RESUMO
Background: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is a rare ocular condition that is usually unilateral, formed when normal regression of the hyaloid vascular system does not occur. Diagnosis is possible through ultrasonography, by obtaining images that provide information and also serve as a differential diagnosis. Clinically the condition presents with signs of leukocoria, microphthalmia, and cataracts, and it can be further classified into 6 degrees according to the evolution. The objective of this work is to describe the case and treatment of a canine of the Pointer breed that presented opacity in both eyes, with diagnosis confirmed through ocular ultrasonography. Case: A 6-year-old male pointer dog, weighing 27 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFRGS), Santa Maria, RS - Brazil with a history of blindness. According to the owner, the animal's right eye has always been "white", since it was a puppy and the left eye began to present the same characteristic a short time ago. On ophthalmological examination, neither eye showed signs of ocular discomfort, the Schirmer's tear test was within the range expected for the species, fluorescein and threat tests were negative, and a positive pupillary reflex was observed in the left eye. The right eye had total corneal opacity associated with a chronic lesion and the presence of pigment cells in the medial portion of the eyeball, the opacity making it impossible to visualize the other internal structures of the eyeball. The left eye presented lens opacity. In the ultrasound of the right eye, there were several alterations, the presence of a triangular-shaped hyperechogenic structure in the vitreous chamber, a decrease in the depth of the anterior chamber, and the presence of abnormality in the development of the lens. The findings are compatible with and confirmed the diagnosis of PHPV. In the left eye, the ultrasound images indicated hyperechogenicity of the posterior and anterior poles of the lens, findings compatible with cataracts. Through the animal's history, complete ophthalmic examination, and use of ocular ultrasonography, it was possible to diagnose and differentiate the causes of the white eye in the patient. The preoperative screening was continued with an electroretinography examination, which showed a satisfactory electrical response for the retina of the left eye and an unsatisfactory electrical response for the retina of the right eye. Phacoemulsification surgery was performed to remove the cataract in the left eye with intraocular lens implantation. The positive threat reflex returned in this eye, with a return of visual acuity. Discussion: Persistent hyperplastic tunica lentis and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV) are congenital anomalies caused by a failure to regress the fetal hyaloid vasculature. These conditions are not common, but occur sporadically in dogs. The PHPV classification can be classified into degrees, based on the morphological aspect of the lesion. Following this classification scheme, the PHPV of the animal in question refers to the 6th degree of evolution. The total opacity of the cornea in the right eye was associated with the presence of a hyperplastic primary vitreous and the leukocoria in the left eye was due to the presence of a mature cataract. The conclusion of the diagnosis was only possible through ocular ultrasonography, which is very useful to differentiate the causes of ocular opacity and leukocoria, in addition to allowing complete evaluation of the intraocular structures and being considered an essential exam to confirm the diagnosis of PHPV.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cães , Catarata/veterinária , Olho/diagnóstico por imagem , Vítreo Primário Hiperplásico Persistente/veterinária , Anormalidades do Olho/veterináriaRESUMO
Introducción: La vasculatura fetal persistente bilateral es una malformación ocular poco frecuente, generalmente unilateral, que suele presentarse como leucocoria. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de una paciente de 6 meses con leucocoria bilateral y diagnóstico de vasculatura fetal persistente bilateral. Resumen del caso: Reporte de caso por medio de recopilación de datos de la historia clínica, fotografías del segmento anterior de la paciente, ecografía ocular y resonancia magnética de cerebro. Conclusiones: La vasculatura fetal persistente bilateral es poco frecuente, pero hay que tenerla en cuenta en el momento del abordaje de un paciente con leucocoria bilateral, cuyo pronóstico visual depende de su reconocimiento y tratamiento tempranos.
Introduction: Bilateral persistent fetal vasculature is a rare developmental disorder of the eye, usually seen as leukocoria affecting only one eye. Objective: Report on a case of a 6 month old patient with bilateral leukocoria and diagnosis of bilateral persistent fetal vasculature. Case summary: Descriptive case report study with data from de medical history, anterior segment photographs, ocular ultrasonography and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions: Bilateral persistent fetal vasculature is an infrequent disease that has to be taken into account when approaching a patient with bilateral leukocoria, whose visual prognosis depends on the early detection and treatment
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Lactente , Vasos Retinianos , Corpo VítreoRESUMO
Abstract Objectives: Describe the results of the red reflex test in full-term newborns, as well as identify factors associated with red reflex test outcome and compare hospital length of stay between patients with inconclusive and normal red reflex test results. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study of the results of the red reflex test performed in a tertiary hospital maternity unit between 2014 and 2018. A nested case-control study was also performed to search for anthropometric, gestational, and neonatal variables associated with the outcome of the red reflex test. Results: There were121 identified cases of inconclusive red reflex test in 11,833 newborns. Sixteen alterations were confirmed, four considered severe: two cases of congenital glaucoma, one of cataract, and one of coloboma. Mean birth weight (p = 0.04), length (p = 0.03), and head circumference (p = 0.02) were lower in patients with inconclusive red reflex test; however without a relevant effect size (d = −0.21, −0.22, and −0.25, respectively).The proportion of white, mixed-race, and black patients was significantly different between the groups (p < 0.001), with a higher chance of inconclusive results in mixed-race (OR = 2.22) and black (OR = 3.37) patients when compared to whites. An inconclusive red reflex test led to an increase in hospital length of stay from 62 to 82 hours (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The red reflex test was able to identify four severe alterations in 11,833 newborns (0.03%). In the 121 newborns in which the red reflex test was classified as inconclusive, there was a 20-hour increase in the hospital length of stay, but a severe alteration was confirmed in only 3.3% of them. Differences in red reflex between white, mixed-race, and black patients should be considered.
Resumo Objetivos: Descrever os resultados do teste do reflexo vermelho em recém-nascidos a termo. Identificar fatores associados ao resultado do teste do reflexo vermelho e comparar o tempo de internação entre pacientes com teste do reflexo vermelho duvidoso e normal. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo dos resultados do teste do reflexo vermelho feito em maternidade de hospital terciário entre 2014 e 2018. Foi ainda feito estudo de caso-controle aninhado para pesquisa de variáveis antropométricas, gestacionais e neonatais associadas ao resultado do teste do reflexo vermelho. Resultados: Foram identificados 121 casos de teste do reflexo vermelho duvidoso em 11.833 recém-nascidos. Foram confirmadas 16 alterações, 4 consideradas graves: 2 casos de glaucoma congênito, um de catarata e um de coloboma. As médias de peso de nascimento (p = 0,04), comprimento (p = 0,03) e perímetro cefálico (p = 0,02) foram menores nos pacientes com teste do reflexo vermelho duvidoso, entretanto sem um tamanho de efeito relevante (d = -0,21; -0,22 e -0,25; respectivamente). A proporção de pacientes brancos, pardos e negros foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos (p < 0,001), com maior chance de resultado duvidoso para pardos (OR = 2,22) e negros (OR = 3,37) em comparação a brancos. O teste do reflexo vermelho duvidoso levou a um aumento no tempo de internação de 62 para 82 horas (p < 0,001). Conclusões: O teste do reflexo vermelho foi capaz de identificar 4 alterações graves em 11.833 recém-nascidos (0,03%). Nos 121 recém-nascidos em que o teste do reflexo vermelho foi classificado como duvidoso, houve aumento de 20 horas no tempo de internação hospitalar, porém se confirmou alteração grave em apenas 3,3% deles. Diferenças no reflexo vermelho entre brancos, pardos e negros devem ser consideradas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Reflexo , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Maternidades , Prognóstico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Tempo de InternaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Describe the results of the red reflex test in full-term newborns, as well as identify factors associated with red reflex test outcome and compare hospital length of stay between patients with inconclusive and normal red reflex test results. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study of the results of the red reflex test performed in a tertiary hospital maternity unit between 2014 and 2018. A nested case-control study was also performed to search for anthropometric, gestational, and neonatal variables associated with the outcome of the red reflex test. RESULTS: There were121 identified cases of inconclusive red reflex test in 11,833 newborns. Sixteen alterations were confirmed, four considered severe: two cases of congenital glaucoma, one of cataract, and one of coloboma. Mean birth weight (p=0.04), length (p=0.03), and head circumference (p=0.02) were lower in patients with inconclusive red reflex test; however without a relevant effect size (d=-0.21, -0.22, and -0.25, respectively).The proportion of white, mixed-race, and black patients was significantly different between the groups (p<0.001), with a higher chance of inconclusive results in mixed-race (OR=2.22) and black (OR=3.37) patients when compared to whites. An inconclusive red reflex test led to an increase in hospital length of stay from 62 to 82hours (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The red reflex test was able to identify four severe alterations in 11,833 newborns (0.03%). In the 121 newborns in which the red reflex test was classified as inconclusive, there was a 20-hour increase in the hospital length of stay, but a severe alteration was confirmed in only 3.3% of them. Differences in red reflex between white, mixed-race, and black patients should be considered.
Assuntos
Maternidades , Reflexo , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Tempo de Internação , Gravidez , PrognósticoRESUMO
El retinoblastoma es el cáncer de retina más frecuente en la infancia. Representa el 4% de los tumores en menores de 15 años. Su diagnóstico se realiza generalmente entre los 12 y 18 meses de vida, con buen pronóstico si no se ha diseminado. Objetivo: resaltar la importancia de la sospecha clínica para detección temprana de esta enfermedad. Caso clínico: paciente masculino de 4 meses de vida, procedente de Tegucigalpa, Honduras; con alteración en el reflejo pupilar del ojo izquierdo (leucocoria), acompañado de estrabismo divergente del mismo ojo. Fue evaluado por oftalmología y remitido al Hospital Escuela Universitario por sospecha de retinoblastoma de ojo izquierdo. Al examinar fondo de ojo se encontró lesión de 4 mm que ocupa 2/3 partes de la retina, por lo que se realizó tomografía axial computarizada cerebral y de órbita de ojo izquierdo, que reportó hipotrofia cortical frontotemporal bilateral y masa sólida calcificada que no se extiende fuera del globo ocular. Se indicó resonancia magnética nuclear de órbita, encontrándose masa hipodensa irregular en cámara posterior de ojo izquierdo. Posteriormente se realizó retino cámara, mostrando lesión que cubre casi totalidad de la retina. Con estos hallazgos el Servicio de Oftalmología Pediátrica, lo intervino quirúrgicamente realizando enucleación de ojo afectado; sin complicaciones, evolución satisfactoria y seguimiento en consulta externa de Hematoncológica Pediátrica. Conclusión: en este caso, la enfermedad se diagnosticó en etapa temprana, algo que generalmente no ocurre, logrando salvar la vida del paciente y evitó la diseminación a órganos adyacentes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Lactente , Enucleação Ocular , Fundo de Olho , Neoplasias da Retina/diagnóstico , Retinoblastoma/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Objetivo: A leucocoria é a presença da pupila branca e deve ser investigada e diagnosticada o mais precoce possível. A realização do Teste do Reflexo Vermelho, ao nascimento, permite a triagem de patologias importantes como a catarata congênita e o retinoblastoma. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de alterações oculares diagnosticada através do teste do reflexo vermelho em pacientes nascidos em uma maternidade do sul do Brasil. Métodos: Realizado estudo retrospectivo, transversal através da análise de prontuários no período de agosto de 2007 a maio 2011. Foram avaliados 10135 pacientes recém nascidos, antes da alta da maternidade. Todos os pacientes realizaram o teste do reflexo vermelho. Foi considerado alterado o teste em que o reflexo vermelho não esteve presente. Resultados: Foram detectados 4 pacientes com catarata congênita (prevalência de 4/10.000). Também foram observados um caso de coloboma de iris e um caso de albinismo ocular. Conclusão: O estudo concluiu que a prevalência das alterações encontradas corroboram com outros estudos da literatura.
Objetive: Leukocoria is the presence of the white pupil and should be investigated and diagnosed as early as possible . The Red Reflex Test should be done at birth because it allows the screening of important diseases such as congenital cataract and retinoblastoma. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of ocular abnormalities using the red reflex test in patients born in a maternity hospital in southern Brazil. Methods: Retrospective, transversal study through analysis of medical records from August 2007 to May 2011. We analysed 10135 medical records. All newborn patients were submitted to Red-Reflex examination before leaving the hospital. The testing was considered abnormal when the red reflex was not present. Results: During the period of the study, congenital cataract was detected in 4 patients (prevalence of 4/10.000). We were also observed 1 case of coloboma of iris and 1 case of ocular albinism. Conclusions: The study concluded that prevalence of ocular findings corroborate with other studies in the literature.
RESUMO
Os autores apresentam o relato de quatro casos de persistência completa do sistema retiniano e hialoide embrionários (PCSRHE), discutem sua patogenia baseados na embriogênese comparada procuram esclarecer os problemas que surgem no diagnóstico diferencial nos casos de leucocoria e sugerem o abandono da designação de persistência do vítreo primário (VP) hiperplásico. As razões para esta última proposta são as seguintes: 1) Não é só o VP que persiste, mas, também a retina embrionária, e a vasculatura hialoide com a haste do nervo óptico, ou restos desses elementos. 2) A palavra hiperplasia tem significado restrito em patologia, pois compreende somente os processos proliferativos não tumorais das células. Ora, tanto o vítreo primário como o secundário, definitivo do adulto, têm poucas células, as quais não aparecem como participantes da patogenia; além disso, o VP, nos casos de persistência completa, é escasso, portanto, hipoplásico, sendo um contrassenso a expressão vítreo primário hiperplásico.
The authors report 4 cases of Complete Persistence of the Embryonic Retinal and Hyaloid Systems (CPERHS), discuss their pathogeny based on compared embryogenesis, and attempt to clarify the issues that come forth in the differential diagnosis in cases of leukocoria, suggesting that the designation of Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (PHPV) should be abandoned for the following reasons: 1) Its not only the Primary Vitreous (PV) which persists but also the embryonic retina as well as the hyaloid vasculature with the optic nerve stalk, or the remains of these structures. 2) The term hyperplasia has a restricted meaning in Pathology as it encompasses only nontumoral processes of cell proliferation. However, both the primary and the secondary vitreous have few cells, which do not appear as participants of the pathogeny; moreover, the PV in the cases of complete persistence is scarce and therefore hypoplastic, the designation Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous being nonsensical.