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Resumen Introducción: La asociación Mardini-Nyhan o LACHT es una condición clínica de baja prevalência que cursa con alteraciones pulmonares, cardíacas y de las extremidades. Su etiología no está clara mente documentada hasta la fecha. Objetivo: Describir el caso de una niña de 4 meses y realizar una revisión de la literatura de los casos reportados sobre esta asociación, con el propósito de exponer las alteraciones encontradas y de esta forma orientar el diagnóstico temprano de esta entidad. Caso clínico: Niña de 4 meses de edad que ingresa a cuidado intensivo en insuficiencia respiratoria mixta, con alteraciones pulmonares, cardíacas y de extremidades que cumplen criterios para la asociación LACTH, se documenta adicionalmente hipoplasia de la vía aérea superior, que empeora la evolución, aumenta la dificultad en la ventilación mecánica y favorece el desenlace fatal a los 7 días de hospitali zación. Conclusiones: La asociación LACTH es una patología poco prevalente en la cual los hallazgos clínicos permiten sospechar el diagnóstico. Es caso clínico sería el primer caso diagnosticado en el continente americano y el caso número 11 descrito en la literatura mundial, aportando como nuevo hallazgo la asociación con hipoplasia de la vía aérea superior.

Abstract Introduction: The Mardini-Nyhan or LACHT association is a clinical condition of low prevalence that presents with pulmonary, cardiac and limb abnormalities, in which genetic etiology is not clearly documented to date. Objective: To describe the case of a 4-month-old child and the literature review of cases reported on this association, with the purpose of exposing the alterations found and thus gui de the early diagnosis of this entity. Clinical case: 4 months old girl, who admitted to intensive care in mixed respiratory failure, with pulmonary, cardiac and limb disorders that meet criteria for LACHT association, additionally documents hypoplasia of the upper airway, which worsens the evolution, increases the difficulty in mechanical ventilation and favors the fatal outcome at 7 days of hospita lization. Conclusions: LACTH association is a rare pathology in which the clinical findings make it possible to suspect the diagnosis, this is the first case diagnosed in the Americas and the number 11 case in the world literature and brings as a new finding the association with hypoplasia of the upper airway.

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Pulmonary agenesis (PA) is a rare congenital anomaly, which may be unilateral or bilateral. Unilateral PA may be associated with nonspecific respiratory symptoms. We report the case of 5-month-old infant who presented a normal development until the age of 4 months when a respiratory infection caused an acute respiratory distress syndrome with a fatal outcome. The autopsy findings depicted the right lung agenesis without any other concomitant malformation. Although respiratory symptoms represent frequent complaints in pediatrics, the aim of this study is not only to draw attention to the unilateral pulmonary agenesis as a possible underlying malformation in children who present recurrent and severe respiratory symptoms, but also to report a case diagnosed at autopsy.