RESUMO
A tuberculose é uma das doenças mais antigas do mundo. Os fatores de vulnerabilidade social, individual, programática, permitem que a tuberculose fique em latência por vários anos no indivíduo. Objetivo: Analisar, por meio de dados secundários, incidência e protocolo de infecção latente de tuberculose no município de São Paulo. Método: Trata-se de revisão sistemática da literatura. Em 29 de agosto de 2023, com a busca no Descritores em ciências da saúde: Tuberculose AND Infecção Latente, foram encontrados 4.527 artigos, após aplicação dos filtros: Base de dados LILACS e MEDLINE, texto completo, em Português, 2018 a 2023, restaram 38 documentos que foram submetidos ao checklist PRISMA. Resultados: Restaram 16 artigos que embasaram os resultados e a discussão. Conclusão: Iniciativas, como a busca ativa de comunicantes de tuberculose, devem ser construídas a partir de estratégias propostas em conjunto com pesquisadores e gestores alinhados ao Ministério da Saúde.(AU)
Tuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases in the world. Social, individual and programmatic vulnerability factors allow tuberculosis to remain latent for several years in the individual. Objective: To analyze, using secondary data, the incidence and protocol of latent tuberculosis infection in the city of São Paulo. Method: This is a systematic literature review. On August 29, 2023, 4,527 articles were found after applying the filters in the Health Sciences Descriptors: Tuberculosis AND Latent Infection: LILACS and MEDLINE database, full text, in Portuguese, 2018 to 2023, 38 documents remained that were submitted to the PRISMA checklist. Results: 16 articles were found to support the results and discussion. Conclusion: Initiatives, such as the active search for tuberculosis communicants, should be built on strategies proposed jointly with researchers and managers in line with the Ministry of Health.(AU)
La tuberculosis es una de las enfermedades más antiguas del mundo. Factores sociales, individuales y programáticos de vulnerabilidad permiten que la tuberculosis permanezca latente por varios años en el individuo. Objetivo: Analizar, a partir de datos secundarios, la incidencia y el protocolo de infección tuberculosa latente en el municipio de São Paulo. Método: Se trata de una revisión sistemática de la literatura. El 29 de agosto de 2023, fueron encontrados 4.527 artículos después de la aplicación de los filtros en los Descriptores de Ciencias de la Salud: Tuberculosis E Infección Latente: Base de datos LILACS y MEDLINE, texto completo, en portugués, 2018 a 2023, permanecieron 38 documentos que fueron sometidos a la lista de verificación PRISMA. Resultados: Quedaron 16 artículos, que constituyeron la base de los resultados y la discusión. Conclusión: Iniciativas como la búsqueda activa de comunicantes de tuberculosis deben construirse a partir de estrategias propuestas conjuntamente por investigadores y gestores en consonancia con el Ministerio de Salud.(AU)
Assuntos
Tuberculose , Infecção LatenteRESUMO
Abstract Since the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak, numerous articles have highlighted a possible link between COVID-19 vaccination or infection and Herpesviridae co-infection or reactivation. The authors conducted an exhaustive literature review on this topic, the results of which are presented individually for each member of the Herpesviridae family: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) types-1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2); Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV); Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV); Cytomegalovirus (CMV); HHV-6; HHV-7; and HHV-8. These human herpesviruses can serve as prognostic markers for the COVID-19 infection and may even underlie some of the clinical manifestations initially attributed to SARS-CoV-2. In addition to SARS-CoV-2 infection, all corresponding vaccines approved to date in Europe appear capable of inducing herpesvirus reactivation. It is important to consider all viruses of the Herpesviridae family when managing patients infected with or recently vaccinated against COVID-19.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness, safety, outcomes, and associated factors of tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) in children and adolescents in Paraná, southern Brazil. METHOD: This was an observational cohort study with a retrospective collection of secondary data from the TPT information systems of the state of Paraná from 2009 to 2016, and tuberculosis in Brazil from 2009 to 2018. RESULTS: In total, 1,397 people were included. In 95.4% of the individuals, the indication for TPT was a history of patient-index contact with pulmonary tuberculosis. Isoniazid was used in 99.9% of the cases with TPT, and 87.7% completed the treatment. The TPT protection was 98.7%. Among the 18 people who had TB, 14 (77.8%) became ill after the second year of treatment, and four (22.2%) in the first two years (p < 0.001). Adverse events were reported in 3.3% of cases, most of them were gastrointestinal and medication was discontinued in only 2 (0.1%) patients. No risk factors associated with the illness were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The authors observed a low rate of illness in pragmatics routine conditions in TPT for children and adolescents, especially within the first two years after the end of treatment, with good tolerability and a good percentage of adherence to the treatment. TPT should be encouraged to achieve the goals of the End TB Strategy of the World Health Organization as an essential strategy to reduce the incidence rate of the disease, but studies with new schemes must continue to be carried out in real-life scenarios.
Assuntos
Tuberculose Pulmonar , Tuberculose , Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/prevenção & controle , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Since the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak, numerous articles have highlighted a possible link between COVID-19 vaccination or infection and Herpesviridae co-infection or reactivation. The authors conducted an exhaustive literature review on this topic, the results of which are presented individually for each member of the Herpesviridae family: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) types-1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2); Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV); Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV); Cytomegalovirus (CMV); HHV-6; HHV-7; and HHV-8. These human herpesviruses can serve as prognostic markers for the COVID-19 infection and may even underlie some of the clinical manifestations initially attributed to SARS-CoV-2. In addition to SARS-CoV-2 infection, all corresponding vaccines approved to date in Europe appear capable of inducing herpesvirus reactivation. It is important to consider all viruses of the Herpesviridae family when managing patients infected with or recently vaccinated against COVID-19.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Infecções por Herpesviridae , Ativação Viral , Humanos , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Herpesvirus Humano 3 , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , SARS-CoV-2 , SimplexvirusRESUMO
Abstract Objective To analyze the effectiveness, safety, outcomes, and associated factors of tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) in children and adolescents in Paraná, southern Brazil. Method This was an observational cohort study with a retrospective collection of secondary data from the TPT information systems of the state of Paraná from 2009 to 2016, and tuberculosis in Brazil from 2009 to 2018. Results In total, 1,397 people were included. In 95.4% of the individuals, the indication for TPT was a history of patient-index contact with pulmonary tuberculosis. Isoniazid was used in 99.9% of the cases with TPT, and 87.7% completed the treatment. The TPT protection was 98.7%. Among the 18 people who had TB, 14 (77.8%) became ill after the second year of treatment, and four (22.2%) in the first two years (p < 0.001). Adverse events were reported in 3.3% of cases, most of them were gastrointestinal and medication was discontinued in only 2 (0.1%) patients. No risk factors associated with the illness were observed. Conclusions The authors observed a low rate of illness in pragmatics routine conditions in TPT for children and adolescents, especially within the first two years after the end of treatment, with good tolerability and a good percentage of adherence to the treatment. TPT should be encouraged to achieve the goals of the End TB Strategy of the World Health Organization as an essential strategy to reduce the incidence rate of the disease, but studies with new schemes must continue to be carried out in real-life scenarios.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Tuberculose Latente/diagnóstico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Testes Sorológicos , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Biomarcadores/sangue , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Tuberculose Latente/sangue , Tuberculose Latente/imunologia , Tuberculose Latente/microbiologia , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Tuberculose Pulmonar/sangue , Tuberculose Pulmonar/imunologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologiaRESUMO
Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) is a worldwide pathogen of goats and is closely related to Bovine alphaherpevirus 1 (BoHV-1). We herein studied the antigenic relationships of CpHV-1 with BoHV-1 and investigated the pathogenesis of CpHV-1 in kids and calves. Monoclonal antibody reactivity revealed that CpHV-1 and BoHV-1 share immunogenic epitopes in the major envelope glycoproteins gB, gC and gD. The antigenic relationship was further demonstrated by virus-neutralizing assays, in which CpHV-1 and BoHV-1 antisera presented varied degrees of cross-neutralization against the respective heterologous viruses. Although cross-neutralization was observed between both viruses and the heterologous antisera, BoHV-1 antisera neutralized CpHV-1 with higher efficiency than CpHV-1 antisera neutralized BoHV-1. Hence, the antigenic cross-reactivity between CpHV-1 and BoHV-1 should be considered upon serologic testing of goats and cattle in regions where the two viruses co-circulate. Intranasal (IN) inoculation of CpHV-1 (WI13-46 isolate) in seven seronegative kids resulted in efficient viral replication in the respiratory tract. Additionally, mild to moderate systemic and respiratory signs were observed, including apathy, hyperthermia, nasal discharge and respiratory distress. Dexamethasone administration to the inoculated kids between days 36 and 40 pi did not result in virus shedding in nasal secretions. However, latent infection had been established, as evidenced by the detection of CpHV-1 DNA in trigeminal ganglia and olfactory bulbs of kids euthanized at day 67 pi. Contrasting with the outcome of infection in kids, IN inoculation of CpHV-1 in calves did not result in productive infection as no virus replication or shedding were detected, and the animals did not develop clinical signs nor seroconverted. The animal experiments demonstrated that CpHV-1 was able to produce respiratory disease in kids, but did not replicate to detectable levels in calves.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Doenças das Cabras/patologia , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Varicellovirus/imunologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Bovinos , Reações Cruzadas , Epitopos/imunologia , Cabras , Infecções por Herpesviridae/patologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/virologia , Varicellovirus/classificaçãoRESUMO
Histoplasmosis is the most common endemic mycosis in the Americas. Currently, there is no laboratory test capable to detect subclinical or latent infections by Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc), which might develop as severe infections in immunocompromised individuals. For the first time to our knowledge, we explore the suitability of an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) to detect latent Hc infection in asymptomatic individuals. A cohort of 126 volunteers was enrolled in the study, 13 of which underwent a Hc infection in the past, and 93 of them showing risk factors for this infection. The remaining 20 participants did not refer any risk factors of Hc infection, but eight of them showed evidences of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All participants were recruited in Medellin, Colombia, between January 2014 and December 2017. Whole blood samples were cultured with four different Hc crude antigens and phytohemaglutinin as positive control. The interferon (IFN)-γ released by T lymphocytes upon antigen stimulation was quantified by ELISA. A defined cutoff value of 20 pg/ml for the IFN-γ concentration allowed us to distinguish between the group with documented past infections and the group of noninfected individuals with high sensitivity (70-92%) and specificity (85-95%), for the four tested antigens. Positive 82-95% and negative 77-92% predictive values were also very high, comparable to those reported for commercially available IGRAs. The new test constitutes a promising screening method to detect individuals with latent Hc infection, even decades after the primary infection, as evidenced in this study.
Assuntos
Infecções Assintomáticas , Histoplasmose/diagnóstico , Testes de Liberação de Interferon-gama , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígenos de Fungos/imunologia , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Colômbia , Feminino , Histoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Histoplasmose/sangue , Histoplasmose/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudo de Prova de Conceito , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Caribbean island of Tobago, which is 97% African ancestry, has one of the highest rates of prostate cancer in the world. We have previously reported that human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is significantly associated with prostate cancer in Tobago. In this study, we extend those results testing the hypothesis that HHV-8 seropositive Tobagonian men have a chronic HHV-8 infection in their prostates that is associated with increased inflammation. METHODS: Prostate sections were screened by immunohistochemistry for the expression of HHV-8 proteins K8.1 and LANA-1 and for presence of B cells (CD20) and macrophages (CD68). RESULTS: HHV-8 antigen expression representing lytic and latent infections was seen in 73.9% of prostates from HHV-8 seropositive subjects. Latent infections were seen predominantly in glandular epithelia whereas lytic gene expression was seen mainly in macrophages in prostate stroma. Macrophage infiltrates were significantly increased in sections expressing HHV-8 proteins. CONCLUSION: HHV-8 establishes a chronic latent infection in the prostate, which is associated with an increased macrophage infiltrate.
Assuntos
Infecções por Herpesviridae/patologia , Macrófagos/patologia , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/virologia , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos CD20/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/metabolismo , Antígenos Virais/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/patologia , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Infecções por Herpesviridae/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 8 , Humanos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Próstata/metabolismo , Próstata/virologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Trinidad e Tobago , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
To advance in the control and elimination of tuberculosis (TB) we must achieve a high level of effectiveness in the prevention of TB in populations infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Latent TB prevention success with current therapies (single isoniazid or in combination with rifampicin) is close to 60%. We also must offer a high level of treatment success in first-line drugs sensitive TB patients. With currently available drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide) treatment success should reach at least 95%. Drug side reactions together with the lengthen treatment of infection and disease (6 months) decrease the compliance to these therapies. In Multi-Drug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB), therapies are even longer (20 months according to WHO's recommendation) and much less tolerated, with rates of success under 50%. New trials for latent TB using rifapentin and isoniacid; combined fixed-dose offirst-line drugs in sensible TB, and the addition of new drugs (fluorquinolones, bedaquiline, delamanid and linezolid) in multi-drug resistant TB, together with shorter regimens of 12 months duration which include Clofazimine (experience in Cameroon with modification of a 9 months trial previously used in Bangladesh showing 89% cure) are discussed in this article.
Para el control y eliminación de la tuberculosis se debe lograr un alto grado de eficacia en la prevención del desarrollo de tuberculosis en la población infectada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Esta prevención, con las terapias actuales de la tuberculosis latente (isoniazida sola o combinada con rifampicina), es cercana al 60%. También debemos alcanzar una alta tasa de curación para los enfermos con tuberculosis sensible a los fármacos de primera línea (vírgenes a tratamiento). Con los fármacos actualmente disponibles (isoniazida, rifampicina, etambutol y pirazinamida) esta curación debería alcanzar a no menos del 95%. La regular tolerancia y reacciones colaterales de los fármacos y el largo tiempo que demandan las terapias de la infección y de la enfermedad (6 meses) atenta contra su adherencia. En el caso de la Tuberculosis Multi-Drogo-Resistente (TB-MDR), los tratamientos son aún más prolongados (20 meses según recomienda la OMS actualmente) y menos tolerados, siendo sus tasas de curación inferiores a 50%. Se analizan nuevos esquemas para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis latente usando rifapentina asociada a isoniacida; dosis fijas combinadas de fármacos de primera línea para tuberculosis sensibles, y asociación de fármacos antiguos y nuevos (fluoroquinolonas, bedaquilina, delamanid y linezolid) para el tratamiento de las tuberculosis multirresistentes. También se presentan nuevos esquemas acortados, de 12 meses de duración, que incluyen clofazimina (experiencia en Camerún con modificación del esquema de 9 meses usado previamente en Bangladesh, con tasas de curación de 89%).
Assuntos
Humanos , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Tuberculose LatenteRESUMO
It has been reported that patients with progressive tuberculosis (TB) express abundant amounts of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) cathelicidin (LL-37) and human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1) in circulating cells, whereas latent TB infected donors showed no differences when compared with purified protein derivative (PPD) and QuantiFERON®-TB Gold (QFT)-healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to determine whether LL-37 and HNP-1 production correlates with higher tuberculin skin test (TST) and QFT values in TB household contacts. Twenty-six TB household contact individuals between 26-58 years old TST and QFT positive with at last two years of latent TB infection were recruited. AMPs production by polymorphonuclear cells was determined by flow cytometry and correlation between TST and QFT values was analysed. Our results showed that there is a positive correlation between levels of HNP-1 and LL-37 production with reactivity to TST and/or QFT levels. This preliminary study suggests the potential use of the expression levels of these peptides as biomarkers for progression in latent infected individuals.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Células Sanguíneas/química , Catelicidinas/sangue , Tuberculose Latente/diagnóstico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , alfa-Defensinas/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Busca de Comunicante , Catelicidinas/metabolismo , Progressão da Doença , Expressão Gênica , Testes de Liberação de Interferon-gama/métodos , Tuberculose Latente/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Teste Tuberculínico/métodosRESUMO
A manutenção da infecção latente pelo M. tuberculosis (TBIL) pode ser atribuída à sua capacidade de sobreviver durante anos no organismo humano em um estado não replicativo (dormente). A proteína HspX do M. tuberculosis, induzida sob condições de hipóxia, está fortemente associada com a manutenção da viabilidade do bacilo na TBIL. O presente estudo tem como objetivo, verificar se a superexpressão da proteína HspX altera a expressão de genes envolvidos com a síntese de componentes da parede celular, replicação do DNA e divisão celular de bacilos, assim como, na expressão de genes envolvidos com a resposta imune inata em macrófagos infectados com esses bacilos. O gene hspX foi amplificado pela PCR a partir do DNA do M. tuberculosis H37Rv, clonado no vetor de expressão pFPCA1GFP, e a proteína HspX expressa em M. smegmatis mc2155. As bactérias, nas quais, a presença da proteína recombinante foi confirmada por Western Blot, foram utilizadas, para a análise de expressão gênica tanto em bactérias quanto em macrófagos infectados. O estudo de expressão gênica foi realizado utilizando a RT-qPCR. Quando comparado aos controles, as bactérias que expressavam a proteína HspX apresentaram uma redução na expressão de genes de replicação do DNA e divisão celular, que foi acompanhado por uma tendência a filamentação das células e uma redução no tamanho das colônias. Além disso, nos macrófagos infectados com a bactéria expressando a proteína HspX, houve um aumento tanto da expressão do mRNA quanto da secreção de IL-1b, citocina importante para estabilização do granuloma, e uma redução na expressão de IRGM, gene relacionado com o processo autofágico, importante mecanismo de defesa do hospedeiro contra bactérias intracelulares. Portanto, em conjunto, essas alterações de expressão gênica, em consequência da presença da proteína HspX sugerem uma contribuição, direta ou indireta, dessa proteína para a adaptação morfológica e metabólica da bactéria dormente durante a TBIL, e consequentemente, para a resposta imune inata dos macrófagos infectados favorecendo a viabilidade intracelular dessas bactérias
The maintenance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection latent (TBIL) may be attributed to its ability to persist for years in the host in a non-replicative state (dormant). The HspX protein from M. tuberculosis, induced under hypoxic, is strongly associated with maintaining the bacillus viability in TBIL. This study aims to determine if HspX overexpression chances the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of cell wall components, DNA replication and cell division of bacilli, as well as, the expression of genes involved in innate immune response of macrophages infected. The gene hspX was amplified by PCR from DNA of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and cloned into the expression vector pFPCA1GFP. The HspX was expressed in M. smegmatis mc2155 and the recombinant protein was confirmed by Western blot. The bacterias expressing HspX were used for gene expression analysis both in bacteria and in infected macrophages by RT-PCRq. In bacterias expressing HspX, it was observed a reduction in expression of genes involved in DNA replication and cell division, and with cells more filamentous and smaller colonies, compared with controls. In addition, in macrophages infected with bacillus expressing HspX, there was an increase in both mRNA expression and secretion of IL-1b, an important cytokine for granuloma stability, and a reduction in expression of IRGM, an autophagic gene, important for host defense mechanism against intracellular bacteria. Together, these results suggest a direct or indirect contribution of HspX protein for metabolic and morphological adaptation of dormant bacteria in TBIL, and for the innate immune response in infected macrophages, improving the bacteria intracellular viability
Assuntos
Hipestesia , Microbiologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Expressão Gênica , Genética MicrobianaRESUMO
A podridão parda é a doença mais importante para a cultura do pessegueiro, entretanto, no Brasil são escassos os trabalhos realizados a campo visando o seu controle. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, selecionar fungicidas em laboratório e avaliar a sua eficiência e de fosfitos a campo, para o controle da podridão parda monitorando as fases de desenvolvimento de frutos e pós-colheita, além de avaliar as características qualitativas dos frutos. O experimento de campo foi realizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições: três fungicidas pré-selecionados in vitro (iminoctadine tris albesilate, myclobutanil e iprodione), dois fosfitos (CaB e de K) e testemunha. Foi avaliada a incidência de infecções latentes de Monilinia fructicola em frutos em desenvolvimento e em frutos maduros após a colheita. Para os frutos em desenvolvimento observou-se maior incidência nas duas últimas coletas. No campo, o iprodione e o iminoctadine mostraram eficiência no controle da doença durante as avaliações. Após três dias no ambiente o iminoctadine foi melhor que os demais tratamentos mantendo a incidência da podridão parda em 1,0% contra 31,4% no tratamento com iprodione e 91,2% na testemunha. O fosfito de CaB não mostrou diferença em relação à testemunha no decorrer das avaliações, mas o fosfito de K, reduziu em 60 e 28% o número de frutos doentes aos três e cinco dias, respectivamente, em relação à testemunha. Quanto aos parâmetros de qualidade, o peso médio dos frutos, o diâmetro e a firmeza da polpa, não mostraram diferenças significativas em relação à testemunha.
Brown rot is the most important disease in peach tree cultivation, but field studies with control methods are currently rare in Brazil. One of the objectives of this study was to select fungicides in the laboratory then test them in the field, additionally to phosphites, for the control of the brown rot. The control was performed by observing the fruit development phase and by postharvest monitoring. Another objective was to assess the qualitative characteristics of the fruit. The field experiment was carried out with six treatments and four replications: three in vitro pre-selected fungicides (iminoctadine tris albesilate, myclobutanil and iprodione), two phosphites (CaB and K) and the control. Latent infections in developing and postharvest fruits were assessed in regard to the incidence of Monilinia fructicola. For the developing fruits it was observed higher incidence during the two last assessments. In the field, iprodione and iminoctadine showed efficient control of the disease during the assessments. After three days in the environment, the iminoctadine was better than the other treatments, keeping the incidence of brown rot to 1.02% as against 31.45 for iprodione and 91.2% for the control. Phosphite-CaB showed no difference in relation to the control as the assessments proceeded, but phosphate-K reduced the number of diseased fruits over three and five days by 60% and 28%, respectively, in relation to the control. In regard to quality parameters, there was no significant difference in the average fruit weight, diameter and pulp firmness in relation to the control.
RESUMO
La infección primaria por Herpesvirus Equino tipos 1 y 4 (HVE-1 y HVE-4) se inicia en el tracto respiratorio superior; luego se produce una viremia primaria en la que intervienen linfocitos B y T, la cual le permite al virus alcanzar otros sistemas orgánicos y producir abortos en el último tercio de la gestación, muerte neonatal de potros y síndromes neurológicos, principalmente por causa del HVE-1. Debido al hallazgo de anticuerpos contra HVE-1 y HVE-4 en caballos de dos departamentos de Colombia, el propósito de este estudio fue detectar la presencia del genoma viral en Mononucleares de Sangre Periférica (MNSP) de caballos seropositivos para HVE-1 y HVE-4 y en ganglios trigéminos de equinos en una planta de faenado del departamento de Antioquia. Por medio de una PCR semianidada se amplificaron los genes que codifican por las glicoproteína Hs (gH) de HVE-1 y B (gB) de HVE-4. El 28 y el 19% de los MNSP contenían el gen de la gH y de la gB, respectivamente. En el 57.8 y 47.7% de los ganglios trigéminos evaluados se logró amplificar los genes gH y gB, respectivamente. Para determinar si la cepa de HVE-1 circulante en el departamento de Antioquia poseía potencial neuropatogénico, se amplificó y secuenció el gen de la DNA polimerasa viral, que puede presentar una mutación asociada con neuropatogénesis. Sin embargo, ninguna de las cepas secuenciadas poseía dicha mutación. Los resultados confirman la presencia de la infección por HVE -1 y HVE-4 en el departamento de Antioquia, lo que sugiere que existen animales con infección latente que podrían ser una fuente de infección para otros animales susceptibles
The infection with Equine Herpesvirus types 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) occurs at the upper respiratory tract. Soon after this takes place a primary cell associated viremia to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC, mainly on B and T lymphocytes), which allows the virus to reach other organic systems and production of abortions in the last third of gestation, neonatal foal death and neurological syndromes. After primary infection the animals remain latently infected for all the life. Because the presence of antibodies for EHV-1 and EHV-4 in plasma and serum of horses of two departments of Colombia was demonstrated, the objective of the present study as to demonstrate the presence of the viral genome in PBMC from horses diagnosed seropositive for EHV-1 and EHV-4, and in trigeminal ganglion of equines from a slaughterhouse of the Department of Antioquia. By means of a semi-nested PCR, the gene codifying for glycoprotein H (gH) of EHV-1 and gB of EHV-4 were amplified. In PBMC 28 and 19% of gH and of gB amplification were found, respectively; whereas in trigeminal ganglion 57.8 and 47.7% were amplified for gH and gB, respectively. With the aim of assessing whether the circulating strain in the department of Antioquia had a neuropathogenic potential, we amplified and sent to sequencing the gene that encodes the viral DNA polymerase, which could has a mutation that has been associated with neuropathogenic potential. We found that the circulating viral strain in Antioquia does not have such a mutation. The set of our results confirms that infection by EHV is present in the State of Antioquia, Colombia, and that there are equines latently infected which can be a source of infection for other susceptible horses.
A infecção primária por Herpesvirus Eqüino tipo 1 e 4 (HVE-1 e HVE-4) inicia no tracto respiratório superior; depois, há uma viremia primária envolvidos no B e linfócitos T, que permite que o vírus chegue a outros sistemas e produtos biológicos abortos no último terço da gestação, morte neonatal de potros e síndromes neurológicas, devido sobretudo ao facto de HVE-1. Devido à descoberta de anticorpos contra o HVE-1 e HVE-4 cavalos em dois departamentos da Colômbia, O objetivo deste estudo foi o de detectar a presença do genoma viral em MNSP cavalo seropositivos para HVE-1 e HVE-4 4 os gânglios do trigémeo de cavalos em um curativo na planta do departamento de Antioquia. Através de uma PCR semianidada foram amplificados genes codificantes para a glicoproteína Hs (GH) HVE-1 e B (GB) de HVE-4. Em 28 e 19% do MNSP contendo o gene para a GH e no Reino Unido, respectivamente. No 57,8 e 47,7% dos gânglios trigêmeo avaliados foi atingido amplificar genes GH e GB, respectivamente. Para determinar se a estirpe do HVE-1 circulantes no departamento de Antioquia tinha potencial neuropatogénico, foi amplificado e sequenciado o gene da DNA polimerase viral, que pode apresentar uma mutação associada com neuropatogénesis. No entanto, nenhuma das cepas seqüenciadas possuía essa mutação. Os resultados confirmam a presença de infecção e de HVE -1 HVE-4, no departamento de Antioquia, sugerindo que há animais com infecção latente que poderia ser uma fonte de infecção para outros animais sensíveis.
Assuntos
Animais , Infecções por Herpesviridae , Herpesvirus Equídeo 1RESUMO
Experiments were conducted to determine whether preemergence infection of potato sprouts by Phytophthora infestans occurs in the highland tropics of Ecuador. In three separate experiments in the field, P. infestans was identified on the preemerged sprouts of 49, 5, and 43% of tubers, respectively, which had been removed from soil prior to emergence. Tubers had been planted within 10 m of approximately 300-m2 plots with mature potato plants severely infected with late blight. Infection potential of potato sprouts also was evaluated in the greenhouse by applying 10-ml sporangial suspensions (50 and 250 sporangia/ml) daily for 10 days to the soil surface of pots planted with sprouted seed potato tubers. The daily inoculation rate of 50 sporangia/ml (15.9 × 103 sporangia/m2) resulted in sprout infection in 100% of inoculated pots and roughly corresponded to the sporangial deposition accumulated over 24 h in the field. Deposition had been measured at 1 m from a severely infected potato plot. Our study demonstrated the potential for preemergence infection of potato sprouts by P. infestans in the highlands of Ecuador, where year-round aerial inoculum is present. Preemergence infection is consistent with high levels of disease sometimes seen in recently emerged potato fields. These experiments indicate a need to reconsider disease management approaches.
RESUMO
The efficiency of the establishment and reactivation of latent infection by bovine herpesviruses types 1 and 5 (BHV-1 and 5) was compared. Calves inoculated intranasally with BHV-1 (SV-265, n=6) or BHV-5 (SV-507, n=6) presented a mild to moderate nasal discharge and shed virus in nasal secretions in titers up to 10(7.81)TCID50/ml (mean tissue culture infectious dose) during an average of 10.5 days (6-15 [BHV-1]) or up to 10(6.7) TCID50/ml during 15.3 days (13-18 [BHV-5]). Dexamethasone administration (Dx; 0.5mg/kg) at day 60pi resulted in reactivation of the infection in all calves. Virus shedding in nasal secretions was detected in titers up to 10(5.5)TCID50/ml during 6 to 9 days (mean: 7.8) in calves inoculated with BHV-1 and in titers up to 10(6.1)TCID50/ml (3 to 12 days, mean: 7.5) in calves inoculated with BHV-5. These results showed that BHV-1 and BHV-5 were capable of establishing and reactivating the latent infection at comparable levels.
Nesse estudo, comparou-se a eficiência de estabelecimento e reativação da infecção latente pelos herpesvírus bovinos tipos 1 e 5 (BHV-1 e 5) em bezerros. Bezerros inoculados pela via intranasal com uma amostra de BHV-1 (SV-265, n=6) ou BHV-5 (SV-507, n=6) apresentaram corrimento nasal discreto a moderado e excretaram vírus em secreções nasais em títulos de até 10(7,81)DICC50/ml (dose infectante para 50% dos cultivos celulares) durante um período médio de 10,5 dias (6-15 [BHV-1]) ou títulos de até 10(6,7) DICC50/ml durante 15,3 dias (13-18 [BHV-5]). A administração de dexametasona (Dx; 0,5mg/kg, via endovenosa) aos 60 dias pós-inoculação (pi) resultou em reativação da infecção em todos os animais inoculados. O vírus foi detectado em secreções nasais dos bezerros inoculados com o BHV-1 em títulos de até 10(5,5)DICC50/ml por 6 a 9 dias (x:7,8) e em títulos de até 10(6,1)DICC50/ml (durante 3 a 12 dias, x: 7,5 dias) nos bezerros inoculados com o BHV-5. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que tanto o BHV-1 quanto o BHV-5 foram capazes de estabelecer e reativar a infecção latente em níveis semelhantes.
RESUMO
The efficiency of the establishment and reactivation of latent infection by bovine herpesviruses types 1 and 5 (BHV-1 and 5) was compared. Calves inoculated intranasally with BHV-1 (SV-265, n=6) or BHV-5 (SV-507, n=6) presented a mild to moderate nasal discharge and shed virus in nasal secretions in titers up to 10(7.81)TCID50/ml (mean tissue culture infectious dose) during an average of 10.5 days (6-15 [BHV-1]) or up to 10(6.7) TCID50/ml during 15.3 days (13-18 [BHV-5]). Dexamethasone administration (Dx; 0.5mg/kg) at day 60pi resulted in reactivation of the infection in all calves. Virus shedding in nasal secretions was detected in titers up to 10(5.5)TCID50/ml during 6 to 9 days (mean: 7.8) in calves inoculated with BHV-1 and in titers up to 10(6.1)TCID50/ml (3 to 12 days, mean: 7.5) in calves inoculated with BHV-5. These results showed that BHV-1 and BHV-5 were capable of establishing and reactivating the latent infection at comparable levels.
Nesse estudo, comparou-se a eficiência de estabelecimento e reativação da infecção latente pelos herpesvírus bovinos tipos 1 e 5 (BHV-1 e 5) em bezerros. Bezerros inoculados pela via intranasal com uma amostra de BHV-1 (SV-265, n=6) ou BHV-5 (SV-507, n=6) apresentaram corrimento nasal discreto a moderado e excretaram vírus em secreções nasais em títulos de até 10(7,81)DICC50/ml (dose infectante para 50% dos cultivos celulares) durante um período médio de 10,5 dias (6-15 [BHV-1]) ou títulos de até 10(6,7) DICC50/ml durante 15,3 dias (13-18 [BHV-5]). A administração de dexametasona (Dx; 0,5mg/kg, via endovenosa) aos 60 dias pós-inoculação (pi) resultou em reativação da infecção em todos os animais inoculados. O vírus foi detectado em secreções nasais dos bezerros inoculados com o BHV-1 em títulos de até 10(5,5)DICC50/ml por 6 a 9 dias (x:7,8) e em títulos de até 10(6,1)DICC50/ml (durante 3 a 12 dias, x: 7,5 dias) nos bezerros inoculados com o BHV-5. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que tanto o BHV-1 quanto o BHV-5 foram capazes de estabelecer e reativar a infecção latente em níveis semelhantes.