between the harvest and storage, replaces the pre-cooling in Galaxy apples. Treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme, combining the following factors: application of 1-MCP (with or without) and different times between harvest and cooling (24 hours, 96 hours, 144 hours and 192 hours in 2013; and 24 hours, 48 hours, 144 hours and 240 hours in 2014). After four months of cold storage (1.0±0.2°C/92±5% RH - Relative Humidity) were evaluated: flesh firmness, texture, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS) and skin color. Apples treated with 1-MCP showed greater flesh firmness, texture and SS, in both years, and more TA and lower incidence of mealy flesh compared to apples not treated with 1-MCP in 2013. The 1-MCP was effective in maintaining the fruit quality, even with the cooling delay of up to 240 hours. Cooling delay of 192 hours and 240 hours in Galaxy apples not treated with 1-MCP should be avoided because it reduces the quality of fruits.

RESUMO: Neste trabalho avaliamos se o uso de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), associado com diferentes tempos de resfriamento entre a colheita e o armazenamento, substitui o pré-resfriamento em maçãs Galaxy. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial, combinando os fatores aplicação de 1-MCP (com ou sem) e diferentes tempos entre a colheita e o resfriamento (24h, 96h, 144h e 192h, em 2013; e 24h, 48h, 144h e 240h, em 2014). Após quatro meses de armazenamento refrigerado (1,0±0,2°C/92±5% de UR), foram avaliados: firmeza de polpa, textura, acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS) e cor da epiderme. As maçãs tratadas com 1-MCP apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa, textura e SS, em ambos os anos, e maior AT e menor incidência de polpa farinácea em comparação a maçãs não tratadas com 1-MCP, em 2013. O 1-MCP foi eficaz em manter a qualidade dos frutos, mesmo com o retardo do resfriamento em até 240h. O retardo do resfriamento de 192h e 240h em maçãs Galaxy não tratadas com 1-MCP deve ser evitado, pois diminui a qualidade dos frutos.

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This study aimed to evaluate nutrient content on leaves and fruit flesh, yield and quality of fruits, as well as apple tree growth as affected by the fertilizer physical form (conventional or fertirrigation) and water addition or not via irrigation. The experiment was carried out in São Joaquim, Southern of Brazil, during the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 growing season. The orchard was planted in 2011 with Kinkas cultivar grafted over a Marubakaido rootstock, 1.666 trees ha-1. The eight replications of each treatment were allocated in the completely randomized block design. Treatments consisted of conventional solid soil fertilization (T1), irrigation + conventional solid soil fertilization (T2), irrigation + fertirrigation (T3), and fertirrigation (T4). From the daily averages of tensiometer readings in addition to the water soil retention the irrigation needs and the application time curve were determined. In 2012, 27 kg ha-1 of N was applied; in the following season, it 100 kg ha-1 of N and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O was applied. Fertilizers were split three times on treatments T1 and T2, and six times on treatments T3 and T4, from November through January. During the experimental period it many drought periods were observed. Irrigation and fertirrigation had no effect on initial apple tree growth. Irrigation did not affect the nutrient content in leaves or fruit flesh. Fruits from the T3 (irrigation + fertirrigation) presented the highest weight. Fruit yield, however, did not differ among treatments. Fertirrigation was the best form of nutrient application to the plants, but it is necessary to determine rates and times of application to obtain the maximum productive efficiency.(AU)

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial da macieira, os aspectos nutricionais, qualidade dos frutos em função da forma de aplicação dos fertilizantes e da adição ou não de água via irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido em São Joaquim durante as estações de crescimento 2012/2013 e 2013/2014 em pomar implantado no ano de 2011 com a cultivar Kinkas, sobre porta-enxerto Marubakaido com interenxerto M-9, na densidade de 1.666 plantas ha-1. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com oito repetições dos seguintes tratamentos: T1 adubação convencional; T2 irrigação + adubação convencional; T3 - irrigação + fertirrigação; e T4 - fertirrigação. Através da média das leituras diárias dos tensiômetros, e a curva de retenção de água no solo foi determinada a necessidade de irrigação e o tempo de aplicação. Em 2012, foram aplicados 27 kg ha-1 de N, e na safra seguinte 100 kg ha-1 de N e 150 kg ha-1 de K2O. A adubação foi parcelada em três aplicações para T1 e T2, e seis aplicações quinzenais para T3 e T4, no período de novembro a janeiro. Durante o período experimental foram observados vários períodos de déficit hídrico. O uso de irrigação e/ou fertirrigação não influenciou o desenvolvimento inicial de macieiras. Não houve acréscimo nos teores foliares e da polpa dos frutos para os nutrientes avaliados em resposta ao uso de irrigação para a macieira. A avaliação dos frutos demonstrou que a adubação convencional apresentou maior firmeza de polpa. Os frutos do tratamento irrigação + fertirrigação apresentaram o maior peso médio, porém a produtividade não diferiu entre os tratamentos. A fertirrigação demonstrou ser a melhor forma de aplicação de fertilizantes, mas mesmo assim é necessário aprimorar as doses e períodos de aplicação para obter máxima eficiência produtiva.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate nutrient content on leaves and fruit flesh, yield and quality of fruits, as well as apple tree growth as affected by the fertilizer physical form (conventional or fertirrigation) and water addition or not via irrigation. The experiment was carried out in São Joaquim, Southern of Brazil, during the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 growing season. The orchard was planted in 2011 with Kinkas cultivar grafted over a Marubakaido rootstock, 1.666 trees ha-1. The eight replications of each treatment were allocated in the completely randomized block design. Treatments consisted of conventional solid soil fertilization (T1), irrigation + conventional solid soil fertilization (T2), irrigation + fertirrigation (T3), and fertirrigation (T4). From the daily averages of tensiometer readings in addition to the water soil retention the irrigation needs and the application time curve were determined. In 2012, 27 kg ha-1 of N was applied; in the following season, it 100 kg ha-1 of N and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O was applied. Fertilizers were split three times on treatments T1 and T2, and six times on treatments T3 and T4, from November through January. During the experimental period it many drought periods were observed. Irrigation and fertirrigation had no effect on initial apple tree growth. Irrigation did not affect the nutrient content in leaves or fruit flesh. Fruits from the T3 (irrigation + fertirrigation) presented the highest weight. Fruit yield, however, did not differ among treatments. Fertirrigation was the best form of nutrient application to the plants, but it is necessary to determine rates and times of application to obtain the maximum productive efficiency.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial da macieira, os aspectos nutricionais, qualidade dos frutos em função da forma de aplicação dos fertilizantes e da adição ou não de água via irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido em São Joaquim durante as estações de crescimento 2012/2013 e 2013/2014 em pomar implantado no ano de 2011 com a cultivar Kinkas, sobre porta-enxerto Marubakaido com interenxerto M-9, na densidade de 1.666 plantas ha-1. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com oito repetições dos seguintes tratamentos: T1 adubação convencional; T2 irrigação + adubação convencional; T3 - irrigação + fertirrigação; e T4 - fertirrigação. Através da média das leituras diárias dos tensiômetros, e a curva de retenção de água no solo foi determinada a necessidade de irrigação e o tempo de aplicação. Em 2012, foram aplicados 27 kg ha-1 de N, e na safra seguinte 100 kg ha-1 de N e 150 kg ha-1 de K2O. A adubação foi parcelada em três aplicações para T1 e T2, e seis aplicações quinzenais para T3 e T4, no período de novembro a janeiro. Durante o período experimental foram observados vários períodos de déficit hídrico. O uso de irrigação e/ou fertirrigação não influenciou o desenvolvimento inicial de macieiras. Não houve acréscimo nos teores foliares e da polpa dos frutos para os nutrientes avaliados em resposta ao uso de irrigação para a macieira. A avaliação dos frutos demonstrou que a adubação convencional apresentou maior firmeza de polpa. Os frutos do tratamento irrigação + fertirrigação apresentaram o maior peso médio, porém a produtividade não diferiu entre os tratamentos. A fertirrigação demonstrou ser a melhor forma de aplicação de fertilizantes, mas mesmo assim é necessário aprimorar as doses e períodos de aplicação para obter máxima eficiência produtiva.

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O clorofi lômetro SPAD fornece leituras de maneira simples e rápida, podendo auxiliar no diagnóstico nutricional de frutíferas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada sobre o teor de nitrogênio (N) e leituras SPAD em folhas de macieira ‘Fuji, bem como avaliar a relação entre essas variáveis. O experimento foi conduzido no período de 1998 a 2001, no município de São Joaquim, SC. O delineamento foi de blocos ao acaso e os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de N aplicadas anualmente na superfície do solo (0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1). A análise foliar e as leituras SPAD foram realizadas na segunda quinzena de novembro e também na época padrão de coleta das folhas, na primeira quinzena de fevereiro. As leituras SPAD e os teores de N nas folhas aumentaram de forma linear em função do incremento das doses de N. Independente do ano ou época de avaliação, o teor de N aumentou linearmente com o aumento das leituras SPAD. Valores ótimos de leitura SPAD de 37 a 47, 37 a 49 e 41 a 63 foram obtidos para a amostragem de fevereiro de 1999, 2000 e 2001, respectivamente. Há uma baixa relação entre o índice SPAD medido em novembro e o teor de N na folha obtido em fevereiro do ano seguinte. Diferentes leituras SPAD entre estações de crescimento para teores similares de N indicam que outros fatores devem ser investigados na calibração do clorofi lômetro.(AU)

The Minolta SPAD leaf chlorophyll meter is a user friendly instrument that can provide a rapid diagnosis of the nutritional status of fruit trees. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on SPAD values and on N concentration in ‘Fuji apple leaves, as well as to evaluate the relationship between these parameters. The experiment was carried out in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, from 1998 to 2001. The treatments consisted of four rates of N (0, 50, 100, 200 kg ha-1) applied annually on the soil surface in a randomized complete block design. Chemical analysis and SPAD readings were performed in leaves in two sampling times: in the second half of November and in the standard time during the fi rst half of February of each year. SPAD values and leaf N concentration increased linearly as a function of increasing rates of N. Optimum values for SPAD readings of 37-47, 37-49 and 41-63were obtained for the sampling time of February 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively. There is a low relationship between SPAD values measured previously in November with N concentration in the leaf achieved in February the following year. Different SPAD values between growing seasons for similar levels of N suggest that other factors should be investigated in the calibration of the leaf chlorophyll meter.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O clorofi lômetro SPAD fornece leituras de maneira simples e rápida, podendo auxiliar no diagnóstico nutricional de frutíferas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada sobre o teor de nitrogênio (N) e leituras SPAD em folhas de macieira ‘Fuji’, bem como avaliar a relação entre essas variáveis. O experimento foi conduzido no período de 1998 a 2001, no município de São Joaquim, SC. O delineamento foi de blocos ao acaso e os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de N aplicadas anualmente na superfície do solo (0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1). A análise foliar e as leituras SPAD foram realizadas na segunda quinzena de novembro e também na época padrão de coleta das folhas, na primeira quinzena de fevereiro. As leituras SPAD e os teores de N nas folhas aumentaram de forma linear em função do incremento das doses de N. Independente do ano ou época de avaliação, o teor de N aumentou linearmente com o aumento das leituras SPAD. Valores ótimos de leitura SPAD de 37 a 47, 37 a 49 e 41 a 63 foram obtidos para a amostragem de fevereiro de 1999, 2000 e 2001, respectivamente. Há uma baixa relação entre o índice SPAD medido em novembro e o teor de N na folha obtido em fevereiro do ano seguinte. Diferentes leituras SPAD entre estações de crescimento para teores similares de N indicam que outros fatores devem ser investigados na calibração do clorofi lômetro.

The Minolta SPAD leaf chlorophyll meter is a user friendly instrument that can provide a rapid diagnosis of the nutritional status of fruit trees. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on SPAD values and on N concentration in ‘Fuji’ apple leaves, as well as to evaluate the relationship between these parameters. The experiment was carried out in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, from 1998 to 2001. The treatments consisted of four rates of N (0, 50, 100, 200 kg ha-1) applied annually on the soil surface in a randomized complete block design. Chemical analysis and SPAD readings were performed in leaves in two sampling times: in the second half of November and in the standard time during the fi rst half of February of each year. SPAD values and leaf N concentration increased linearly as a function of increasing rates of N. Optimum values for SPAD readings of 37-47, 37-49 and 41-63were obtained for the sampling time of February 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively. There is a low relationship between SPAD values measured previously in November with N concentration in the leaf achieved in February the following year. Different SPAD values between growing seasons for similar levels of N suggest that other factors should be investigated in the calibration of the leaf chlorophyll meter.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was evaluated initial low oxygen stress (ILOS) and the interaction with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) during ultralow oxygen (ULO) storage in maintenance of Royal Gala apple quality. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with two-factor. Each ILOS was applied for 14 days with 0.4 kPa O2. The treatments evaluated were: [1] 1.2 kPa O2 + 2.0 kPa CO2 (control); [2] 0.6 kPa O2 + 1.0 kPa CO2 (without stress); [3] 0.6 kPa O2 + 1.0 kPa CO2 (one stress); [4] 0.8 kPa O2 + 1.0 kPa CO2 (one stress); [5] 0.6 kPa O2 + 1.0 kPa CO2 (two stresses); [6] 0.6 kPa O2 + 1.0 kPa CO2 (three stresses). The fruits were kept at 0.5 ºC (±0.1) and relative humidity of 97% (±2.0). After seven months of storage plus seven days of self-life at 20 ºC, the following variables were assessed: internal breakdown, mealiness, crack, healthy fruits, flesh firmness, decay, ethylene production, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) oxidase activity and respiration. ILOS and ULO do not decrease internal breakdown, mealiness and crack. ILOS associated to ULO, with or without 1-MCP, is not efficient in maintaining quality and reduce physiological disorders during Royal Gala apple storage harvested at advanced maturity stage, besides induce more decay.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a realização de estresse inicial por baixo O2 e sua interação com 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) durante o armazenamento com pressões parciais ultrabaixas de O2 (ULO) na conservação de maçãs Royal Gala. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, organizado em bifatorial. Os frutos foram submetidos a um estresse inicial por baixo O2 por um período de 14 dias cada, com pressão parcial de 0,4 kPa de O2. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: [1] 1,2 kPa O2 + 2,0 kPa CO2 (padrão); [2] 0,6 kPa O2 + 1,0 kPa CO2 (sem estresse); [3] 0,6 kPa O2 + 1,0 kPa CO2 (um estresse); [4] 0,8 kPa O2 + 1,0 kPa CO2 (um estresse), [5] 0,6 kPa O2 + 1,0 kPa CO2 (dois estresses); [6] 0,6 kPa O2 + 1,0 kPa CO2 (três estresses). Os frutos permaneceram na temperatura de 0,5ºC (±0,1) com 97% (±2,0) de umidade relativa. Após sete meses de armazenamento mais sete dias de exposição a 20ºC, foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: degenerescência, polpa farinácea, rachadura, frutos sadios, firmeza de polpa, podridões, produção de etileno, atividade da ACC (ácido 1-carboxílico-1-aminociclopropano) oxidase e respiração. O estresse inicial por baixo O2 e o armazenamento em ULO não reduziram a incidência de degenerescência, polpa farinácea e rachadura. O estresse inicial associado ao armazenamento em níveis ultrabaixos de O2, com ou sem aplicação de 1-MCP, não

RESUMO

Foram determinados os efeitos do tratamento em pré-colheita com aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG) nas propriedades bioquímicas, físico-mecânicas e características da cor da maçã Braeburn. AVG foi aplicado quatro semanas antes da data estimada de colheita, em quatro doses (0, 100, 300 e 500 mgL- 1). Enquanto os menores valores de sólidos solúveis totais e pH foram obtidos no tratamento com 500 mgL-1 AVG, os maiores valores foram obtidos no tratamento com 0 mgL-1 AVG. A acidez titulável foi maior no tratamento com 500 mgL-1 AVG do que nos tratamentos 100 e 300 mgL-1. A maior atividade de fenólicos totais e antioxidantes na polpa e na casca da maçã foi obtida no tratamento com 0 mgL-1 AVG, enquanto que o menor valor foi obtido no tratamento com 500 mgL-1 AVG. Com o aumento das doses de AVG, a antocianina monomérica total foi reduzida. As médias geométricas diâmetro do fruto, massa do fruto, força de remoção de frutas, polpa e casca aumentaram com o aumento das doses de AVG. Os valores do ângulo da matriz de polpa e casca da fruta foram menores no tratamento com 0 mgL-1 AVG.

The effect of preharvest AVG (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) treatments on the biochemical, physicomechanical properties and colour characteristics of cv. Braeburn apples were determined. AVG was applied in four different doses (0, 100, 300 and 500 mgL-1 AVG) 4 weeks before the estimated harvest date. While the lowest values of total soluble solid content and pH were obtained from 500 mgL-1 AVG treatment, the highest values were obtained from control. The titratable acidity was higher in 500 mgL-1 AVG treatment than those of the 100 and 300 mgL-1 AVG treatments. The highest total phenolic and antioxidant activity of both flesh and skin apple was obtained from control, whereas lowest value was obtained from 500 mgL-1 AVG treatment. With increasing doses of AVG, the total monomeric anthocyanin was reduced. The geometric means: fruit diameter, fruit mass, fruit removal force, flesh and skin firmnesses increased with increasing doses of AVG. The hue angle values of flesh and skin fruit were lower in control.

RESUMO

The aim of this study was evaluated initial low oxygen stress (ILOS) and the interaction with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) during ultralow oxygen (ULO) storage in maintenance of Royal Gala apple quality. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with two-factor. Each ILOS was applied for 14 days with 0.4 kPa O2. The treatments evaluated were: [1] 1.2 kPa O2 + 2.0 kPa CO2 (control); [2] 0.6 kPa O2 + 1.0 kPa CO2 (without stress); [3] 0.6 kPa O2 + 1.0 kPa CO2 (one stress); [4] 0.8 kPa O2 + 1.0 kPa CO2 (one stress); [5] 0.6 kPa O2 + 1.0 kPa CO2 (two stresses); [6] 0.6 kPa O2 + 1.0 kPa CO2 (three stresses). The fruits were kept at 0.5 ºC (±0.1) and relative humidity of 97% (±2.0). After seven months of storage plus seven days of self-life at 20 ºC, the following variables were assessed: internal breakdown, mealiness, crack, healthy fruits, flesh firmness, decay, ethylene production, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) oxidase activity and respiration. ILOS and ULO do not decrease internal breakdown, mealiness and crack. ILOS associated to ULO, with or without 1-MCP, is not efficient in maintaining quality and reduce physiological disorders during Royal Gala apple storage harvested at advanced maturity stage, besides induce more decay.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a realização de estresse inicial por baixo O2 e sua interação com 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) durante o armazenamento com pressões parciais ultrabaixas de O2 (ULO) na conservação de maçãs Royal Gala. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, organizado em bifatorial. Os frutos foram submetidos a um estresse inicial por baixo O2 por um período de 14 dias cada, com pressão parcial de 0,4 kPa de O2. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: [1] 1,2 kPa O2 + 2,0 kPa CO2 (padrão); [2] 0,6 kPa O2 + 1,0 kPa CO2 (sem estresse); [3] 0,6 kPa O2 + 1,0 kPa CO2 (um estresse); [4] 0,8 kPa O2 + 1,0 kPa CO2 (um estresse), [5] 0,6 kPa O2 + 1,0 kPa CO2 (dois estresses); [6] 0,6 kPa O2 + 1,0 kPa CO2 (três estresses). Os frutos permaneceram na temperatura de 0,5ºC (±0,1) com 97% (±2,0) de umidade relativa. Após sete meses de armazenamento mais sete dias de exposição a 20ºC, foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: degenerescência, polpa farinácea, rachadura, frutos sadios, firmeza de polpa, podridões, produção de etileno, atividade da ACC (ácido 1-carboxílico-1-aminociclopropano) oxidase e respiração. O estresse inicial por baixo O2 e o armazenamento em ULO não reduziram a incidência de degenerescência, polpa farinácea e rachadura. O estresse inicial associado ao armazenamento em níveis ultrabaixos de O2, com ou sem aplicação de 1-MCP, não

RESUMO

Foram determinados os efeitos do tratamento em pré-colheita com aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG) nas propriedades bioquímicas, físico-mecânicas e características da cor da maçã Braeburn. AVG foi aplicado quatro semanas antes da data estimada de colheita, em quatro doses (0, 100, 300 e 500 mgL- 1). Enquanto os menores valores de sólidos solúveis totais e pH foram obtidos no tratamento com 500 mgL-1 AVG, os maiores valores foram obtidos no tratamento com 0 mgL-1 AVG. A acidez titulável foi maior no tratamento com 500 mgL-1 AVG do que nos tratamentos 100 e 300 mgL-1. A maior atividade de fenólicos totais e antioxidantes na polpa e na casca da maçã foi obtida no tratamento com 0 mgL-1 AVG, enquanto que o menor valor foi obtido no tratamento com 500 mgL-1 AVG. Com o aumento das doses de AVG, a antocianina monomérica total foi reduzida. As médias geométricas diâmetro do fruto, massa do fruto, força de remoção de frutas, polpa e casca aumentaram com o aumento das doses de AVG. Os valores do ângulo da matriz de polpa e casca da fruta foram menores no tratamento com 0 mgL-1 AVG.

The effect of preharvest AVG (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) treatments on the biochemical, physicomechanical properties and colour characteristics of cv. Braeburn apples were determined. AVG was applied in four different doses (0, 100, 300 and 500 mgL-1 AVG) 4 weeks before the estimated harvest date. While the lowest values of total soluble solid content and pH were obtained from 500 mgL-1 AVG treatment, the highest values were obtained from control. The titratable acidity was higher in 500 mgL-1 AVG treatment than those of the 100 and 300 mgL-1 AVG treatments. The highest total phenolic and antioxidant activity of both flesh and skin apple was obtained from control, whereas lowest value was obtained from 500 mgL-1 AVG treatment. With increasing doses of AVG, the total monomeric anthocyanin was reduced. The geometric means: fruit diameter, fruit mass, fruit removal force, flesh and skin firmnesses increased with increasing doses of AVG. The hue angle values of flesh and skin fruit were lower in control.

RESUMO

This study aimed to analyze the cuticle thickness and pattern of epicuticular wax deposition in 'Gala' and 'Galaxy' apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh,) from three Brazilian producing areas: Vacaria (RS), Fraiburgo (SC) and São Joaquim (SC) with altitudes of 971, 1,048 and 1,353m, respectively. Harvested fruit were kept under two storage conditions: regular atmosphere (RA) (0 ºC and 90% RH) and controlled atmosphere (CA) (1.5% O2, 2.5% CO2, 0ºC and 90% RH). Cuticle thickness measurements were made using LM and the deposition pattern of epicuticular wax observed with a SEM. Altitude among the apple producing areas was not a factor in deposition pattern of waxes between the cultivars but at higher altitudes, the cuticle was thicker in both the cultivars. In the freshly-harvested fruits, waxes deposition in the form of platelets and the mechanism of “tear and repair” were observed. Severity of microcracks in the cuticle was more evident on the fruits from CA.