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Resumen Introducción: este ensayo presenta la metodología de la consulta nutricional grupal vincular (CNGV) desarrollada en las últimas décadas en la Escuela de Nutrición de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Los objetivos son los siguientes: 1) Presentar los fundamentos epistemológicos; 2) Exponer la metodología de la consulta nutricional grupal vincular; 3) Describir las habilidades blandas deseables de la persona facilitadora para dirigir un proceso de consulta nutricional grupal vincular. El enfoque conceptual de la CNGV se centra en la persona paciente -quien tiene autonomía y agencia sobre su vida-, apoyándola en la resolución de obstáculos a fin de lograr mayor adherencia al tratamiento. El enfoque metodológico se basa en el grupo operativo de Pichón-Rivière adaptado al manejo nutricional. Proposición: la CNGV va más allá de la educación interactiva y cumple todos los pasos de la terapia nutricional, incluso el seguimiento a cada persona. Su metodología tiene antecedentes teóricos robustos, así como condiciones para su aplicación, evaluación y uso adecuado. Argumentos para la discusión: durante varias décadas, en la Escuela de Nutrición de la Universidad de Costa Rica, se ha desarrollado la propuesta metodológica de la CNGV: desde el fundamento teórico hasta las habilidades blandas necesarias de la persona facilitadora para guiar y ayudar al grupo a enfocarse en la tarea, bajo un control suficiente de los vectores de la dinámica grupal. Esta modalidad es útil para que las personas avancen en la construcción de su salud, pues las enfrenta con barreras cotidianas. Conclusiones: La CNGV posee un gran potencial metodológico en el tratamiento de adultos con enfermedades crónicas, es barata y optimiza el tiempo y los recursos humanos en la asistencia nutricional. Además, permite a las personas pacientes ejercer su autonomía, agencia y capacidad resolutiva en un espacio seguro y con contención tanto de pares como de la persona facilitadora..

Abstract Introduction: This essay presents the methodology for Group Bonding Nutritional Counseling (GBNC), which has been developed at the School of Nutrition at the University of Costa Rica in recent decades. In relation to GBNC, the objectives are: 1) To present the epistemological foundations; 2) To show the methodology on how to develop the group bonding nutritional counseling; and 3) To describe the desirable soft skills for the facilitator in a group bonding nutritional counseling process. The conceptual approach is based on the patient as a person exercising their autonomy and agency over their life, and how GBNC helps in the resolution of obstacles for better treatment adherence. GBNC's methodological approach is based on Pichon-Rivière's operative groups which was adapted for nutritional counseling. Proposition: GBNC goes beyond group interactive nutrition education and includes all the steps to nutritional care, including individual follow ups. GBNC's methodology has robust theoretical background, as well as adequate settings for its implementation, evaluation, and use. Arguments for discussion: For the past several decades, the School of Nutrition at the University of Costa Rica has developed the methodological framework for GBNC: from its theory foundation, useful soft skills for the facilitator to conduct, guide and support groups to focus on the task, and proficiently to handle the vectors of group dynamics. GBNC is useful for people to work on improving their health as it allows them to face daily barriers they encounter. Conclusion: GBNC has great methodological potential for group support in the treatment of adults with chronic diseases; it is inexpensive and improves time management and human resources in nutritional care. In addition, it allows patients to exercise their autonomy, agency, and problem solving skills in a safe space, within the containment of the group and the nutritionist.

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This study aimed to obtain information about the knowledge and attitudes of veterinarians in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, regarding the care of abused animals, the profile of possible aggressors, and their perceptions of the relationship between animal maltreatment and interpersonal violence. For this purpose, an online survey containing 21 questions was made available to veterinarians registered in the Regional Veterinary Medicine Council of Paraíba (CRMV - PB). The chi-square test with a 5% significance level (p < 0.05) was used for statistical analysis. According to the interviewees, 70.7% (53/75) of the abuse victims were small animals. Negligence (68% [51/75]) and the absence of medical care (68% [51/75]) were the most evident forms of abuse. Furthermore, 82.7% (62/75) of them believed in the relationship between animal maltreatment and interpersonal violence. In addition, 90.7% (68/75) of the interviewees responded that they have not experienced technical difficulty in identifying maltreatment. However, 48% (36/75) stated to not know the animal abuse law, 90.7% (68/75) did not report the aggressors, and 81.3% (61/75) stated that the absence of measures by the competent public bodies makes it harder to report the abuse. This study concluded that these professionals will, at some point in their clinical routine, encounter situations of animal maltreatment and human violence, as they are in a privileged position to identify such acts. However, they need more normative knowledge about animal abuse crimes.(AU)

Objetivou-se com esse estudo a obtenção de informações a respeito do conhecimento e atitudes dos Médicos Veterinários do estado da Paraíba, Brasil, acerca dos atendimentos de animais vítimas de maustratos, o perfil dos possíveis agressores e de suas percepções a respeito da conexão entre maus-tratos animais e violência interpessoal. Para tanto foi disponibilizada pesquisa online contendo 21 questões a todos Médicos Veterinários inscritos no Conselho Regional de Medicina Veterinária da Paraíba (CRMV-PB). Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5% (p<0.05). Segundo os Médicos Veterinários entrevistados, 70,7% (53/75) das vítimas de maus-tratos eram pequenos animais, sendo a negligência [68% (51/75)] e a ausência de atendimento médico [68% (51/75)] os maustratos mais evidenciados. Adicionalmente, 82,7% (62/75) deles acreditavam na conexão entre maustratos animais e violência interpessoal e 90,7% (68/75) responderam não sentir dificuldade técnica em identificar maus-tratos, porém, 48% (36/75) não conheciam a lei que trata sobre os maus-tratos animais, 90,7% (68/75) não realizaram denúncia contra os agressores, e 81,3% (61/75) afirmaram que a ausência de providências por parte dos órgãos públicos competentes dificulta a denúncia. Conclui-se que esses profissionais irão em algum momento de sua rotina clínica se deparar com situações de maus-tratos a animais e violência humana, pois estão em posição privilegiada para identificar tais atos, entretanto, precisam de mais conhecimento normativo sobre os crimes de maus-tratos aos animais.(AU)

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Identification and report of animal abuse by veterinarians are fundamental to the promotion of animal welfare and the prosecution of this crime. Likewise, these professionals have an important responsibility to cope with the cycle of violence. This study aims to characterize the perception, knowledge, and attitudes of small animal practitioners regarding animal abuse and interpersonal violence in Brazil and Colombia. An online survey containing 27 questions was distributed to small animal practitioners of both countries. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was employed to construct relationships among categorical variables and the chi-square statistic was used for testing these relationships. An important number of respondents had suspected that their patients could be victims of animal abuse (Brazil 48.1%; Colombia 64.5%). However, only a minority reported this situation to competent authorities (Brazil 32.7%; Colombia 10.8%). To receive training about veterinary forensics and/or animal welfare sciences in veterinary college was associated with identifying and denouncing animal abuse (p < .05). Deficiency in training received by veterinarians on veterinary forensic and animal welfare science in veterinary college was evident. Despite this, small animal practitioners recognize the existence of an association between animal abuse and interpersonal violence (Brazil 94.2%; Colombia 96.8%). The results highlight the need to strengthen education on animal abuse and promote the participation of veterinarians in the prosecution of this crime in Latin America.

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