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Informal employment has been identified as an important social determinant of health. This article addresses the processes through which informal employment affects workers' health in Chile. The study's methodological approach was based on qualitative interviews with 34 formal and informal workers. The findings show how workers perceive informal employment as negatively affecting their mental and physical health through different dimensions of their living and working conditions. Incorporating a gender perspective proves to be integral to the analysis of these processes. The article concludes by discussing how neoliberalism underlies such vulnerability processes and negatively impacts on the population's health.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The risk of death due to tuberculosis (TB) in Brazil is high and strongly related to living conditions (LC). However, epidemiological studies investigating changes in LC and their impact on TB are lacking. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of LC on TB mortality in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: This ecological study, using panel data on spatial and temporal aggregates, was conducted in 1,614 municipalities between 2002 and 2015. METHODS: Data were collected from the Mortality Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The proxy variable used for LC was the Urban Health Index (UHI). Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the effect of the UHI on TB mortality rate. Attributable risk (AR) was used as an impact measure. RESULTS: From 2002 to 2015, TB mortality rate decreased by 23.5%, and LC improved. The continuous model analysis resulted in an RR = 0.89 (95%CI = 0.82-0.96), so the AR was −12.3%. The categorized model showed an effect of 0.92 (95%CI = 0.83-0.95) in municipalities with intermediate LC and of 0.83 (95%CI = 0.82-0.91) in those with low LC, representing an AR for TB mortality of −8.7% and −20.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improved LC impacted TB mortality, even when adjusted for other determinants. This impact was greater in the strata of low-LC municipalities.

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Abstract Quilombola communities are present in many Brazilian states living in precarious health conditions. This is due to geographic isolation, limitations to the access of the area in which they live in, and the lack of quality in the service when it is needed to be provided. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the quality of life of women from a quilombola community in northeastern Brazil. It is an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. 160 adult women were first interviewed through a form to collect a profile and then it was applied the WHOQOL Quality of Life questionnaire - bref. It was observed that the women were on average 40.7 years old (±17.25), married, self-declared black, who did not finish elementary school, housewife, had no income, with their own masonry house, with up to 6 rooms, supplied by a box of community treated water. Quality of Life had median scores in the domains: physical (3.18), psychological (3.4), social relationships (3.45) and environment (2.59). With this research, it was possible to characterize the quilombola community of Santa Luzia do Norte-AL regarding the difficulties of access to health and income generation, issues that affect their health condition. The problems described in this study can contribute to health actions being planned and carried out in order to improve socioeconomic and health conditions in this community, considering the social, political and environmental context, valuing their traditional knowledge and practices.

Resumo As comunidades quilombolas, estão presentes em diversos estados brasileiros, vivendo em condições de saúde mais precárias. Isto ocorre por conta do isolamento geográfico, das limitações de acesso e da falta de qualidade no serviço quando este é prestado. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar a qualidade de vida de mulheres de uma comunidade quilombola do nordeste brasileiro. Estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo. Foram entrevistadas 160 mulheres adultas, através de um formulário para a coleta de perfil e do questionário de Qualidade de Vida WHOQOL - bref. Foi observado que as mulheres tinham em média 40,7 anos (±17,25), casadas, autodeclaradas negras, com fundamental incompleto, do lar, sem renda, com moradia de alvenaria, própria, com até 6 cômodos, abastecidas por caixa de água comunitária, tratada. A Qualidade de Vida, apresentou escores medianos nos domínios: físico (3,18), psicológico (3,4), relações sociais (3,45) e meio ambiente (2,59). Com a realização desta pesquisa foi possível caracterizar a comunidade quilombola de Santa Luzia do Norte-AL quanto as dificuldades de acesso a saúde e geração de renda, fatos que repercutem na sua condição de saúde. Os problemas descritos neste estudo podem contribuir para que ações de saúde sejam planejadas e efetivadas com o intuito de melhorar as condições socioeconômicas e de saúde nessa comunidade, considerando-se o contexto social, político e ambiental, valorizando seus saberes e práticas tradicionais.

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Abstract Quilombola communities are present in many Brazilian states living in precarious health conditions. This is due to geographic isolation, limitations to the access of the area in which they live in, and the lack of quality in the service when it is needed to be provided. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the quality of life of women from a quilombola community in northeastern Brazil. It is an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. 160 adult women were first interviewed through a form to collect a profile and then it was applied the WHOQOL Quality of Life questionnaire bref. It was observed that the women were on average 40.7 years old (±17.25), married, self-declared black, who did not finish elementary school, housewife, had no income, with their own masonry house, with up to 6 rooms, supplied by a box of community treated water. Quality of Life had median scores in the domains: physical (3.18), psychological (3.4), social relationships (3.45) and environment (2.59). With this research, it was possible to characterize the quilombola community of Santa Luzia do Norte-AL regarding the difficulties of access to health and income generation, issues that affect their health condition. The problems described in this study can contribute to health actions being planned and carried out in order to improve socioeconomic and health conditions in this community, considering the social, political and environmental context, valuing their traditional knowledge and practices.

Resumo As comunidades quilombolas, estão presentes em diversos estados brasileiros, vivendo em condições de saúde mais precárias. Isto ocorre por conta do isolamento geográfico, das limitações de acesso e da falta de qualidade no serviço quando este é prestado. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar a qualidade de vida de mulheres de uma comunidade quilombola do nordeste brasileiro. Estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo. Foram entrevistadas 160 mulheres adultas, através de um formulário para a coleta de perfil e do questionário de Qualidade de Vida WHOQOL bref. Foi observado que as mulheres tinham em média 40,7 anos (±17,25), casadas, autodeclaradas negras, com fundamental incompleto, do lar, sem renda, com moradia de alvenaria, própria, com até 6 cômodos, abastecidas por caixa de água comunitária, tratada. A Qualidade de Vida, apresentou escores medianos nos domínios: físico (3,18), psicológico (3,4), relações sociais (3,45) e meio ambiente (2,59). Com a realização desta pesquisa foi possível caracterizar a comunidade quilombola de Santa Luzia do Norte-AL quanto as dificuldades de acesso a saúde e geração de renda, fatos que repercutem na sua condição de saúde. Os problemas descritos neste estudo podem contribuir para que ações de saúde sejam planejadas e efetivadas com o intuito de melhorar as condições socioeconômicas e de saúde nessa comunidade, considerando-se o contexto social, político e ambiental, valorizando seus saberes e práticas tradicionais.

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La presente revisión surge dada la importancia otorgada a la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI) de Venezuela, la edición de dicha encuesta proporciona información representativa de la situacióneconómica, social y de salud de los hogares del país. Los resultados de la encuesta permiten a investigadores y expertos analizar y comprender la magnitud de la crisis en sus diversos aspectos y sus efectos sobre la población y las condiciones de vida, lo que la convierte en una herramienta esencial para entender los problemas que enfrenta la población de Venezuela y la forma de abordarlos de manera efectiva. La ENCOVI proporciona información útil, no solo, a la sociedad civil y Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONGs), también a instituciones gubernamentales, al ser divulgada a través de medios de comunicación, aportando importantes insumos para el abordaje de los problemas públicos y los desafíos encada sector, permitiendo comprender las condiciones de vida en los hogares venezolanos. La investigación se basa en un diseño bibliográfico-documental, efectuando para ello 6 fases constituidas por: búsqueda, compilación, revisión, selección,organización y examen sistemático. El objetivo es describir aspectos metodológicos utilizados en la encuesta nacional de condiciones de vida desde el 2014 hasta el 2022.

The present review arises given the importance givento the National Survey of Living Conditions (ENCOVI) of Venezuela, the edition of said survey provides representative information on the economic, social and health situation ofhouseholds in the country. The results of the survey allowresearchers and experts to analyze and understand the magnitudeof the crisis in its various aspects and its effects on the populationand living conditions, which makes it an essential tool tounderstand the problems faced by the population. of Venezuelaand how to address them effectively. The ENCOVI providesuseful information, not only to civil society and NGOs, butalso to government institutions when disseminated throughthe media, providing important inputs for addressing publicproblems and challenges in each sector, allowing understandingof the conditions of life in Venezuelan homes. The research is based on a bibliographic-documentary design, carrying out6 phases consisting of: search, compilation, review, selection,organization and systematic review. The objective is to describemethodological aspects used in the national survey of livingconditions from 2014 to 2022.

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Inequalities in oral health are influenced by the social strata of the population. Few studies have focused on the multitude of factors related to social development as indicators of living conditions and periodontal health status. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between self-reported periodontal conditions and the Social Development Index (SDI). A cross-sectional validated questionnaire was carried out among 1294 Mexican adults. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify the best predictors of self-reported periodontal conditions. Bone loss reporting was used as a proxy for the presence of periodontal disease. We found that higher global scores on the SDI and quality and available space in the home (QASH) increase the probability of having bone loss. Global SDI (OR = 7.27) and higher QASH (OR = 3.66) were indeed the leading societal factors related to periodontal disease. These results have pointed out how SDI and its indicators, in particular QASH, can be used to further explore inequities related to privileged access to dental care in the context of periodontal diseases.

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Este artículo profundiza en el conocimiento de las mujeres habitantes de la calle de las cinco ciudades más densas del país, teniendo como telón de fondo las relaciones patriarcales de desigualdad que permean los diferentes momentos de la habitanza de la calle empezando por la decisión de salir a vivir en esta. Con la información disponible de los censos de habitantes de la calle de 2017 y 2019 realizados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) en Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla y Bucaramanga, indaga las diversas formas femeninas de habitar la calle y las condiciones en que esta se lleva a cabo. Apunta básicamente a eliminar la masculinización de la habitanza de la calle, visibilizando la presencia de mujeres diversas en ciclos de vida y con vivencias expulsoras antes y de hábitos de subsistencia y manutención durante su permanencia en la calle.

This article delves into the knowledge of women living on the streets of the five densest cities in the country, taking as a background the patriarchal relations of inequality that permeate the different moments of street life starting with the decision to go out to live in this. With the information available from the censuses of street dwellers of 2017 and 2019 carried out by DANE in Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla and Bucaramanga, it investigates the various female ways of inhabiting the street and the conditions in which it is carried out. It basically aims to eliminate the masculinization of street living, making visible the presence of diverse women in life cycles and with expeller experiences before and of subsistence and maintenance habits during their stay on the street.

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Introducción: Las condiciones de vida son las condiciones objetivas en las que los hombres reproducen su existencia social e individual. La adolescencia es una etapa importante del curso de la vida. Objetivo: Describir las condiciones de vida de adolescentes en cuatro consultorios del médico y la enfermera de la familia. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se estudiaron 377 adolescentes. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y correlación de Pearson. Resultados: Predominó el rango de edad de 15-18 (233 para 61,8 por ciento). El nivel de escolaridad más alto terminado por las madres de los adolescentes fue el preuniversitario (143 para 37,9 por ciento). El índice académico del adolescente en el curso anterior que predominó fue el de 90-94 (121 para 32,1 por ciento). Existió una correlación significativa entre el nivel educacional más alto terminado por la madre del adolescente y el índice académico de este en el curso anterior. Predominaron las familias medianas y nucleares. La percepción de la situación económica tanto para el adolescente como para la madre o tutor fue regular. En relación con los equipos electrodomésticos, la gran mayoría refiere tener cinco de los seis equipos de primera necesidad; en los de segunda necesidad, existe déficit de aire acondicionado en las viviendas, horno micro-onda, olla reina, computadora, video, freezer, calentador de agua, teléfono y cocina eléctrica. Conclusiones: Las condiciones de vida expresan diferencias según el nivel de escolaridad más alto terminado por la madre del adolescente y la percepción de la situación económica(AU)

Introduction: Living conditions are the objective conditions in which the individuals reproduce their social and individual existence. Adolescence is an important stage in the course of life. Objective: To describe the living conditions of adolescents in four family doctor-and-nurse offices. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 377 adolescents. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation were used. Results: The predominant age group was 15-18 years, 233 adolescents (61,8 percent). Pre-university was the highest educational level completed by the adolescents' mothers, 143 mothers (37,9 percent). The prevailing academic index among adolescents in the previous year was 90-94, 121 adolescents (32,1 percent). There was a significant correlation between the highest educational level completed by the adolescent's mother and the adolescent´s academic index in the previous year. Medium-sized and nuclear families predominated. The perception of the economic situation for both the adolescent and the mother or guardian was regular. In relation to household electrical equipment, the vast majority referred to this as having five of the six basic necessities; regarding those of second most important need at home, there was a deficit of air conditioning, microwave oven, queen pot, computer, video, freezer, water heater, telephone, and electric stove. Conclusions: There are differences in living conditions concerning the highest level of education completed by the adolescent's mother and the perception of the economic situation(AU)

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Introducción: El año 2015 es el marco de referencia temporal internacional para evaluar las acciones de la estrategia Fin a la tuberculosis. La eliminación de la enfermedad como problema de salud requiere de la identificación de poblaciones y territorios en mayor riesgo, y de los determinantes de su distribución geográfica. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de factores socioeconómicos, demográficos y geoespaciales en la distribución espacial de la tuberculosis en La Habana en el año 2015. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico. Se describió la distribución espacial del total de casos de tuberculosis, la confección TB/VIH y los casos TB/reclusos a nivel de municipio; así como de variables socioeconómicas, demográficas y geoespaciales con datos disponibles de todos los municipios de la provincia. Se realizaron mapas temáticos para cada una de las variables. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de superposición de capas. Resultados: Se observó una mayor concentración de casos en el centro-sur de la provincia; principalmente en los municipios Centro Habana, Habana Vieja, Diez de Octubre y Boyeros, a excepción de este último, estos municipios son los más densamente poblados, los que tienen mayor ocupación del suelo y condiciones de vida más desfavorables. Conclusiones: La distribución espacial de la tuberculosis en La Habana está estrechamente relacionada al comportamiento de variables socioeconómicas, demográficas y geoespaciales en sus diferentes municipios. Estas variables deben ser tomadas en cuenta en intervenciones de salud dirigidas a la eliminación de la enfermedad en la provincia(AU)

Introduction: The year 2015 constitutes the international time frame of reference to evaluate the actions of the End tuberculosis strategy. The elimination of the disease as a health problem requires the identification of populations and territories at greatest risk, and the determinants of their geographical distribution. Objective: Determine the influence of socio-economic, demographic and geospatial factors on the spatial distribution of tuberculosis in Havana in 2015. Methods: An ecological study was conducted. The spatial distribution of total TB cases, TB/HIV and TB/inmate cases at the municipality level was described; as well as socio-economic, demographic and geospatial variables with data available from all municipalities in the province. Thematic maps were made for each of the variables. Subsequently, a layer overlap analysis was performed. Results: A higher concentration of cases was observed in the center-south of the province; mainly in the municipalities of Centro Habana, Habana Vieja, Diez de Octubre and Boyeros ; with the exception of the latter, these municipalities are the most densely populated, those with the highest land occupation and the most unfavorable living conditions. Conclusions: The spatial distribution of tuberculosis in Havana is closely related to the behavior of socio-economic, demographic and geospatial variables in its different municipalities. These variables should be taken into account in health interventions aimed at eliminating the disease in the province(AU)

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Objective: This article seeks to determine the social determinants of inequality in economic income in independent workers in the Puno region in the periods 2019 and 2020. Methods: For which the quantitative approach was used, with descriptive and correlational design, considering the multiple regression model. Results: It was determined that there is a very significant income gap by educational level due to the productive differential that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected all the households; there is inequality in the economic income of independent workers, since in 2019, there was a greater inequality of economic income among independent workers (Gini = 0.6142) in relation to the national level (Gini = 0.415) and in 2020, the inequality of economic income increased due to COVID-19 problem, where the Gini coefficient amounted to 0.7136 in relation to the national level (Gini = 0.431). Conclusion: The determining factors of the economic income of the independent worker in the region of Puno in the periods 2019 and 2020 are the age that explains in 5.19 and 1.72%, the level of education that explains in 20.74 and 34.86% and the sex that explains in 37 and 14.19%, respectively.

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Background: Analysis of health inequalities by ethnicity is critical to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. In Ecuador, similar to other Latin American countries, indigenous and afro-descendant populations have long been subject to racism, discrimination, and inequitable treatment. Although in recent years, Ecuador has made progress in health indicators, particularly those related to the coverage of Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health (RMNCH) interventions, little is known as to whether inequalities by ethnicity persist. Methods: Analysis was based on two nationally representative health surveys (2004 and 2012). Ethnicity was self-reported and classified into three categories (Indigenous/Afro-Ecuadorian/Mixed ancestry). Coverage data for six RMNCH health interventions were stratified for each ethnic group by level of education, area of residence and wealth quintiles. Absolute inequality measures were computed and multivariate analysis using Poisson regression was undertaken. Findings: In 2012, 74.4% of women self-identifying as indigenous did not achieve the secondary level of education and 50.7% were in the poorest quintile (Q1); this profile was relatively unchanged since 2004. From 2004 to 2012, the coverage of RMNCH interventions increased for all ethnic groups, and absolute inequality decreased. However, in 2012, regardless of education level, area of residence and wealth quintiles, ethnic inequalities remained for almost all RMNCH interventions. Indigenous women had 24% lower prevalence of modern contraceptive use (Prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.76; 95% IC: 0.7-0.8); 28% lower prevalence of antenatal care (PR = 0.72; 95% IC: 0.6-0.8); and 35% lower prevalence of skilled birth attendance and institutional delivery (PR = 0.65; 95% IC: 0.6-0.7 and PR = 0.65; 95% IC: 0.6-0.7 respectively), compared with the majority ethnic group in the country. Interpretation: While the gaps have narrowed, indigenous people in Ecuador continue in a situation of structural racism and are left behind in terms of access to RMNCH interventions. Strategies to reduce ethnic inequalities in the coverage services need to be collaboratively redesigned/co-designed. Funding: This paper was made possible with funds from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [Grant Number: INV-007,594/OPP1148933].

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Introducción: Las condiciones de vida son las condiciones objetivas en las que los hombres reproducen su existencia social e individual. Objetivo: Describir las condiciones de vida de la población en cuatro consultorios del médico y la enfermera de la familia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal durante el periodo 2016-2019 en cuatro Consultorios del Médico y la Enfermera de la Familia (CMF), que fueron seleccionados por factibilidad. Se estudiaron 775 personas y las siguientes variables: Sociodemográficas, Clasificación de la familia, Percepción de la situación económica, Problemas de la familia y soluciones para estos problemas y Condiciones de vida. Los datos se introdujeron en una base de datos en Access y se procesaron con el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 20.0 para Windows. Resultados: Predominó el rango de edad de 70-74 (87/11,2 por ciento). El nivel de escolaridad más alto terminado fue el técnico medio (265/34,2 por ciento). El trabajador estatal predominó en la situación laboral (260/33,5 por ciento). Un número importante de amas de casa y jubilados tenían nivel educacional más alto terminado de secundaria básica o menos. Predominaron las familias pequeñas y nucleares, 268 (34,6 por ciento), vivían en familias nucleares solo constituidas por adultos mayores. La percepción de la situación económica tanto para la individual (411/53,0 por ciento) como para la de la familia (418/53,9 por ciento) fue regular. En relación con los equipos electrodomésticos, la mayoría refirió tener cinco de los seis equipos de primera necesidad, en los de segunda necesidad en las viviendas hubo déficit de aire acondicionado, horno micro onda, máquina de coser, computadora, video, freezer, calentador de agua, teléfono y cocina eléctrica. Conclusiones: Las condiciones de vida expresan diferencias según la edad, el nivel de escolaridad, la situación laboral y la percepción de la situación económica(AU)

Introduction: Living conditions are the objective conditions in which human beings reproduce their social and individual existence. Objective: To describe the living conditions of the population in four family doctor and nurse's offices. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out during the period 2016-2019 in four family doctor and nurse's offices, chosen by feasibility. A total of 775 individuals were studied, together with the following variables: of sociodemographical type, family classification, perception of economic situation, family problems and solutions to these problems, as well as living conditions. The data were entered into an Access database and processed with the statistical package SPSS version, 20.0 for Windows. Results: The age range 70-74 predominated (87/11.2 percent). The highest level of schooling was a technical associate (265/34.2 percent). The state-employed worker predominated as occupational status (260/33.5 percent). A significant number of housewives and retirees had the highest level of education completed, senior high school or lower. Small and nuclear families predominated; 268 (34.6 percent) lived in nuclear families with older adults only. Perception about the economic situation was fair for both the individual (411/53.0 percent) and the family (418/53.9 percent). Regarding household appliances, most of the respondents referred they have five of the six first-need appliances; concerning second-need appliances in the dwellings, there was a deficit of air conditioning, microwave oven, sewing machine, computer, video player, freezer, water heater, telephone, or electric stove. Conclusions: Living conditions express differences according to age, level of schooling, occupational status, and perception of the economic situation(AU)

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Este artigo objetiva discutir o uso da categoria Reprodução Social, proposta por Juan Samaja, na análise sobre condições de vida e de saúde em um contexto de uma unidade de conservação ambiental da Amazônia brasileira. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem compreensiva sobre os processos da reprodução social que integram a rede de determinação hierarquicamente organizada por meio da análise de interações sociais dos acontecimentos narrados e observáveis, aplicados a matriz de dados. A Reprodução Ecológica da vida na floresta dos ribeirinhos é expressa negativamente na vida biocomunal, pois as estratégias de ação propiciadas pelas Reproduções Política, Econômica e Cultural, ou seja, as ações da política ambiental, não valorizam o modo de vida local. O deficitário acesso aos bens e serviços sociais, incluindo a atenção à saúde, provenientes das Reproduções Política e Tecnoeconômica, repercutem na base material da Reprodução Biocomunal, cujo desfecho são elevadas frequências de queixas de doença e de acidentes de trabalho, como gastroenterites infecciosas, malária, tuberculose, hanseníase e intoxicação por animais peçonhentos. Garantir o acesso aos bens e serviços sociais, em especial à saúde, são imprescindíveis para uma maior resiliência às adversidades da floresta. Conclui-se, então, que a matriz de dados da Reprodução Social possibilitou compreender os processos da reprodução social que integram a rede de determinação hierarquicamente organizada, cujas interações modelaram as condições de vida e de saúde dos ribeirinhos.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el uso de la categoría Reproducción Social, propuesta por Juan Samaja, en el análisis sobre condiciones de vida y de salud en un contexto de una unidad de conservación ambiental de la Amazonía brasileña. Se trata de un estudio de enfoque integral sobre los procesos de la reproducción social que integran la red de determinación jerárquicamente organizada por medio del análisis de interacciones sociales de los acontecimientos narrados y observables, aplicados a la matriz de datos. La Reproducción Ecológica de la vida en los bosques ribereños es expresada negativamente en la vida biocomunal, pues las estrategias de acción propiciadas por las Reproducciones Política, Económica y Cultural, es decir, las acciones de la política ambiental, no valoran el modo de vida local. El deficiente acceso a los bienes y servicios sociales, incluida la atención a la salud, procedentes de las Reproducciones Política y Tecnoeconómica, repercuten en la base material de la Reproducción Biocomunal, cuyo desenlace son elevadas frecuencias de quejas de enfermedad y de accidentes de trabajo, como gastroenteritis infecciosas, malaria, tuberculosis, lepra e intoxicación por animales venenosos. Garantizar el acceso a los bienes y servicios sociales, especialmente la atención a la salud, es esencial para una mayor resistencia a las adversidades del bosque. Se concluye, entonces, que la matriz de datos de la Reproducción Social permitió comprender los procesos de la reproducción social que integran la red de determinación jerárquicamente organizada, cuyas interacciones modelaron las condiciones de vida y salud de los ribereños.

This article aims to discuss the use of Social Reproduction, proposed by Juan Samaja, in the analysis of living and health conditions in a context of an sustanaible development reserve in the Brazilian Amazon. This study uses a comprehensive approach to Social Reproduction processes that comprise the network of hierarchically organized structures using the analysis of social interactions of narrated and observable events, applied to the data matrix. The Ecological Reproduction of life in the riverside forest is negatively expressed in bio-communal life, as the strategic actions provided by the Political, Economic and Cultural Reproductions, that is, the environmental policy actions, do not value the local way of life. The deficient access to social goods and services, including health care, from the Political and Techno-Economic Reproductions, has an impact on the material basis of the Bio-Communal Reproduction, whose outcome is high frequency of disease complaints and workplace accidents, such as infectious gastroenteritis, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, and poisoning by venomous animals. Ensuring access to social goods and services, in particular health care, is essential for improving resilience to the forest adversities. In conclusion, the social reproduction data matrix helped understand the processes of Social Reproduction that are part of the hierarchically organized structures, whose interactions shaped the living and health conditions of the riverside population analyzed in this study.

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Resumo No Brasil, o crescimento do agronegócio em detrimento da agricultura familiar ocorreu ocultando danos sociais, ambientais e à saúde humana. Objetivou-se comparar as condições de vida, de trabalho e o acesso aos serviços de saúde, entre trabalhadores agrícolas e não agrícolas. Utilizaram-se os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) sobre condições de vida e trabalho, características sociodemográficas, econômicas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde de uma amostra representativa da população ocupada brasileira. Empregou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância de 0,05, considerando-se o desenho complexo da amostragem. Os trabalhadores agrícolas apresentaram piores condições de vida, menor poder aquisitivo, maior exposição à radiação solar e agentes químicos e maior frequência e gravidade de acidentes de trabalho em comparação aos não agrícolas. A população agrícola teve maior cobertura da ESF, buscou atendimento médico no SUS para tratar doenças, enquanto a não agrícola, buscou atendimento médico privado para ações preventivas. As diferenças encontradas entre esses trabalhadores implicam em padrões de adoecimento distintos e definem necessidades de saúde específicas.

Abstract In Brazil, the growth of agribusiness to the detriment of family agriculture occurred while concealing social, environmental and human health damages. The objective was to compare living and working conditions and access to health services between agricultural and non-agricultural workers. Data from the National Health Survey (PNS) on living and working conditions, sociodemographic, economic characteristics, and access to health services from a representative sample of the employed Brazilian population were adopted. Pearson's chi-square test was used, with a significance level of 0.05, taking the complex sampling design into consideration. Agricultural workers suffered from worse living conditions, lower purchasing power, greater exposure to solar radiation and chemical agents, and a higher frequency and severity of occupational accidents compared to non-agricultural workers. The agricultural population had greater coverage of the Family Health Service and sought medical care from the Unified Health System (SUS) to treat diseases, while the non-agricultural workers sought private medical care for preventive actions. The differences found between these workers imply different patterns of illness and define specific health needs.

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A partir de considerar el incremento de la violencia en el mundo, sus implicancias para la población joven y la escasez de estudios relativos al tema según sector socioeconómico, se planteó el objetivo de analizar la mortalidad adolescente por causas violentas según nivel de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI), en Argentina, entre los trienios 2006-2008 y 2012-2014. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo y descriptivo, desde un enfoque sociodemográfico, con base en información estadística oficial. Se calcularon tasas de mortalidad para la población de 10 a 19 años, desagregadas por nivel de NBI, sexo, edad y grupo de causas violentas. Los resultados mostraron un incremento de la mortalidad para el conjunto de causas violentas independientemente del nivel de NBI, mayormente en varones de 15 a 19 años. En particular, aumentó la mortalidad por accidentes de transporte y eventos de intención no determinada (todos los niveles de NBI), otros accidentes y suicidios (mayores niveles de NBI) y homicidios (menores niveles de NBI). Surge así la necesidad de desplegar acciones "a medida" para reducir la mortalidad en todos los casos

Given the increase in violence in the world, its implications for the young population and the scarcity of studies related to this subject according to socioeconomic sector, the objective of this paper was to analyze adolescent mortality from violent causes by level of Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) in Argentina, between triennia 2006-2008 and 2012-2014. For this purpose, a quantitative and descriptive study was carried out, using a socio-demographic approach, based on official statistical information. Mortality rates were calculated for the population aged 10 to 19, disaggregated by level of UBN, sex, age and group of violent causes. The results showed an increase in mortality considering all violent causes regardless of the level of UBN, mostly in males aged 15 to 19 years. In particular, mortality from transport accidents and events of undetermined intention (all levels of UBN), other accidents and suicides (higher levels of UBN) and homicides (lower levels of UBN) increased. Therefore, "tailored-made" actions must be taken to reduce mortality in all cases

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Previous research has drawn attention to the health risks and poor living conditions that families of Haitian descent contend with in the Dominican Republic, particularly in rural, agricultural communities. Less clearly described is whether these problems persist as households transition to non-agricultural work and increasingly urban residence patterns. This study compares the use of health care services and access to water, sanitation, and food for Haitian and Dominico-Haitian families living in the city of Puerto Plata with households located on the rural-urban fringe. Data were collected during household surveys with 61 urban and 30 rural/peri-urban families. Households residing in the rural/peri-urban community had lower incomes, more unmet sanitation needs, and less stable access to water than urban families. Overall, households lacked adequate food, with 74.4% experiencing food insufficiency. Respondents reported using diverse types of health services and treatments, but households in the rural/peri-urban community had higher rates of health care use than urban families. These findings indicate urban families have better access to some resources that promote health than rural/peri-urban households. By identifying health issues and environmental conditions in rural/peri-urban and urban areas, this study aims to provide guidance for policy-makers, agencies, and organisations that serve Haitian migrant communities.

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BACKGROUND: The metropolitan area of Lima, Peru has a third of the nation's population living in slum dwellings that are hypothesized to contribute to inefficient household hygienic practices. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess which living conditions have the greatest impact on handwashing practices. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological design of participants ≥16 y of age from San Juan de Miraflores, a slum on the outskirts of Lima, Peru, was used. Poisson regression was applied to assess the impact of living conditions on handwashing practices. RESULTS: We could not demonstrate a relationship between living conditions (home structure, overcrowding, water, grey water disposal) and reported handwashing. The reported lack of handwashing is associated with the number of children in the home (those with children <5 y of age were more likely not to report washing their hands) and length of stay in the slum in years. CONCLUSIONS: Living conditions play an important role in one's health, therefore improved study designs are needed to determine which strategies are likely to be the most effective in improving outcomes for slum dwellers.

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INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder Symptoms Quality of Life (ICIQ-OABqol) Module evaluates the quality of life of individuals with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms, and its use in scientific studies and clinical practice is recommended by the International Continence Society. The aim was to conduct the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the ICIQ-OABqol (ICIQ-OABqol_portuguese) in individuals with OAB symptoms. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study was performed at the Clinical Physiotherapy of PUC MINAS in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, between March 2017 and October 2018. The translation was previously carried out by the Mapi Research Institute. After receiving the translated questionnaire, the cross-cultural adaptation process was conducted as follows: (1) review by an expert committee (13 experts); (2) pre-test (n = 30); (3) cross-cultural adaptation; (4) validation of the ICIQ-OABqol_portuguese. We analyzed the intraexaminer reliability validation (n = 118) and internal consistency measurement (Cronbach's α coefficient), test-retest reliability (ICC) and correlation between the ICIQ-OAB and ICIQ-OABqol_portuguese questionnaires through Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman scatter plot and concordance. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the domains of the instrument. RESULTS: The ICIQ-OABqol was cross-culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and presented satisfactory internal consistency (α-Cronbach coefficient 0.88), adequate construct validity, strong reliability considering the test-retest with an interval of 19.68 (±6.98) days and moderate correlation with the ICIQ-OAB. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the ICIQ-OABqol shows satisfactory psychometric properties and can be used to evaluate the quality of life of individuals of both sexes with OAB symptoms.

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A sample of over 44 thousand Chilean marines was used to estimate the trend of mean heights from the 1820s to the 1890s. We confirm that there was height stagnation in the last decades of the nineteenth-century Chile despite sizeable per capita GDP growth; there were hidden nutritional costs to this economic growth. This situation resembles a similar puzzle in antebellum USA or early industrial Britain, but in the case of Chile GDP growth is not explained by industrialization but by export-led-growth. Still, the results are similar: height stagnation. Regarding the determinants of adult male height, our data also convincingly showed that there was a significant correlation between height and literacy. There was a positive correlation between height and white ethnicity, and, linked to this, a strong negative correlation between stature and eyes reported as "black". Finally, living in urban environments (or environments with higher population density) also negatively affected height.

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O artigo objetiva estudar a associação entre condições de vida das famílias brasileiras e a estimativa da insegurança alimentar (IA). Para tanto, foi realizado estudo transversal conduzido com dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (2008-2009), do IBGE, nas áreas rurais e urbanas. A estimativa da IA foi obtida a partir da pergunta: "das afirmativas a seguir, qual aquela que melhor descreve a quantidade de alimento consumido por sua família?", quando a resposta foi "normalmente não é suficiente" ou "às vezes não é suficiente". As condições de vida foram analisadas por variáveis econômicas, do domicílio e seu entorno. Modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, ajustados, foram construídos. Os resultados mostram que, dos 55.406 domicílios investigados, 39,4% foram classificados em IA, sendo que, na maioria deles, foi identificada dificuldade (93,9%) para levar a vida até o fim do mês com a renda disponível. Os valores de razão de prevalência, ajustados por renda mensal per capita, região e área, indicam que todos os aspectos econômicos e condições de vida insatisfatórias, bem como os problemas no domicílio e do entorno foram significativamente associados à IA. Conclui-se que é elevada a prevalência da estimativa da IA, sendo associada às condições de vida insatisfatórias das famílias. Portanto, revela-se a necessidade de implementar políticas públicas intersetoriais efetivas visando reduzir as desigualdades.

To research the association between the living conditions of Brazilian families and the Food Insecurity (FI) estimations. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with data from the Household Budget Survey (2008-2009) in rural and urban areas. The estimation of FI rating was obtained by the question: "Which of the following statements best describes the amount of food consumed by your family?",classified as FI for answers "usually not enough" or "sometimes not enough". Living conditions were analyzed by economic variables, the household and its surroundings. Poisson regression models with robust variance, adjusted, were used. Results: 39.4% out of 55.406 households evaluated, were classified as FI. In most (93.9%) difficulty to make ends meet was identified. Prevalence ratio values, adjusted for monthly income per capita, region and area, showed that all economic and unsatisfactory living conditions, as well as home and surrounding problems were significantly associated with FI. Conclusions: The prevalence of FI estimates was high, associated with families' unsatisfactory living conditions. Therefore, there is a need to implement effective intersectorial public policies aimed at reducing inequality.

Estudiar la asociación entre las condiciones de vida de las familias brasileñas y la estimación de la inseguridad alimentaria (IA). Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con datos de la Encuesta de Presupuesto Familiar (2008-2009) en áreas rurales y urbanas. La estimación de la calificación de IA se obtuvo de: "De las siguientes declaraciones, ¿cuál describe mejor la cantidad de alimentos consumidos por su familia?", cuando la respuesta era "normalmente no es suficiente" o "a veces no es suficiente". Las condiciones de vida fueron analizadas por variables económicas, el hogar y su entorno. Se construyeron modelos de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta y ajustada. Resultados: De los 55.406 hogares investigados, 39,4 % fueron clasificados en IA, y en la mayoría de ellos se identificó como difícil (93,9 %) llegar a fin de mes con los ingresos disponibles. Los valores de la razón de prevalencia, ajustados por el ingreso mensual per cápita, la región y el área, mostraron que todos los aspectos económicos y las condiciones de vida insatisfactorias, así como los problemas del hogar y su entorno estaban significativamente asociados con la IA. Conclusión: La prevalencia de estimación de la IA fue alta, asociada con las condiciones de vida insatisfactorias de las familias. Por lo tanto, es necesaria la implementación de políticas públicas intersectoriales efectivas destinadas a reducir las desigualdades.

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