RESUMO
El profesional de cultura física contribuye, con aportes importantes, al perfeccionamiento de los programas; aplica a la educación el ejercicio físico desde las primeras edades y favorece la formación integral. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en diseñar una metodología para el desarrollo de las cualidades coordinativas básicas en la Educación Física del nivel inicial 2. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de diseño preexperimental de control mínimo, con dos años de duración (2020-2021). La muestra seleccionada respondió a un muestreo intencional estratificado, no probabilístico. Se emplearon métodos de los niveles teórico y empírico, tales como: análisis y síntesis, inductivo-deductivo, sistémico-estructural funcional, medición, experimento, criterio de expertos y estadística descriptiva, así como técnicas de investigación entre los que destacan, análisis documental, observación estructurada, entrevista y encuesta. La metodología se realizó mediante la implementación de ejercicios físicos. Participaron 229 niños del nivel inicial 2; a partir del diagnóstico realizado se determinó que el equilibrio dinámico (46,3 %) y la coordinación dinámica general (43,7%) fueron evaluados de regular, además de dificultades en todos los patrones de movimiento, la motricidad gruesa, la fina, los reflejos, las reacciones y patrones posturales. El estudio mostró que se puede mejorar el desarrollo de las cualidades coordinativas básicas en la Educación Física del nivel inicial 2.
O profissional de cultura física contribui, com contribuições importantes, para o aprimoramento dos programas; Aplica o exercício físico à educação desde tenra idade e promove uma formação integral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenhar uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento de qualidades coordenativas básicas em Educação Física do nível inicial 2. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de desenho pré-experimental de controle mínimo, com duração de dois anos (2020-2021). ). ). A amostra selecionada respondeu a uma amostragem estratificada e não probabilística intencional. Foram utilizados métodos dos níveis teórico e empírico tais como: análise e síntese indutivo-dedutivo sistêmico-estrutural-funcional medição experimento julgamento de especialistas e estatística descritiva bem como técnicas de pesquisa dentre as quais se destacam a análise documental observação estruturada, entrevista e inquérito. A metodologia foi realizada por meio da execução de exercícios físicos. Participaram 229 crianças do nível inicial 2; A partir do diagnóstico realizado, constatou-se que o equilíbrio dinâmico (46,3%) e a coordenação dinâmica geral (43,7%) foram avaliados como regulares, além de dificuldades em todos os padrões de movimento, motricidade grossa e fina, reflexos, reações e padrões posturais. O estudo mostrou que o desenvolvimento das qualidades coordenativas básicas pode ser melhorado na Educação Física no nível inicial 2.
The physical culture professional contributes, with important contributions, to the improvement of the programs; applies physical exercise to education, from the earliest ages and promotes comprehensive training. The objective of this work was to design a methodology for the development of basic coordinative qualities in Physical Education of the initial level 2. To this end, a pre-experimental design study of minimum control was carried out, lasting two years (2020-2021). The selected sample responded to a stratified, non-probabilistic intentional sampling. Methods from the theoretical and empirical levels were used, such as: analysis and synthesis, inductive-deductive, systemic-structural-functional, measurement, experiment, expert judgment and descriptive statistics, as well as research techniques, among which stand out documentary analysis, structured observation, interview and survey. The methodology was carried out through the implementation of physical exercises. 229 children from initial level 2 participated. Based on the diagnosis made, it was determined that dynamic balance (46.3 %) and general dynamic coordination (43.7 %) were evaluated as fair, in addition to difficulties in all movement patterns, gross and fine motor skills, reflexes, reactions and postural patterns. The study showed that the development of basic coordinative qualities can be improved in Physical Education at initial level 2.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Fortification of breast milk is an accepted practice for feeding very low birth weight infants, however, fixed dosage enhancement does not address variations in native breast milk. This could lead to deficiencies in calories and macronutrients. We therefore established the infrastructure for target fortification in breast milk by measuring and adjusting fat, protein, and carbohydrate content daily. We analyzed nutrient intake, growth, and safety variables. STUDY DESIGN: Each 12-hour batch of breast milk was analyzed using near-infrared spectroscopy. Macronutrients were individually added to routine fortification to achieve final contents for fat (4.4 g), protein (3 g), and carbohydrates (8.8 g) (per 100 mL). Fully breast milk fed healthy very low birth weight infants (<32 weeks) were fed the fortified breast milk for at least 3 weeks. Matched pair analysis of 20 infants fed routinely fortified breast milk was performed using birth weight, gestational age, and postnatal age. RESULTS: All 650 pooled breast milk samples required at least 1 macronutrient adjusted. On average, 0.3 ± 0.4 g of fat, 0.7 ± 0.2 g of protein, and 1.2 ± 0.2 g of carbohydrate were added. Biochemistry was normal in the 10 target fortified infants (birth weight: 860 ± 309 g, 26.3 ± 1.6 weeks gestational age); weight gain was 19.9 ± 2.7 g/kg/d; and milk intake was 147 ± 5 mL/kg/d (131 ± 16 kcal/kg/d). Osmolality of fortified breast milk was 436 ± 13 mOsmol/kg. Matched pair analysis of infants indicated a higher milk intake (155 ± 5 mL/kg/d) but similar weight gain (19.7 ± 3.3 g/kg/d). No adverse event was observed. The linear relationship between milk intake and weight gain observed in study babies but not seen in matched controls may be related to the variable composition of breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: Daily target fortification can be safely implemented in clinical routine and may improve growth.