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Abstract Epiphytes are considered indicators of forest ecological integrity, but the factors that explain their abundance are still not well understood. We here evaluated tree colonization by epiphytes in old-growth monospecific reforestation stands of Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) and Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), in comparison to a neighbor seasonal tropical forest fragment under similar environmental conditions. In each forest type, we identified and measured all trees (planted and colonizers) from 5-cm stem diameter in five 200 m² plots and quantified all vascular epiphytes per tree. Tree species were categorized by bark roughness, canopy deciduousness and growth rate. The abundance of epiphytes and the frequency of host trees were higher in the A. urundeuva plantation than in the native forest, with the E. saligna stand in an intermediate position. Also, we found that host traits influenced the abundance of epiphytes in their trunks. Host trees had average stem perimeter and height both higher than non-hosts, which indicates that colonization is more likely to occur in older trees. The average abundance of epiphytes per tree was higher in species with rough bark, but no relationship was found with canopy deciduousness or tree growth rate. We evidenced, therefore, that forest plantations, even if monospecific, can provide habitat for epiphytes. However, at community level, colonization success, either in native or restored forest, depends on the relative abundance of species whose bark type favors epiphytes establishment.

Resumo Epífitas são consideradas indicadores de integridade ecológica em florestas, mas os fatores que explicam sua abundância ainda não são bem compreendidos. Neste estudo, avaliamos a colonização por epífitas em antigos talhões monoespecíficos de Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) e Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), em comparação com um fragmento vizinho de floresta estacional semidecidual sob condições ambientais semelhantes. Em cada tipologia florestal, identificamos e medimos todas as árvores (plantadas e que colonizaram os locais) a partir de 5 cm de diâmetro à altura padrão, em cinco parcelas de 200 m². Nelas, também quantificamos todas as epífitas vasculares por árvore. Em busca de uma explicação funcional para as diferenças entre espécies, utilizamos rugosidade da casca, deciduidade da copa e taxa de crescimento como atributos potencialmente relevantes. A abundância das epífitas e a frequência de forófitos foi maior no talhão de A. urundeuva do que na floresta nativa, com o talhão de E. saligna ocupando uma posição intermediária. Encontramos evidências, também, de que os atributos dos forófitos influenciaram a abundância de epífitas em seus troncos. Os forófitos apresentaram maior perímetro médio e altura que as árvores não hospedeiras, o que indica que a colonização é mais provável de ocorrer em árvores mais velhas. A abundância média de epífitas por árvore foi maior em espécies com casca rugosa, mas nem a deciduidade da copa, nem a velocidade de crescimento exerceram efeito neste aspecto. Evidenciamos, portanto que, plantações florestais, ainda que monoespecíficas, podem prover habitat para epífitas. Contudo, em nível de comunidade, o sucesso da colonização, seja em florestas nativas ou restauradas, depende da abundância relativa de espécies cujo tipo de casca favorece o estabelecimento de epífitas.

RESUMO

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.713415.].

RESUMO

The Leishmania developmental cycle comprises three main life forms in two hosts, indicating that the parasite is continually challenged due to drastic environmental changes. The disruption of this cycle is critical for discovering new therapies to eradicate leishmaniasis, a neglected disease that affects millions worldwide. Telomeres, the physical ends of chromosomes, maintain genome stability and cell proliferation and are potential antiparasitic drug targets. Therefore, understanding how telomere length is regulated during parasite development is vital. Here, we show that telomeres form clusters spread in the nucleoplasm of the three parasite life forms. We also observed that amastigotes telomeres are shorter than metacyclic and procyclic promastigotes and that in parasites with continuous in vitro passages, telomere length increases over time. These observed differences in telomere length among parasite's life stages were not due to lack/inhibition of telomerase since enzyme activity was detected in all parasite life stages, although the catalysis was temperature-dependent. These data led us to test if, similar to other eukaryotes, parasite telomere length maintenance could be regulated by Hsp83, the ortholog of Hsp90 in trypanosomatids, and Leishmania (LHsp90). Parasites were then treated with the Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG. The results showed that 17AAG disturbed parasite growth, induced accumulation into G2/M phases, and telomere shortening in a time-dependent manner. It has also inhibited procyclic promastigote's telomerase activity. Besides, LHsp90 interacts with the telomerase TERT component as shown by immunoprecipitation, strongly suggesting a new role for LHsp90 as a parasite telomerase component involved in controlling telomere length maintenance and parasite life span.

RESUMO

En los Andes tropicales, el límite altitudinal de los bosques corresponde a una compleja zona de transición entre el bosque paramero y el páramo andino. En el límite inferior de esta zona ocurre a su vez una transición gradual entre el bosque y las selvas nubladas. La ordenación del territorio en estos ecosistemas se ha convertido en un tema prioritario en virtud de la creciente amenaza que representan para su conservación las actividades agropecuarias y la minería. En este trabajo se revisaron las investigaciones realizadas en la Cordillera de Mérida (Venezuela) sobre los cambios en la estructura, diversidad y respuesta a disturbios de la vegetación a lo largo del ecotono bosque-páramo. Los resultados de estas investigaciones documentan la alta riqueza de especies y formas de vida que caracterizan la vegetación del ecotono, así como una alta tasa de recambio de especies a lo largo del gradiente de elevación. Así mismo, estudios sobre la dinámica sucesional de la vegetación en áreas intervenidas por la agricultura en diferentes posiciones a lo largo de la transición, indican que las leñosas del bosque muestran una capacidad mucho menor de colonización de las áreas perturbadas que las especies dominantes del páramo. Con base en la evidencia disponible, se discuten elementos estructurales que pueden servir de base para la delimitación de los ecosistemas presentes en la zona de transición y se enfatiza la necesidad de diseñar estrategias de conservación y restauración asistida que partan de interpretar el ecotono bosque-páramo como una unidad dinámica integrada.

In the tropical Andes, the mountain treeline corresponds to a complex transition zone between páramo forests and páramos. In the lower limit of this ecotone there is a more or less gradual transition between mountain cloud forests and páramo forests. Land planning in these ecosystems has become a highly topical subject given the growing threat for conservation generated by agricultural and mining activities. In this paper we review the research carried out in the Cordillera de Mérida (Venezuela) on the changes in vegetation structure, diversity and response to disturbance along the forest-páramo transition zone. The results of these studies document the high species and life form richness which characterize the ecotone vegetation, as well as a high rate of species turnover (beta diversity) along the elevation gradient. Studies on elevation changes in vegetation successional dynamics in plots disturbed by agriculture at different altitudes along the transition zone indicate that forest woody species have a lower capacity to colonize disturbed areas than dominant páramo species, a process that results in forests patches with a paramo physiognomy. On the basis of the available evidence, the structural elements that could be used for delimiting the different ecosystems present along transition zone are discussed, emphasizing the need to design conservation and restoration strategies which interpret the forest-páramo ecotone as a dynamic and integrated system.

RESUMO

Field collection and herbaria data did not allow to quantify the diversity of aquatic plants from Northern Brazil, so we could not detect biogeographic patterns. Therefore, our objectives were to identify and quantify the aquatic macrophytes of North Brazilian states, analyzing herbaria data plataforms (SpeciesLink and Flora do Brasil). The checklist was produced by bibliographic search (articles published between 1980 and 2000), herbaria collections of the platforms SpeciesLink and Flora do Brasil and field expeditions, where we utilized asystematic sampling. We also analyzed the floristic similarity of aquatic macrophytes among Northern Brazil, wetlands of distinct Brazilian regions and the Neotropics. We recorded 539 species, of which 48 are endemic to Brazil. The states with highest number of species were Amazonas and Pará, independently on platform. The most represented families were Poaceae (89 species), Podostemaceae (55), Cyperaceae (50) and Fabaceae (47). We highlight the unprecedent richness of Podostemaceae, due to our own field collection efforts on favorable habitats, 25 species being endemic. Emergent and/or amphibious plants (515) were dominant in total species richness and were best represented in lotic habitats. We found significant differences in richness and floristics among states, obtained from the platforms. There is floristic similarity among Northern states and other Brazilian wetlands. In conclusion, we observed a rich aquatic flora in Northern Brazil, in spite of scarcity of records for Acre, Rondonia and Tocantins; we highlight the unprecedent number of endemic species of Podostemaceae (25) and contrasting richness between SpeciesLink and Flora do Brasil.(AU)

Os eforços de campo e os dados de herbários não nos permitiam quantificar a diversidade plantas aquáticas no Norte do Brasil e, com isso, nos impediam de traçar padrõres biogeográficos sobre essa comunidade. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivos identificar e quantificar as macrófitas aquáticas dos estados do Norte do Brasil, analisando duas plataformas de dados de herbarios (SpeciesLink e Flora do Brasil). O checklist baseou-se em levantamento bibliográfico (revistas e artigos publicados entre 1980 e 2000) e em coletas de campo, na qual foi utilizada amostragem de "caminhamento". Após a elaboração do checklist, verificaram-se os registros das espécies para os estados da região, consultando-se as coleções das plataformas SpeciesLink e Flora do Brasil. Foi analisada a similaridade de especies de macrófitas aquáticas do Neotrópico, Norte do Brasil e ecossistemas aquáticos de distintas regiões do país. Foram registradas 539 espécies, sendo 48 endêmicas do Brasil. As famílias mais representativas foram Poaceae (89 espécies), Podostemaceae (55), Cyperaceae (50) e Fabaceae (47). Ressaltamos a inédita riqueza de Podostemaceae, devida a nossos esforços de coleta em ambientes propícios, 25 espécies sendo endêmicas. Os estados que apresentaram maior número de registros de espécies foram Amazônia e Pará, independentemente da plataforma de dados analisada. [...](AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Field collection and herbaria data did not allow to quantify the diversity of aquatic plants from Northern Brazil, so we could not detect biogeographic patterns. Therefore, our objectives were to identify and quantify the aquatic macrophytes of North Brazilian states, analyzing herbaria data plataforms (SpeciesLink and Flora do Brasil). The checklist was produced by bibliographic search (articles published between 1980 and 2000), herbaria collections of the platforms SpeciesLink and Flora do Brasil and field expeditions, where we utilized asystematic sampling. We also analyzed the floristic similarity of aquatic macrophytes among Northern Brazil, wetlands of distinct Brazilian regions and the Neotropics. We recorded 539 species, of which 48 are endemic to Brazil. The states with highest number of species were Amazonas and Pará, independently on platform. The most represented families were Poaceae (89 species), Podostemaceae (55), Cyperaceae (50) and Fabaceae (47). We highlight the unprecedent richness of Podostemaceae, due to our own field collection efforts on favorable habitats, 25 species being endemic. Emergent and/or amphibious plants (515) were dominant in total species richness and were best represented in lotic habitats. We found significant differences in richness and floristics among states, obtained from the platforms. There is floristic similarity among Northern states and other Brazilian wetlands. In conclusion, we observed a rich aquatic flora in Northern Brazil, in spite of scarcity of records for Acre, Rondonia and Tocantins; we highlight the unprecedent number of endemic species of Podostemaceae (25) and contrasting richness between SpeciesLink and Flora do Brasil.

Os eforços de campo e os dados de herbários não nos permitiam quantificar a diversidade plantas aquáticas no Norte do Brasil e, com isso, nos impediam de traçar padrõres biogeográficos sobre essa comunidade. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivos identificar e quantificar as macrófitas aquáticas dos estados do Norte do Brasil, analisando duas plataformas de dados de herbarios (SpeciesLink e Flora do Brasil). O checklist baseou-se em levantamento bibliográfico (revistas e artigos publicados entre 1980 e 2000) e em coletas de campo, na qual foi utilizada amostragem de "caminhamento". Após a elaboração do checklist, verificaram-se os registros das espécies para os estados da região, consultando-se as coleções das plataformas SpeciesLink e Flora do Brasil. Foi analisada a similaridade de especies de macrófitas aquáticas do Neotrópico, Norte do Brasil e ecossistemas aquáticos de distintas regiões do país. Foram registradas 539 espécies, sendo 48 endêmicas do Brasil. As famílias mais representativas foram Poaceae (89 espécies), Podostemaceae (55), Cyperaceae (50) e Fabaceae (47). Ressaltamos a inédita riqueza de Podostemaceae, devida a nossos esforços de coleta em ambientes propícios, 25 espécies sendo endêmicas. Os estados que apresentaram maior número de registros de espécies foram Amazônia e Pará, independentemente da plataforma de dados analisada. [...]

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Empirical studies in salt marshes, arid, and alpine systems support the hypothesis that facilitation between plants is an important ecological process in severe or 'stressful' environments. Coastal dunes are both abiotically stressful and frequently disturbed systems. Facilitation has been documented, but the evidence to date has not been synthesized. We did a systematic review with meta-analysis to highlight general research gaps in the study of plant interactions in coastal dunes and examine if regional and local factors influence the magnitude of facilitation in these systems. The 32 studies included in the systematic review were done in coastal dunes located in 13 countries around the world but the majority was in the temperate zone (63%). Most of the studies adopt only an observational approach to make inferences about facilitative interactions, whereas only 28% of the studies used both observational and experimental approaches. Among the factors we tested, only geographic region mediates the occurrence of facilitation more broadly in coastal dune systems. The presence of a neighbor positively influenced growth and survival in the tropics, whereas in temperate and subartic regions the effect was neutral for both response variables. We found no evidence that climatic and local factors, such as life-form and life stage of interacting plants, affect the magnitude of facilitation in coastal dunes. Overall, conclusions about plant facilitation in coastal dunes depend on the response variable measured and, more broadly, on the geographic region examined. However, the high variability and the limited number of studies, especially in tropical region, indicate we need to be cautious in the generalization of the conclusions. Anyway, coastal dunes provide an important means to explore topical issues in facilitation research including context dependency, local versus regional drivers of community structure, and the importance of gradients in shaping the outcome of net interactions.

RESUMO

The biological spectrum and diaspores dispersal syndromes of the species recorded in a stretch of vegetation in a semi-arid region within the Cariri Environment Protection Area, Boa Vista, Paraíba State (northeast) Brazil, are described. Collections were made from fertile specimens, preferentially bearing fruit, over a 15-month period. Life forms and syndromes were determined by field observations using specialized literature. One hundred and sixty-six species, distributed into 123 genera and 41 families, were reported. Abiotic syndromes (autochory and anemochory) represented 69.7% of all syndromes identified, whilst 30.3% of the species were classified as zoochory. In the life form spectrum therophytes represented 27.7% of species, followed by small- and medium-sized phanerophytes (23.5%) and chamaephytes (22.3%). The occurrence of hemicryptophytes (9%), cryptophytes (0.6%) and species that could not be classified according to their life forms was also recorded (16.9%). Results showed that the biological spectrum and the dispersal syndromes are highly relevant to understand the structure and function of this phytocenose, with subsidies for the development of other studies in the semi-arid areas of northeastern Brazil.

O presente trabalho objetivou descrever o espectro biológico e as síndromes de dispersão dos diásporos das espécies registradas em um trecho de vegetação do semiárido do nordeste brasileiro dentro da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Cariri, Boa Vista, estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil. Durante 15 meses foram realizadas coletas de espécimes férteis, contendo frutos quando possível. As formas de vida e síndromes foram determinadas por meio de observações em campo e auxílio de literatura especializada. Foram encontradas 166 espécies distribuídas em 123 gêneros e 41 famílias. As síndromes abióticas (autocoria e anemocoria) representam 69,7% do total das síndromes identificadas, sendo a zoocoria a estratégia adotada por 30,3% das espécies. Quanto ao espectro de formas de vida, os terófitos representam 27,7% das espécies, seguidos pelos fanerófitos de pequeno e médio porte (23,5%) e caméfitos (22,3%). Também se registra a ocorrência de hemicriptófitos (9%) e um criptófito (0,6%), além das espécies que não puderam ser classificadas quanto à forma de vida (16,9%). Ambos os resultados inferem que tanto o espectro biológico como as síndromes de dispersão são de fundamental importância para a compreensão da estrutura e função desta fitocenose, também fornecendo subsídios para o desenvolvimento de outros estudos em áreas semiáridas do nordeste brasileiro.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O presente trabalho objetivou descrever o espectro biológico e as síndromes de dispersão dos diásporos das espécies registradas em um trecho de vegetação do semiárido do nordeste brasileiro dentro da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Cariri, Boa Vista, estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil. Durante 15 meses foram realizadas coletas de espécimes férteis, contendo frutos quando possível. As formas de vida e síndromes foram determinadas por meio de observações em campo e auxílio de literatura especializada. Foram encontradas 166 espécies distribuídas em 123 gêneros e 41 famílias. As síndromes abióticas (autocoria e anemocoria) representam 69,7% do total das síndromes identificadas, sendo a zoocoria a estratégia adotada por 30,3% das espécies. Quanto ao espectro de formas de vida, os terófitos representam 27,7% das espécies, seguidos pelos fanerófitos de pequeno e médio porte (23,5%) e caméfitos (22,3%). Também se registra a ocorrência de hemicriptófitos (9%) e um criptófito (0,6%), além das espécies que não puderam ser classificadas quanto à forma de vida (16,9%). Ambos os resultados inferem que tanto o espectro biológico como as síndromes de dispersão são de fundamental importância para a compreensão da estrutura e função desta fitocenose, também fornecendo subsídios para o desenvolvimento de outros estudos em áreas semiáridas do nordeste brasileiro.(AU)

The biological spectrum and diaspores dispersal syndromes of the species recorded in a stretch of vegetation in a semi-arid region within the Cariri Environment Protection Area, Boa Vista, Paraíba State (northeast) Brazil, are described. Collections were made from fertile specimens, preferentially bearing fruit, over a 15-month period. Life forms and syndromes were determined by field observations using specialized literature. One hundred and sixty-six species, distributed into 123 genera and 41 families, were reported. Abiotic syndromes (autochory and anemochory) represented 69.7% of all syndromes identified, whilst 30.3% of the species were classified as zoochory. In the life form spectrum therophytes represented 27.7% of species, followed by small- and medium-sized phanerophytes (23.5%) and chamaephytes (22.3%). The occurrence of hemicryptophytes (9%), cryptophytes (0.6%) and species that could not be classified according to their life forms was also recorded (16.9%). Results showed that the biological spectrum and the dispersal syndromes are highly relevant to understand the structure and function of this phytocenose, with subsidies for the development of other studies in the semi-arid areas of northeastern Brazil.(AU)

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RESUMO

Na floresta Ombrófila Densa do Parque Estadual de Carlos Botelho - PECB (ca. 37.000 ha) foi avaliada a composição, riqueza e distribuição geográfica das espécies vasculares nativas. A análise de 1143 espécies pertencentes a 140 famílias (sensu APG III) confirmaram o padrão encontrado para outras florestas do Leste do Brasil, com altas riquezas de Myrtaceae (85 espécies), Orchidaceae (81), Fabaceae (57), Asteraceae, Melastomataceae (54), Lauraceae (53), Rubiaceae (51), Bromeliaceae (43), Piperaceae (30) e Solanaceae (25), além de pteridófitas (123). Os gêneros mais ricos do Parque foram: Eugenia (34), Ocotea (26), Leandra, Myrcia, Vriesea (18), Piper (16), Solanum (15), Miconia (14), Mollinedia (13) e Peperomia (12). Houve grande variação na riqueza e composição de espécies entre hábitos, bem como no número de famílias representadas nos hábitos considerados (apenas Rubiaceae teve espécies em todos os hábitos, exceto parasitas). As árvores obtiveram a maior contribuição na riqueza total (39,1%), valor que representou mais de 20% das espécies de árvores citadas para toda a Floresta Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil. Em seguida, foram os epífitos (22,4%), ervas (18,4%), arbustos (10,1%), lianas (9,1%) e parasitas (0,9%). De maneira geral, a riqueza e a composição por hábitos foram bastante similares ao encontrado nas demais florestas neotropicais (e.g. alta contribuição de pteridófitas ente os epífitos), apesar de alguns dos hábitos permanecerem subamostrados no PECB (principalmente ervas, lianas e epífitos). A ocorrência de espécies endêmicas da Floresta Atlântica foi elevada (65%), com predominância de espécies de ocorrência no Sul da Floresta Atlântica (43%). Espécies pantropicais foram raras (2%), sendo mais comuns entre as pteridófitas e entre as herbáceas. Myrtaceae e Melastomataceae foram as famílias com maior número e proporção de espécies endêmicas.

In the Montane and Submontane Rain Forest of the Carlos Botelho State Park - PECB (ca. 37,000 ha) the composition, richness and geographical distribution of native, vascular forest species was evaluated. The analysis of 1143 species of 140 families supported the pattern found for other forests of Eastern Brazil, showing high species richness of Myrtaceae (85 species), Orchidaceae (81), Fabaceae (57), Asteraceae, Melastomataceae (54), Lauraceae (53), Rubiaceae (51), Bromeliaceae (43), Piperaceae (30) and Solanaceae (25), besides ferns (123). The most species-rich genera were Eugenia (34), Ocotea (26), Leandra, Myrcia, Vriesea (18), Piper, Solanum (16), Miconia (14), Mollinedia (13), and Peperomia (12). The richness and composition varied greatly among life forms, as well as the number of families represented in each one of them (only Rubiaceae had species in all life forms, except parasites). Trees had the largest contribution of total richness (39.1%), a value that represented more than 20% of the species listed for the whole Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil. Trees were followed by epiphytes (22.4%), herbs (18.4%), shrubs (10.1%), lianas (9.1%), and parasites (0.9%). The overall richness and composition of life forms was quite close to other neotropical forests (e.g. high contribution of ferns among epiphytes), although some life forms remain undersampled in the PECB (mainly herbs, lianas and epiphytes). The occurrence of species endemic to the Atlantic Forest was pronounced (65%), with a predominance of species restricted to the Southern Atlantic Forest (43%). Pantropical species were rare (2%), being more common among ferns. Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae were the families with greater number and proportion of endemic species.

RESUMO

In the last three decades, rapid assessment surveys have become an important approach for measuring aquatic ecosystem biodiversity. These methods can be used to detect anthropogenic impacts and recognize local or global species extinctions. We present a floristic survey of the aquatic macrophytes along the Brazilian margin of the Itaipu Reservoir conducted in 2008 and compare this with a floristic survey conducted ten years earlier. We used ordination analysis to determine whether assemblage composition differed among reservoir arms. Macrophyte species were sampled in each of the 235 sampling stations using a boat, which was positioned inside three places of each macrophyte stand to record species and search for small plants. We also collected submerged plants using a rake with the boat moving at constant velocity for ten minutes. We assigned individual macrophyte species to life form and identified representative species for each life form. A total of 87 macrophyte taxa were identified. The "emergent" life forms contained the highest number of species, followed by "rooted submerged" life forms. The extensive survey of macrophytes undertaken in September 2008 recorded more species than a survey conducted between 1995 and 1998. This could be due to changes in water physico-chemistry, disturbances due to water drawdown and the long period between surveys, which may have allowed natural colonization by other species. Additionally, differences in the classification systems and taxonomic resolution used in the surveys may account for differences in the number of species recorded. Assemblage composition varied among the arms and was affected by underwater radiation (as measured using a Secchi disk) and fetch. Five non-native species were found. Two of these non-native species (Urochloa subquadripara and Hydrilla verticillata) are of special concern because they have a high frequency of occurrence and occupy large marginal areas of the reservoir. Future surveys should be conducted to determine the habitat most frequently colonized by these species. This would allow management strategies to be developed to protect native aquatic biota and prevent interference with the recreational and commercial uses of the Itaipu Reservoir. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1437-1452. Epub 2010 December 01.

En las últimas tres décadas, las evaluaciones ecológicas rápidas se han convertido en un método importante para medir la biodiversidad de los ecosistemas acuáticos. Estos métodos se pueden utilizar para detectar los impactos antropogénicos y reconocer las extinciones locales o globales de las especies. Se presenta un estudio florístico de las macrófitas acuáticas a lo largo del margen brasileño del embalse Itaipú en 2008 y se compara con un estudio florístico realizado diez años atrás. Se utilizó un análisis de ordenamiento para determinar si hay diferencias en la composición de asociaciones de especies entre los brazos del embalse. Se tomaron muestras de las especies de macrófitos en cada una de las 235 estaciones de muestreo utilizando una embarcación, que fue colocada en tres lugares por punto para registrar las especies de macrófitos y buscar plantas pequeñas. También se recolectaron plantas sumergidas mediante un barrido con la embarcación, moviéndose a velocidad constante durante diez minutos. A las especies de macrófitas individuales se les asignó una forma de vida y se identificaron especies representativas de cada una. Un total de 87 táxones de macrófitas fueron identificados. Las formas de vida "emergentes" tienen el mayor número de especies, seguido por las formas de vida "con raíces sumergidas". Un estudio amplio de los macrófitos realizado en septiembre de 2008 registró más especies que el estudio realizado entre 1995 y 1998. Esto podría deberse a cambios físico-químicos del agua, perturbaciones debidas al nivel del embalse y el largo período de tiempo que hay entre ambos estudios, que pudo haber permitido la colonización natural por otras especies. Además, diferencias en la clasificación de los sistemas y la resolución taxonómica usada en los estudios, que podría producir diferencias en el número de especies registradas. La composición de la asociación de especies varió entre los brazos y se vio afectada por la radiación bajo el agua (medido utilizando un disco de Secchi) y la obtención de información. Se encontraron cinco especies no nativas. Dos no son nativas (Urochloa subquadripara y Hydrilla verticillata) son de especial preocupación debido a que tienen una alta frecuencia de ocurrencia y ocupan grandes zonas marginales del embalse. Se deben llevar a cabo futuros estudios para determinar el hábitat más frecuentemente colonizado por estas especies. Esto permitiría desarrollar estrategias de manejo para proteger la biota acuática nativa y evitar interferencias con los usos recreativos y comerciales del embalse Itaipú.

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RESUMO

A necessidade de ampliação da densidade de coleta em escala nacional, tanto para subsidiar a identificação de áreas prioritárias para conservação como para ampliar o conhecimento sobre a biota do país, tem sido enfatizada em diversas análises recentes sobre a biodiversidade brasileira. No caso das plantas, a densidade de coleta em escala nacional (0,44 exsicatas/km²) está bem abaixo do considerado adequado para um conhecimento completo da flora (3 exsicatas/km²) ou mesmo para a avaliação da riqueza de uma determinada região (1 exsicata/km²). Análises recentes têm revelado que mesmo nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, dotadas de mais infra-estrutura e maior número de botânicos, a densidade de coletas é insatisfatória. No estado de São Paulo algumas regiões têm sido consideradas carentes em esforço de coleta. Uma dessas regiões corresponde à bacia hidrográfica do Alto Paranapanema. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um inventário realizado na Floresta Estadual e Estação Ecológica de Paranapanema (23º 32' 02" S e 48º 45' 29" O), e é parte de um projeto mais amplo, cujo objetivo é ampliar a densidade de coletas botânicas naquela região. As unidades de conservação possuem 900 ha de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. As trilhas pré-existentes e as abertas para este estudo foram georreferenciadas e percorridas mensalmente no período de junho de 2007 a julho de 2008. Foram efetuadas 693 coletas de plantas férteis, sendo inventariadas 489 espécies, pertencentes a 294 gêneros e 98 famílias botânicas, assim distribuídas nas formas de vida: 291 árvores (59,5 por cento), 72 lianas (14,7 por cento), 58 arbustos (11,9 por cento), 45 ervas (9,2 por cento), 19 epífitas (3,9 por cento) e 4 hemiparasitas (0,8 por cento). Quinze espécies encontram-se ameaçadas de extinção. A riqueza de espécies concentrou-se em Myrtaceae (37 espécies), Fabaceae-Faboideae (32), Rubiaceae (28), Bignoniaceae (23), Asteraceae (20), Lauraceae (17), Apocynaceae (15), Melastomataceae (13), Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae e Fabaceae-Mimosoideae (12 cada). A densidade de coleta no município de Paranapanema passou de 0,027 para 0,71 exsicatas/km².

The need for increasing the botanical collecting effort at the national scale, as to aid in the identification of priority areas for conservation as to improve the knowledge about the national biota, has been highlighted in several recent analyses concerning the Brazilian biodiversity. For the plants, the collecting density at the national scale (0.44 dried specimens/km²) is well bellow the minimum for a complete knowledge about the flora (3 dried specimens/km²) or even for an assessment of the richness of a given region (1 dried specimen/km²). Recent analysis revealed that even in the South and Southwest regions, where the infra-structure is better and the number of botanists greater, the collecting density is inadequate. In the São Paulo state, some regions have been considered poorly collected. The Alto Paranapanema basin is one of these regions. This paper presents the results of a botanical inventory at the Paranapanema municipality conservation units (23º 32' 02" S and 48º 45' 29" W) and is part of a broader project which aims to contribute for an increase in the botanical collecting density at that region. The State Forest and the Ecological Station of Paranapanema have 900 ha of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest. The pre-existing trails and the trails established for this research were visited monthly between June 2007 and July 2008. 693 fertile specimens were collected and 489 species were identified, belonging to 294 genus and 98 families, according to the following distribution: Myrtaceae (37 species), Fabaceae-Faboideae (32), Rubiaceae (28), Bignoniaceae (23), Asteraceae (20), Lauraceae (17), Apocynaceae (15), Melastomataceae (13), Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae e Fabaceae-Mimosoideae (12 each). Fifteen species are under extinction risk. The distribution of the species among the life forms reveals 291 trees (59.5 percent), 72 lianas (14.7 percent), 58 shrubs (11.9 percent), 45 herbs (9.2 percent), 19 epiphytes (3.9 percent) and 4 hemiparasites (0.8 percent). The collecting density in the municipality of Paranapanema rose from 0.027 to 0.71 dried specimens/km².

RESUMO

As espécies vegetais do Cerrado apresentam variações periódicas nos padrões de crescimento e reprodução, fortemente relacionadas com a sazonalidade climática. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar, de forma comparativa, a fenologia reprodutiva (floração e frutificação) das espécies em campo sujo e campo úmido numa área de Cerrado na região sudeste do Brasil (Itirapina, SP), procurando responder às questões: (i) as espécies em campo sujo e campo úmido florescem e frutificam de maneira sazonal? (ii) os padrões reprodutivos em cada fisionomia são semelhantes para diferentes classes de hábito? (iii) as fisionomias variam quanto às proporções de espécies por modos de dispersão de sementes? (iv) as fisionomias variam quanto aos padrões de frutificação de acordo com os modos de dispersão de sementes? (v) a fenologia reprodutiva das espécies de acordo com a fisionomia, hábito e modo de dispersão correlaciona-se com a sazonalidade climática? Foram analisadas exsicatas depositadas no acervo do Herbário do Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP relativas ao período de 1983 a 2005. As espécies foram classificadas quanto ao hábito (arbustivo-arbóreas e herbáceo-subarbustivas) e modo de dispersão (anemo, auto e zoocóricas). Em ambas as fitofisionomias os padrões fenológicos foram, em geral, significativamente sazonais, usualmente com pico na estação úmida, mas diferiram de acordo com o hábito e modo de dispersão. Tais diferenças foram relacionadas às características ambientais de cada fisionomia, especialmente ao regime hídrico dos solos. O hábito das espécies mostrou grande influência nos padrões fenológicos observados e os padrões de frutificação nem sempre se relacionaram aos modos de dispersão, como observado em outras fisionomias do Cerrado, ressaltando a importância do desenvolvimento de estudos fenológicos detalhados em campo sujo e campo úmido.

The Cerrado plant species present periodic variations in its growth and reproduction usually closely related to climate seasonality. This study aimed to compare the reproductive phenology (flowering and fruiting) of plant species from a dry and a wet grassland in a Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) area at southeastern Brazil (Itirapina, SP) in order to answer the following questions: (i) do the plant species of each physiognomy flower and fruit seasonally? (ii) are the phenological patterns similar, in each physiognomy, among different life forms? (iii) do the physiognomies differ in respect to the proportion of species according to seed dispersal modes? (iv) do the physiognomies differ in respect to the fruiting patterns according to seed dispersal modes? (v) is the reproductive phenology of the species in each physiognomy, according to its life forms and dispersal modes, correlated to the climatic seasonality? We analyzed the vouchers included in the collection of the Herbarium of the Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP from 1983 to 2005. The plant species were classified into life forms (woody and herbaceous) and dispersal modes (anemo, auto and zoochorous). In both physiognomies the phenological patterns were very seasonal, usually with a peak during the wet season, but differing according to the life form and dispersal mode. The observed differences were related to the environmental conditions of each physiognomy, mainly to the patterns of soil drainage. Phenological patterns were largely influenced by life forms, but the dispersal modes did not show the expected fruiting patterns, based on other studies of different Cerrado areas, emphasizing the importance of conducting detailed field phenological studies in dry and wet grasslands.

Assuntos

RESUMO

• Here, we investigated the spatial and temporal abundance of mycelial mats in a tropical rain forest to determine their effects on the concentration of mineral nutrients in soils and fine roots. • Mats were marked and followed over three seasons. Fine-root mass and the concentration of mineral nutrients in both soils and roots were determined for mat-associated soils and for a control group. • Mats were more abundant in the dry season than in the wet season. The concentration of mineral nutrients in soils and fine roots increased from the rainy season to the end of the dry season. Mats appeared to affect the concentration of phosphorus, potassium and calcium, and the carbon : nitrogen and nitrogen : phosphorus ratios in soils and roots during all seasons. • Mats appeared to compete with plants for certain minerals. This could be part of 'bottom up' effects that may influence underground herbivory, as well as the above-ground concentrations of mineral nutrients in plants. Mats are relevant to understanding soil biodiversity and the potential feedback paths between the soil and above-ground subsystems.

RESUMO

The effects of biological invasions are most evident in isolated oceanic islands such as the Hawaiian Archipelago, where invasive plant species are rapidly changing the composition and function of plant communities. In this study, we compared the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf tissue construction cost (CC), leaf nutrient concentration, and net CO2 assimilation (A) of 83 populations of 34 native and 30 invasive species spanning elevation and substrate age gradients on Mauna Loa volcano in the island of Hawaii. In this complex environmental matrix, where annual precipitation is higher than 1500 mm, we predicted that invasive species, as a group, will have leaf traits, such as higher SLA and A and lower leaf CC, which may result in more efficient capture of limiting resources (use more resources at a lower carbon cost) than native species. Overall, invasive species had higher SLA and A, and lower CC than native species, consistent with our prediction. SLA and foliar N and P were 22.5%, 30.5%, and 37.5% higher, respectively, in invasive species compared to native ones. Light-saturated photosynthesis was higher for invasive species (9.59 µmol m-2 s-1) than for native species (7.31 µmol m-2 s-1), and the difference was larger when A was expressed on a mass basis. Leaf construction costs, on the other hand, were lower for the invasive species (1.33 equivalents of glucose g-1) than for native species (1.37). This difference was larger when CC was expressed on an area basis. The trends in the above traits were maintained when groups of ecologically equivalent native and invasive species (i.e., sharing similar life history traits and growing in the same habitat) were compared. Foliar N and P were significantly higher in invasive species across all growth forms. Higher N may partially explain the higher A of invasive species. Despite relatively high N, the photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency of invasive species was 15% higher than that of native species. These results suggest that invasive species may not only use resources more efficiently than native species, but may potentially demonstrate higher growth rates, consistent with their rapid spread in isolated oceanic islands.

RESUMO

Freezing tolerance and freezing avoidance were studied, during the growing season, in plant species from two different elevations (3200 m and 3700 m) in a desert region of the high Andes (29° 45'S, 69° 59'W) in order to determine whether there was a relationship between plant height and cold resistance mechanisms. Freezing injury and supercooling capacity were determined in plants of different height, from ground-level (<20 cm tall) to tall shrubs (27-90 cm). All ground-level plants showed freezing tolerance as the main mechanism for resistance to freezing temperatures. Tall shrubs avoided freezing temperatures, mainly through supercooling. Supercooling was only present in plants occupying the lower elevation (i.e., 3200 m). Both avoidance and tolerance mechanisms are present in a single genus (i.e., Adesmia).

RESUMO

Freezing tolerance and avoidance were studied in several different sized species of the tropical high Andes (4200 m) to determine whether there was a relationship between plant height and cold resistance mechanisms. Freezing injury and supercooling capacity were determined in ground level plants (i.e. cushions, small rosettes and a perennial herb), intermediate height plants (shrubs and perennial herbs) and arborescent forms (i.e. giant rosettes and small trees). All ground-level plants showed tolerance as the main mechanism of resistance to cold temperatures. Arborescent forms showed avoidance mechanisms mainly through supercooling, while intermediate plants exhibited both. Insulation mechanisms to avoid low temperatures were present in the two extreme life-forms. We suggest that a combination of freezing tolerance and avoidance by insulation is least expensive and is a more secure mechanism for high tropical mountain plants than supercooling alone.