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ABSTRACT Purpose To compare the maximum anterior and posterior tongue pressure, tongue endurance, and lip pressure in Class I, II, and III malocclusions and different facial types. Methods A cross-sectional observational analytical study was carried out in 55 individuals (29 men and 26 women) aged between 18 and 55 years. The participants were divided into groups according to Angle malocclusion (Class I, II, and III) and facial type. The maximum anterior and posterior tongue pressure, tongue endurance, and maximum lip pressure were measured using the IOPI (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument). To determine the facial type, the cephalometric analysis was accomplished using Ricketts VERT analysis as a reference. Results There was no statistically significant difference when comparing the maximum pressure of the anterior and posterior regions of the tongue, the maximum pressure of the lips, or the endurance of the tongue in the different Angle malocclusion types. Maximum posterior tongue pressure was lower in vertical individuals than in mesofacial individuals. Conclusion Tongue and lips pressure, as well as tongue endurance in adults was not associated with the type of malocclusion. However, there is an association between facial type and the posterior pressure of the tongue.

RESUMO Objetivo comparar a pressão máxima anterior e posterior da língua, a resistência da língua e a pressão labial em indivíduos com más oclusões Classe I, II e III e diferentes tipos faciais. Método foi realizado um estudo analítico observacional transversal em 55 indivíduos (29 homens e 26 mulheres) com idades entre 18 e 55 anos. Os participantes foram divididos em grupos de acordo com a classificação de Angle para má oclusão (Classe I, II e III) e tipo facial. A pressão máxima anterior e posterior da língua, a resistência da língua e a pressão máxima dos lábios foram medidas usando o IOPI (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument). Para determinar o tipo facial, a análise cefalométrica foi realizada utilizando como referência a análise Ricketts VERT. Resultados não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa ao comparar a pressão máxima das regiões anterior e posterior da língua, a pressão máxima dos lábios ou a resistência da língua nos diferentes tipos de má oclusão. A pressão máxima posterior da língua foi menor em indivíduos com tipo facial vertical do que nos indivíduos mesofaciais. Conclusão a pressão de língua e lábios, assim como a resistência de língua em adultos não foi associada ao tipo de má oclusão. No entanto, existe uma associação entre o tipo facial e a pressão posterior da língua.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects of passive self-ligating appliances (PSLAs) and conventional ligating appliances (CLAs) during orthodontic treatment regarding torque, tip, and transversal dental changes. Material and Methods: Dental parameters were digitally acquired from pre- and post-treatment models of each subject belonging to two groups of patients treated with PSLAs (23 patients; 11 females and 12 males with a mean age of 14.2 ± 1.6 years) and CLAs (18 patients; 10 females and 8 males with a mean age of 14.3 ± 1.9 years), respectively. All subjects had Class I or slight Class II malocclusion (= 2mm), permanent dentition and no previous orthodontic treatment. After normality of data was assumed, a paired sample t-test rejected any side differences at T0 and, therefore, the data were grouped by tooth group. Statistical analyses were performed using a linear mixed-effect framework, assuming the appliance, time, and interactions as fixed effects and the tooth type as random effects. Finally, post-hoc effect analysis was used to contrast modeled marginal effects (p<0.05). Results: For both appliances, there is a general increase of both torque and transverse values at T1, especially for PSLAs. Tip shows a general reduction in the lateral sectors for both appliances is registered. The only significant statistical difference referred to appliances' efficacy is located to mandibular intermolar width. Conclusion: Both appliances have an expansive potential for both torque and transverse dental changes. No evident differences are detectable between appliances except for the rate of the mandibular intermolar width increase.

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The alteration of the vertical dimension it's been a controversial issue for more than 50 years, today is not known an exact protocol to determine what is the right vertical dimension for each person and the appropriate variation to which you can submit a patient without causing any type of joint, muscle, functional or aesthetic alteration. In this review, we show the different concepts and criteria that must be taken into account in order to carry out successful treatments, whether in dentate, partially edentulous or totally edentulous patients to determine a vertical dimension that adapts to each patient through parameters such as facial aesthetics, health of the temporomandibular joint, occlusion and phonetics.

La alteración de la dimensión vertical es un tema controvertido desde hace más de 50 años, al día de hoy no se conoce un protocolo exacto para determinar qué es la dimensión vertical adecuada para cada persona y la variación adecuada de esta a la que se puede alguna vez un paciente sin provocar algún tipo de alteración articular, muscular, funcional o estética. En este artículo de revisión de tema, se muestran los diferentes conceptos y criterios que se deben tener en cuenta para llevar a cabo el éxito los tratamientos que se realizan ya sea en pacientes dentados, editados o totalmente editados para determinar una dimensión vertical que se adaptan a cada paciente mediante parámetros como la estética facial, la salud de la articulación temporomandibular, oclusión y fonética.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the electromyographic activity of the suprahyoid muscles during deglutition in participants with Angle´s Class II malocclusion. Methods: electromyographic data recordings were performed in the supra-hyoid muscles during swallowing and at rest, in 30 volunteers, 15 Angle´s Class I participants and 15 Angle´s Class II malocclusion, aged 15-27 years old. The Root Means Square values for both tests were analyzed, and for the deglutition test, the Linear Envelope was used to observe the type of muscle activation pattern. Results: during the test at rest, there was no significant difference in Root Means Square values (p=0.22) between Class I and Class II subjects. During deglutition, it was found that Angle´s Class II subjects had significantly higher RMS values (p=0.01) as compared to Class I volunteers. Regarding the type of muscle activation pattern, there was a significant difference between Class I and Class II participants with a predominance of type 1 peak for Class I and type 2 peak for Class II. Conclusion: there was a difference in electromyographic recordings during deglutition in participants with Angle´s Class II as compared to Class I participants with a tendency towards two contraction peaks, showing a greater imbalance during the function. There was no difference between groups in the rest position.

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INTRODUCTION: The golden proportion has been used in dentistry in an attempt to improve facial function and, possibly, esthetics by simplifying the diagnosis of facial and dental disharmony. The aim of this study is to analyze pre- and postoperative cephalometric tracings of lateral cephalograms of patients with class II and III deformities submitted to orthognathic surgery, and verify if the 13 dental-skeletal patterns (ratios), as defined by Ricketts, moved closer to or further away from the golden proportion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 110 lateral cephalometric radiographs, 55 obtained preoperatively and 55 postoperatively, were analyzed using Dolphin Imaging software. RESULTS: Radiographs analysis demonstrated that ratios 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 13 remained statistically different from the golden proportion postoperatively. Ratio 12 was the only one to move closer to the golden number, while the opposite happened with ratio 6, which moved further away after the surgery. Ratios 2 and 11 kept statistically similar to the golden proportion both pre and postoperatively. CONCLUSION: It may be concluded that orthognathic surgery had little effect on the proportions studied, and that the golden proportion was not present in the majority of the ratios analyzed neither before nor after surgery. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Determine whether the facial patterns approach the golden ratio after surgical correction. Also determine whether the golden ratio may be a standard to guide the surgical treatment of patients with skeletal patterns of type II and III.

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This study aims to critically review the literature in respect to craniofacial bone abnormalities and malocclusion in sickle cell anemia individuals. The Bireme and Pubmed electronic databases were searched using the following keywords: malocclusion, maxillofacial abnormalities, and Angle Class I, Class II and lass III malocclusions combined with sickle cell anemia. The search was limited to publications in English, Spanish or Portuguese with review articles and clinical cases being excluded from this study. Ten scientific publications were identified, of which three were not included as they were review articles. There was a consistent observation of orthodontic and orthopedic variations associated with sickle cell anemia, especially maxillary protrusions. However, convenience sampling, sometimes without any control group, and the lack of estimates of association and hypotheses testing undermined the possibility of causal inferences. It was concluded that despite the high frequency of craniofacial bone abnormalities and malocclusion among patients with sickle cell anemia, there is insufficient scientific proof that this disease causes malocclusion.

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This study aims to critically review the literature in respect to craniofacial bone abnormalities and malocclusion in sickle cell anemia individuals. The Bireme and Pubmed electronic databases were searched using the following keywords: malocclusion, maxillofacial abnormalities, and Angle Class I, Class II and lass III malocclusions combined with sickle cell anemia. The search was limited to publications in English, Spanish or Portuguese with review articles and clinical cases being excluded from this study. Ten scientific publications were identified, of which three were not included as they were review articles. There was a consistent observation of orthodontic and orthopedic variations associated with sickle cell anemia, especially maxillary protrusions. However, convenience sampling, sometimes without any control group, and the lack of estimates of association and hypotheses testing undermined the possibility of causal inferences. It was concluded that despite the high frequency of craniofacial bone abnormalities and malocclusion among patients with sickle cell anemia, there is insufficient scientific proof that this disease causes malocclusion.

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OBJETIVO: determinar los patrones de articulación de fones consonánticos en sujetos de habla española chilena clases I, II y III esqueletal; comparar las diferencias fonéticas que existan entre clases esqueletales. MÉTODOS: se seleccionaron 54 individuos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión determinados mediante un examen clínico intraoral y a través del análisis de Ricketts, y se conformaron los grupos de estudio de pacientes clases esqueletales I, II y III. Se les realizó un examen fonoarticulatorio estandarizado para determinar los fones modificados y el patrón articulatorio compensatorio realizado. RESULTADOS: se observaron cambios en el punto de articulación de fones consonánticos en las tres clases esqueletales, con diferencias significativas en los grupos de fones anteriores y medios entre pacientes clases I y II, sólo en el grupo de los fones anteriores entre pacientes I y III. Entre pacientes clases II y III no se observaron diferencias significativas. Se reportan modificaciones y compensaciones cualitativamente distintas entre las clases esqueletales. CONCLUSIONES: en relación a pacientes clase I, los pacientes clase II o III, presentan distinto grado de modificación en el punto de articulación de fones consonánticos. Las diferencias observadas se relacionan con los patrones esqueletales propios de cada clase.

PURPOSE: to determine the consonant phonemes articulation patterns in Chilean skeletal class I, II and III Spanish speakers and compare their phonetic differences. METHODS: fifty-four skeletal class I, II and III subjects were selected, based on intraoral clinical examination and Ricketts cephalometric analysis, constituting the study groups. A standardized phonoarticulatory test was applied to each patient to determine the modified phonemes and their compensatory patterns. RESULTS: the findings indicate changes in articulation in all three groups. Significant differences were found in anterior and medium phonemes between skeletal class I and II and only in the anterior phonemes between skeletal class I and III. There were no significant differences between II and III skeletal groups. Qualitatively different modifications and compensations between skeletal classes are reported. CONCLUSION: different degree of modification in consonant phonemes articulation is shown in class II and III patients when compared to class I skeletal subjects. These differences are related to the skeletal patterns.

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Este relato de caso descreve o tratamento de uma má oclusão do tipo Classe I de Angle que apresentava biprotrusão dentária e os dentes 16, 26 e 47 com as coroas destruídas. O caso foi tratado em duas fases, sequencialmente, e, com o objetivo de corrigir a biprotrusão, extrações dentárias foram necessárias. Na primeira fase, foram feitas as extrações dos dentes 16, 26, 37 e 47 e, na segunda fase, as extrações dos dentes 14, 24, 34 e 44. Esse caso foi apresentado à Diretoria do Board Brasileiro de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial (BBO), representando a categoria 2, ou seja, uma má oclusão Classe I de Angle tratada com extrações de dentes permanentes, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Diplomado pelo BBO.

This case report describes the treatment of an Angle Class I malocclusion with dental double protrusion and with complete destruction of teeth 16, 26 and 47. The case was treated in two phases and, purposing the double protrusion correction, tooth extractions were necessary. In the first treatment phase, teeth 16, 26, 37 and 47 were extracted and, in the second phase, the extractions of 14, 24, 34 and 44 were performed. This case was presented to the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics (BBO), as representative of Category 4, i.e., an Angle Class I malocclusion treated with permanent teeth extractions, as part of the requirements for obtaining the BBO Diploma.

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Introducción y Objetivo: La oclusión es la manera en que los dientes maxilares y mandibulares se articulan, involucrando su morfología, angulación, músculos de la masticación, estructuras esqueléticas y la articulación temporomandibular. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el perfil epidemiológico de la oclusión dental en niños que consultaron el servicio de las clínicas de crecimiento y desarrollo de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia; sede Envigado, entre junio de 2006 y junio de 2007. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal en pacientes de los 2 a los 12 años que asistieron al servicio odontológico. Se calculó un tamaño de muestra de 191 pacientes, a quienes se les realizó un examen clínico de la cavidad oral con el fin de evaluar las diferentes características oclusales encontradas en el plano vertical, sagital, transversal y alteraciones de espacio. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los 191 niños participantes fue 7 años (7±2.1), 50.8% (97/191) eran de sexo masculino y 41.9% (80/191) se encontraban en dentición mixta inicial. La maloclusión con mayor prevalencia fue la clase I 55% (105/191), seguida por la clase II 32.5% (62/191) y clase III 12.6% (24/191). La prevalencia de al menos una alteración en los planos oclusales fue 96.3%. Conclusión: La maloclusión clase I de Angle fue la más prevalente con alteraciones en los planos vertical y transversal y problemas de espacio.

Introduction and Objetives: Occlusion is the way in which the maxillary and mandibular teeth articulate involving morphology, angulation, mastication muscles, skeletal structures and the temporomandibular joint. The purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile of dental occlusion in children that consulted the service clinics for growth and development of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University Cooperative Colombia, Envigado headquarters between June 2006 and June 2007. Material and Methods: Observational study in children between 2 and 12 years who consulted the growth and development clinics of the Faculty of Dentistry The UCC. The sample was calculated and 191 children were screened. Sociodemographic and occlusal characteristics were evaluated prior to interceptive treatment which was performed. Results: 191 patients included with an average age of 7 (7±2.1), 50.8% (97/191) were male. 41.9% (80/191) patients were in initial mixed dentition. The most prevalent malocclusion found was angle class I 55% (105/191), followed by class II 32.5% (62/191) and class III 12.6% (24/191). Conclusion: Angle class I malocclusion was the most prevalent malocclusion found with alteration in the vertical, transversal and space problems.

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OBJETIVO: correlacionar os diferentes tipos de má oclusões dentais com as medidas de lateralidade e protrusão mandibular e amplitude de abertura bucal de indivíduos adultos normais. MÉTODOS: neste estudo participaram 127 militares do sexo masculino que serviam no 21º Depósito de Suprimento do Exército Brasileiro em São Paulo, no ano de 2005, com idades entre 18 e 32 anos. Do total de militares, 47 (39,16 por cento) foram excluídos. Desse modo, a amostra final foi de 80 indivíduos os quais foram divididos em grupo controle (31 - 38,75 por cento) e grupo experimental (49 - 61,25 por cento). Na avaliação, foi realizada uma breve anamnese e inspeção oral, com posterior medição dos movimentos mandibulares de abertura bucal, protrusão e lateralidade para direita e para esquerda. RESULTADOS: 69,38 por cento de indivíduos portadores da má oclusão Classe I de Angle; 16,32 por cento de Classe II-1; 6,12 por cento de Classe II-2; 8,16 por cento de Classe III. A medida de abertura de boca, relacionada com os tipos de má oclusão, não foi estatisticamente significante, apesar de terem sido obtidas as maiores medidas nos indivíduos portadores de Classe III. Já nas medidas de protrusão e lateralidade mandibular existiu uma diferença estatisticamente significante nos grupos de uma maneira em geral. 40,42 por cento dos indivíduos apresentavam ausência de algum dente molar. CONCLUSãO: não houve relação entre a medida de abertura de boca com a presença de má oclusões. Entretanto, houve relação entre as medidas de protrusão e de lateralidade mandibular para a direita e para a esquerda com má oclusões.

PURPOSE: to establish the relationship between different types of dental malocclusions and lateralization and protrusion measures and mouth opening in normal adult subjects. METHODS: it was made with 127 military men who served at the 21st Supply Deposit of Brazilian Army, in Sao Paulo, in 2005, with ages between 18 and 32 years. 47 subjects were excluded. Because of that, the final sample counted with 80 individuals whom has been divided in two groups: control group (31 - 38.75 percent) and experimental group (49 - 61.25 percent). On the evaluation, both a brief anamnesis and oral inspection with measurement of the mandibular movements (mouth opening, protrusion and right and left lateralization) were done. RESULTS: 69.38 percent malocclusion Class I: 16.32 percent malocclusion Class II-1; 6.12 percent malocclusion Class II 2; 8.16 percent malocclusion Class III. There was no statistical significance of the mouth opening measures, related with the types of malocclusion, although greater measures had been noted on subjects with Class III malocclusion. When comparing to protrusion and lateralization measures, we noticed a statistically relevance in all groups. There was an absence of grinders in 40.42 percent of the subjects. CONCLUSION: there was no relationship between different types of dental malocclusions and mouth opening measures, but there was relationship between different types of dental malocclusions and lateralization and protrusion measures.

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Os exames radiográficos e fotográficos são de extrema importância como meios complementares ao diagnóstico, sendo que, sua correta indicação esta ligada ao plano de tratamento e prognóstico que se espera de cada caso. A proposta deste estudo é estabelecer critérios, comparando medidas e traçados cefalométricos onde os Cirurgiões-Dentistas com o auxilio destas técnicas possam individualizar seu tratamento simplificando assim os elementos de diagnóstico relacionados ao perfil facial em ambos os exames. Para este estudo foram utilizadas 30 telerradiografias em norma lateral e 30 fotografias padronizadas em norma lateral do perfil direito de 30 indivíduos com oclusão Classe I, entre 18 a 40 anos de ambos os gêneros, divididos em três grupos étnicos (melanodermas, leucodermas e xantodermas), após a tabulação dos dados estes foram submetidos ao teste estatístico "t" Student onde sete variáveis foram comparadas, concluindo que a analise em fotografias e radiografias não apresentam diferenças e que são confiáveis para determinação do plano de tratamento em relação ao perfil facial .

Radiographic and photographic exams are of extreme importance as complementary means for diagnosis, but their correct indication is connected to the plan of treatment and prognostic that is expected from each case. The proposal of this study is to establish criteria, comparing measures and sketches where dental surgeons with the assistance of radiographic and photographic exams could make their treatment unique and this way simplifying the elements of diagnosis related to the face profile in both exams. For this study, 30 lateral cefalometric radiographies and 30 standardized photographs in lateral specification of the right profile of 30 standard individuals between 18 and 40 years old of both genders, divided in three ethnic groups (melanoderm, leukoderm and xanthoderm) had been used. After the tabulation of the data, these had been submitted to statistical test "t" Student where seven variables had been compared, concluding that the results in photographs and x-rays do not present differences and are trustworthy for determining the plan of treatment in relation to the face profile .

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