RESUMO
Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) are enzymes that regulate histone methylation and play an important role in controlling transcription by altering the chromatin structure. Aberrant activation of HMTs has been widely reported in certain types of neoplastic cells. Among them, G9a/EHMT2 and GLP/EHMT1 are crucial for H3K9 methylation, and their dysregulation has been associated with tumor initiation and progression in different types of cancer. More recently, it has been shown that G9a and GLP appear to play a critical role in several lymphoid hematologic malignancies. Importantly, the key roles played by both enzymes in various diseases made them attractive targets for drug development. In fact, in recent years, several groups have tried to develop small molecule inhibitors targeting their epigenetic activities as potential anticancer therapeutic tools. In this review, we discuss the physiological role of GLP and G9a, their oncogenic functions in hematologic malignancies of the lymphoid lineage, and the therapeutic potential of epigenetic drugs targeting G9a/GLP for cancer treatment.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a group of diseases with diverse biological and clinical characteristics. As a provisional separate entity, myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and genetic rearrangement have been described, which may present an initial clinical behavior of myeloproliferation and be characterized by varied genetic rearrangements. One of these entities is associated with FGFR1 rearrangements, characterized by its low prevalence and few treatment options. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 53-year-old Mestizo male patient of Hispanic origin who initially presented weight loss and fatigue, with a complete blood count showing leukocytosis and eosinophilia, with an initial diagnosis of nonspecific myeloproliferative disorder. In a next-generation sequencing study, BCR::FGFR1 rearrangement was documented, a diagnosis of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasia with eosinophilia and BCR::FGFR1 rearrangement was made, and hydroxyurea therapy was initiated. Subsequently, transformation to cortical T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and erythroid precursors was documented, requiring management with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and genetic rearrangements constitute a group of deeply heterogeneous diseases with variable clinical and diagnostic characteristics and whose treatment is not clearly defined.
Assuntos
Eosinofilia , Linfoma não Hodgkin , Linfoma , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/genética , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/patologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/genética , Eosinofilia/genética , Rearranjo Gênico , Linfoma não Hodgkin/genética , Receptor Tipo 1 de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/genéticaRESUMO
The present study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of 38 new thiosemicarbazone derivatives on hematological neoplastic cells lines and to select the most effective compounds to investigate the main molecular mechanisms involved in cell death. Cytotoxicity screening on Daudi and Jurkat cells revealed that only compound 1b met the selection criteria; therefore, it was chosen for further investigation. Cell viability of Daudi, Jurkat, Molt-4, Namalwa, K562, and MM.1S cell lines decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after compound1b incubation; nevertheless the compound neither caused significant hemolysis nor reduction in peripheral blood mononuclear cell viability. Although no changes were observed on cell cycle or Ki-67 expression, compound1b induced apoptotic-like cell death with mitochondrial involvement, Bax/Bcl-2 inversion, AIF release, survivin inhibition, and caspase-3 activation in both Daudi and Jurkat cells. Furthermore, the compound reduced NFκB expression in Jurkat cells. In Daudi cells, compound1b also decreased CHOP, Akt, pAkt, and MAPK/ERK2 expression, thereby suggesting modulation of UPR, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. Finally, the compound was able to reduce the cell viability of samples collected from patients with different lymphoid neoplasms subtypes, showing that thiosemicarbazones derivatives could be used in the development of new drugs with anticancer activity.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Citotoxinas , Leucemia , Linfoma , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Tiossemicarbazonas , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citotoxinas/síntese química , Citotoxinas/química , Citotoxinas/farmacologia , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Células K562 , Leucemia/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia/metabolismo , Leucemia/patologia , Linfoma/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma/metabolismo , Linfoma/patologia , Tiossemicarbazonas/síntese química , Tiossemicarbazonas/química , Tiossemicarbazonas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a multisystemic vasculitis of unknown etiology, typically affecting children younger than 5 years of age. A direct relationship between KD and the development of malignant tumors has not been demonstrated, however, the immunological alterations of KD could be associated with its development. An 11-month-old male was diagnosed with incomplete KD. No coronary abnormalities were detected. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin. Four weeks later, he developed fever, otitis media, bullous pharyngitis, irritability, anemia and hyperleukocytosis, and neutropenia. Blasts forms were observed in peripheral blood. Bone marrow smear demonstrated acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). KD has diverse clinical presentations, atypical manifestations, and several complications such as macrophage activation syndrome. As our case highlights, lymphoid neoplasms may follow KD.
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We performed an epidemiological, clinical and histopathological analysis of oral lymphoid lesions (OLLs) during a 47-year period. Data regarding patient age, sex, duration, location, symptomatology, type of growth, implantation, staining, presence of ulceration and bleeding of all cases were compiled from the clinical data. For the histopathological analyses, all slides stained by H/E were reassessed. During the analyzed period, 14,565 patients with oral and maxillofacial lesions were diagnosed, with 45 cases diagnosed as OLLs. The most prevalent location was the tongue. Females were more affected, and the mean age was 40.8 years. OLLs presented a heterogeneous frequency, with the prevalence of reactive lesions (42.3%) followed by developmental lesions (35.6%). Among the reactive lesions, foreign body granulomas were the most common. Regarding diagnosed neoplasms, malignant represented 13.2% of the cases. The average time of evolution of OLLs in general was of 22.2 months. Regarding the histopathological characteristics, the presence of primary lymphoid follicles was observed in 37.8% of the cases, while inflammatory infiltrates were diffuse in 66.7% and epimyoepithelial islands were observed in 13.3%. Our study concludes that OLLs involves a broad spectrum of lesions that share the presence of the lymphoid component, which can range from indolent to more aggressive behavior.
Assuntos
Doenças Linfáticas/epidemiologia , Doenças Estomatognáticas/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças Linfáticas/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Doenças Estomatognáticas/patologia , Doenças da Língua/epidemiologia , Doenças da Língua/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Por meio de um estudo retrospectivo, realizou-se avaliação fenotípica (histologia) e imunofenotípica (imuno-histoquímica [IHQ]) de 86 casos de linfoma bovino. Quanto ao padrão de distribuição, todos os linfomas foram incluídos como difusos. Em relação à dimensão dos linfócitos neoplásicos, 83,8% dos linfomas foram considerados como de grandes células e 11,6% como de pequenas células. Linfomas mistos, ou seja, constituídos por grandes e pequenas células, representaram apenas 4,6% dos casos. Quanto ao número de mitoses, 84,9% dos linfomas foram incluídos como de grau intermediário, 10,5% como de baixo grau e 4,6% como de alto grau. No que se refere à morfologia do núcleo, linfomas em que predominavam linfócitos não clivados (58,2%) ou linfócitos clivados (37,2%) foram mais frequentes do que aqueles em que havia uma mistura igualmente proporcional de linfócitos clivados e não clivados (4,6%). Com base nestes resultados, os 86 linfomas foram assim distribuídos utilizando-se a classificação proposta pela Working Formulation (WF) of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas for Clinical Usage: difuso de grandes células não clivadas (46,5%), difuso de grandes células clivadas (33,7%), difuso de pequenas e grandes células (4,6%), difuso de pequenas células - tipo plasmocitoide (7%), imunoblástico (3,5%), difuso de pequenas células - tipo intermediário (2,3%), difuso de pequenas células não clivadas (1,2%) e difuso de pequenas células não clivadas - tipo Burkitt (1,2%). Na imuno-histoquímica, 27 dos 86 (31,4%) linfomas foram positivos para o anticorpo monoclonal CD79αcy, utilizado para detecção de linfócitos B, e nenhum caso foi positivo para o anticorpo policlonal CD3, utilizado para detecção de linfócitos T. Com base nestes resultados, os 27 linfomas B foram assim distribuídos utilizando-se a Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL): linfoma difuso de grandes células B (81,5%), linfomas imunoblásticos de grandes células (11,1%) e linfomas...
A retrospective study of 86 cases of bovine lymphoma classified as with diffuse pattern of distribution and verified by phenotypic (histology) and immunophenotypic (immunohistochemistry [IHC]) is presented. Regarding the size of the neoplastic lymphocytes, 83.8% was classified as large cells lymphoma and 11.6% as small cells lymphoma. Mixed lymphomas, i.e., formed by large and small cells simultaneously represented only 4.6% of all cases. Regarding their mitotic index, 84.9% of lymphomas was included in the intermediate-grade, 10.5% as low-grade and 4.6% as high-grade. Regarding the nucleus morphology, lymphomas with mostly non-cleaved cells (58.2%) or cleaved cells (37.2%) were the more frequent than those with a balanced mixed proportion of cleaved and non-cleaved cells (4.6%). Based on these results, the 86 lymphoma cases were classified by the Working Formulation (WF) of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas for Clinical Usage as: diffuse large non-cleaved cell (46.5%), diffuse large cleaved cell (33.7%), diffuse mixed small and large cell (4.6%), diffuse small cell - plasmacytoid (7%), immunoblastic (3.5%), diffuse small cell - intermediate (2.3%), diffuse small non-cleaved cell (1.2%), and diffuse small non-cleaved cell Burkitt's (1.2%). According to the IHC, 27 out of 86 (31.4%) lymphomas were positive to monoclonal antibody CD79αcy, used to detect B cells, and none were positive for polyclonal antibody CD3, used to detect T cells. Based on this, the 27 B-cell type lymphomas were distributed as follows: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (81.5%), large cell immunoblastic lymphoma (11.1%), and lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma...
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/classificação , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/diagnóstico , Classificações em Saúde , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Linfoma/veterináriaRESUMO
Por meio de um estudo retrospectivo, realizou-se avaliação fenotípica (histologia) e imunofenotípica (imuno-histoquímica [IHQ]) de 86 casos de linfoma bovino. Quanto ao padrão de distribuição, todos os linfomas foram incluídos como difusos. Em relação à dimensão dos linfócitos neoplásicos, 83,8% dos linfomas foram considerados como de grandes células e 11,6% como de pequenas células. Linfomas mistos, ou seja, constituídos por grandes e pequenas células, representaram apenas 4,6% dos casos. Quanto ao número de mitoses, 84,9% dos linfomas foram incluídos como de grau intermediário, 10,5% como de baixo grau e 4,6% como de alto grau. No que se refere à morfologia do núcleo, linfomas em que predominavam linfócitos não clivados (58,2%) ou linfócitos clivados (37,2%) foram mais frequentes do que aqueles em que havia uma mistura igualmente proporcional de linfócitos clivados e não clivados (4,6%). Com base nestes resultados, os 86 linfomas foram assim distribuídos utilizando-se a classificação proposta pela Working Formulation (WF) of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas for Clinical Usage: difuso de grandes células não clivadas (46,5%), difuso de grandes células clivadas (33,7%), difuso de pequenas e grandes células (4,6%), difuso de pequenas células - tipo plasmocitoide (7%), imunoblástico (3,5%), difuso de pequenas células - tipo intermediário (2,3%), difuso de pequenas células não clivadas (1,2%) e difuso de pequenas células não clivadas - tipo Burkitt (1,2%). Na imuno-histoquímica, 27 dos 86 (31,4%) linfomas foram positivos para o anticorpo monoclonal CD79αcy, utilizado para detecção de linfócitos B, e nenhum caso foi positivo para o anticorpo policlonal CD3, utilizado para detecção de linfócitos T. Com base nestes resultados, os 27 linfomas B foram assim distribuídos utilizando-se a Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL): linfoma difuso de grandes células B (81,5%), linfomas imunoblásticos de grandes células (11,1%) e linfomas [...](AU)
A retrospective study of 86 cases of bovine lymphoma classified as with diffuse pattern of distribution and verified by phenotypic (histology) and immunophenotypic (immunohistochemistry [IHC]) is presented. Regarding the size of the neoplastic lymphocytes, 83.8% was classified as large cells lymphoma and 11.6% as small cells lymphoma. Mixed lymphomas, i.e., formed by large and small cells simultaneously represented only 4.6% of all cases. Regarding their mitotic index, 84.9% of lymphomas was included in the intermediate-grade, 10.5% as low-grade and 4.6% as high-grade. Regarding the nucleus morphology, lymphomas with mostly non-cleaved cells (58.2%) or cleaved cells (37.2%) were the more frequent than those with a balanced mixed proportion of cleaved and non-cleaved cells (4.6%). Based on these results, the 86 lymphoma cases were classified by the Working Formulation (WF) of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas for Clinical Usage as: diffuse large non-cleaved cell (46.5%), diffuse large cleaved cell (33.7%), diffuse mixed small and large cell (4.6%), diffuse small cell - plasmacytoid (7%), immunoblastic (3.5%), diffuse small cell - intermediate (2.3%), diffuse small non-cleaved cell (1.2%), and diffuse small non-cleaved cell Burkitt's (1.2%). According to the IHC, 27 out of 86 (31.4%) lymphomas were positive to monoclonal antibody CD79αcy, used to detect B cells, and none were positive for polyclonal antibody CD3, used to detect T cells. Based on this, the 27 B-cell type lymphomas were distributed as follows: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (81.5%), large cell immunoblastic lymphoma (11.1%), and lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (7.4%), according the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL). The results of this retrospective study, similar to what has been described in other parts of the world, allow us to conclude that bovine lymphomas are basically diffuse and predominantly made of intermediate-grade, large cells, with cleaved or non-cleaved [...](AU)