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Background: Given the role of commercial determinants on sugar consumption and health, this study aimed to describe lobbying practices of the ultra-processed sugary food and drinks industries in Chile between 2014 and 2022. Methods: Official meetings between ultra-processed sugary food and drinks industries and related commercial actors and Chilean government officials were obtained from the Chilean Lobby Registry. Relevant commercial names were initially identified based on their market share and expanded iteratively based on information from relevant meetings. Qualitative analysis followed a deductive-inductive approach using the Corporate Political Activity Model to identify and classify objectives, framing and action strategies. Findings: From 237 records identified, the Ministries of Health, Social Development, and Economy were the most frequently lobbied. Industry representatives sought to achieve their short- and long-term objectives by targeting a diverse range of authorities, including Ministers and Under-secretaries, using different strategies. Framing strategies focused on presenting sugary food and drinks industries as socially responsible and legitimate policy actors and criticised public health initiatives as 'bad solutions'. Action strategies aimed to influence policymaking and nurture corporate reputations. Interpretation: Extensive lobbying took place by the sugary food and drinks industries between 2014 and 2022, a period when major public health policies were being discussed in Chile. Lobbying strategies varied to meet industry objectives and targeted a diverse range of government institutions including high-ranking officials. Tighter regulations to stop inappropriate industry influence in public health policymaking are urgently required. Funding: Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile)-PhD Scholarship. University College London-Open Access fees.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the strategies, practices and arguments used by the industry to lobby legislators against sugary drinks taxation in Brazil. DESIGN: We performed a content analysis of arguments put forward by sugary drink and sugar industries against sugary drinks taxation, using the framework developed by the International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support to assess corporate political activity of the food industry. SETTING: Two public hearings held in 2017 and 2018 in the Brazilian Legislature. PARTICIPANTS: Representatives from two prominent industry associations - one representing Big Soda and the other representing the main sugar, ethanol and bioelectricity producers. RESULTS: The 'Information and messaging' and 'Policy substitution' strategies were identified. Five practices were identified in the 'Information and messaging' strategy (four described in the original framework and an additional practice, 'Stress the environmental importance of the industry'). Mechanisms not included in the original framework identified were 'Stress the reduction of CO2 emissions promoted by the industry'; 'Question the effectiveness of regulation'; 'Suggest public-private partnerships'; 'Shift the blame away from the product' and 'Question sugary drinks taxation as a public health recommendation'. No new practices or mechanisms to the original framework emerged in the 'Policy substitution' strategy. CONCLUSIONS: The strategies and practices are used collectively and complement each other. Arguments herein identified are in line with those reported in other countries under different contexts and using different methodologies. Future research should address whether and under what conditions lobbying from this industry sector is effective in the Brazilian Legislature.

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ABSTRACT In the US, where registration of lobbyists is mandatory, the pharmaceutical industry and private health-care providers spend huge amounts of money seeking to influence health policies and government decisions. In Brazil, where lobbying lacks transparency, there is virtually no data on drug industry expenditure to persuade legislators and government officials of their viewpoints and to influence decision-making according to commercial interests. Since 1990, however, the Associação da Indústria Farmacêutica de Pesquisa (Interfarma - Pharmaceutical Research Industry Association), Brazilian counterpart of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), main lobbying organization of the US pharmaceutical industry, has played a major role in the advocacy of interests of major drug companies. The main goals of Interfarma lobbying activities are: shortening the average time taken by the Brazilian regulatory agency (ANVISA) to approve marketing authorization for a new drug; making the criteria for incorporation of new drugs into SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System) more flexible and speeding up technology incorporation; changing the Country's ethical clearance system and the ethical requirements for clinical trials to meet the need of the innovative drug industry, and establishing a National Policy for Rare Diseases that allows a prompt incorporation of orphan drugs into SUS. Although lobbying affects community health and well-being, this topic is not in the public health research agenda. The impacts of pharmaceutical lobbying on health policies and health-care costs are of great importance for SUS and deserve to be investigated.

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O objetivo do presente trabalho é levar ao conhecimento da comunidade científica temas atuais e polêmicos como o processo democrático e de representação brasileiro contemporâneo. O princípio da divisão dos poderes, tipos e propostas de orçamento público, legislação e execução de políticas públicas em saúde são explicitados. Além de projetarem algumas possibilidades de resultados, os autores utilizaram metodologia exploratória a partir de palavras-chave no portal Capes, assim como nos principais meios de comunicação. Ressaltaram, ainda, a possibilidade de inconvenientes futuros e ponderamentos sobre o direito e o assunto da saúde no congresso nacional brasileiro. Concluiu-se a necessidade do voto por mérito, na criação de escolas legislativas e executivas, e um estudo sobre partidos de fim, não ideológicos, desacreditados pelo povo que foi às ruas em recentes manifestações. É notório que os poderes públicos associados ao aporte financeiro constituem a base da verdadeira democracia brasileira

The aim of this study is to inform the scientific community current issues and controversial as the Brazilian democratic process and contemporary representation. The principle of powers separation, types and public budget proposal, legislation and public health policies are explained, in addition to designing some possible results, the authors used exploratory methodology from keywords on the website as well as in Capes mainstream media; also highlighted the possibility of future inconveniences on the right and the subject of health in Brazilian national Congress. The conclusion is the need to vote on merit, on establishing legislative and executive schools, and a study of parties and ideological purposes and not discredited by the people who were to the streets in recent demonstrations, since public power is associated with the financial support, and constitutes the basis of a true growing democracy in Brazil

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OBJETIVO: Identificar las estrategias empleadas por la industria tabacalera en México para contener tanto la adopción del Convenio Marco para el Control de Tabaco como la implementación adecuada de las políticas que contempla. DISCUSIÓN: La interferencia de la IT en el diseño, adopción e implementación de las políticas de control de tabaco se ha intensificado desde la firma del CMCT. A partir de 1997, las estrategias se adaptaron al cambio político en México. Esta adaptación consistió en identificar los puntos de veto en el desarrollo de las políticas de control de tabaco. CONCLUSIÓN: Las estrategias de interferencia de la industria tabacalera son eficaces en la afectación de las decisiones públicas.

OBJECTIVO: To identify tobacco industry´s strategies aimed at containing the full adoption of public health policies established by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. DISCUSSION: Tobacco industry interference in the design, adoption and implementation of tobacco control policies has intensified since the signing of the FCTC. However, it is back in 1997 when one can trace a shift in tobacco industry strategies, adapting to political change in Mexico. This adaptation has consisted mostly in identifying emerging veto points in the chain of public policy development. CONCLUSION: Tobacco industry´s interfering strategies have success y fully affected Mexican policies.

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