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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the burden of adverse kidney and hypertension outcomes in patients evaluated by pediatric nephrology in a multidisciplinary survivorship clinic. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of all patients followed up by nephrology in our multidisciplinary survivorship clinic from August 2013 to June 2021. Data included clinic blood pressure, longitudinal ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), echocardiography, serum creatinine, and first-morning urine protein/creatinine ratios. For patients with multiple ABPMs, results of initial and most recent ABPMs were compared. RESULTS: Of 422 patients followed in the multidisciplinary cancer survivorship clinic, 130 were seen by nephrology. The median time after therapy completion to first nephrology visit was 8 years. The most common diagnoses were leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome (27%), neuroblastoma (24%), and Wilms tumor (15%). At the last follow-up, 68% had impaired kidney function, 38% had a clinical diagnosis of hypertension, and 12% had proteinuria. There were 91 ABPMs performed in 55 (42%) patients. Patients with multiple ABPMs (n = 21) had statistically significant reductions in overall median blood pressure loads: systolic initial load 37% vs most recent 10% (P = .005) and diastolic load 36% vs 14% (P = .017). Patients with impaired kidney function were more likely to have received ifosfamide. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have received total body irradiation or allogeneic stem cell transplant. CONCLUSIONS: History of leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome, neuroblastoma, and Wilms tumor was frequent among survivors seen by nephrology. There was significant improvement in cardiovascular measures with increased recognition of hypertension and subsequent treatment.

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Resumen Con el advenimiento de tratamientos multidisciplinarios y de alta calidad, la supervivencia global a cinco años por cáncer en la población pediátrica ha mejorado considerablemente, llegando a ser hasta de 80% en países de altos ingresos. En Colombia también ha habido un aumento progresivo de la supervivencia global a 5 años, particularmente para las neoplasias hematológicas. En consecuencia, el número de supervivientes de cáncer infantil ha aumentado de forma importante en los últimos años y junto con ellos la aparición de eventos adversos tardíos relacionados con mayor morbilidad y riesgo de muerte prematura en la edad adulta. Aunque se han venido implementando estrategias de seguimiento a supervivientes de cáncer infantil en países de altos ingresos, en Colombia se han realizado pocos esfuerzos para la implementación de estas estrategias. De hecho, la práctica común en la mayoría de los centros de tratamiento consiste en dar de alta al niño que cumple 5 años de seguimiento oncológico, sin instrucciones precisas para dicho seguimiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo es argumentar sobre la necesidad de diseñar e implementar estrategias de seguimiento para supervivientes de cáncer infantil en el contexto colombiano.

Abstract With the advent of high-quality multidisciplinary treatments, the overall 5-year cancer survival in the pediatric population has improved considerably, reaching up to 80% in high-income countries. In Colombia, there has also been a progressive increase in overall 5-year survival, particularly for hematologic malignancies. Consequently, the number of childhood cancer survivors has increased significantly in recent years and, together with them, the occurrence of late adverse events related to increased morbidity and risk of premature death in adulthood. Although follow-up strategies have been implemented for childhood cancer survivors in high-income countries, few efforts have been made in Colombia to implement these strategies. In fact, the common practice in most treatment centers is to discharge children who have had 5 years of cancer follow-up, without precise instructions for long-term follow-up. This paper aims to argue about the need to design and implement follow-up strategies for survivors of childhood cancer in the Colombian context.

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PURPOSE: Late effects in childhood cancer survivors are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The objective was to establish knowledge about the disease, late effects, self-care practices, application of health knowledge/education, sources of information, and biopsychosocial impact of cancer, and compare the results of Chile and Croatia. METHODS: One-hundred-and-seventy-one, 5-year survivors who were treated for leukemia or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma responded to a questionnaire (119 in Chile and 52 in Croatia). The questionnaire was reviewed by BFM-ELTEC. RESULTS: Health knowledge about past diagnosis and general treatment had 96% Chilean and 85% Croatian survivors. Ninety percent of Chilean and 73% of Croatian survivors were unaware of possible late effects, and half did not know which specialist to visit for follow-up. Forty-six percent of Chilean and 35% of Croatian survivors knew about healthy lifestyles, but most did not practice them. The 74% of Chileans and 87% of Croatian survivors recalled having received health education during treatment. About 50% of survivors in both groups were afraid or anguish, but it was also a growth experience for 60% of Chilean and 42% of Croatian survivors. Eighty-seven percent Chilean and 77% Croatian survivors considered themselves physically independent, while 76% and 75% felt psychologically independent, respectively. CONCLUSION: A significant lack of knowledge about the specific treatment, late effects, and future health in both countries was detected. They did not achieve significant learning with the education received. Psychological sequelae were found that are important to prevent.

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Cancer survivorship care in Colombia is of increasing importance. International survivorship initiatives and studies show that continuing symptoms, psychological distress, and late effects impact the quality of life for survivors. Priorities for quality survivorship according to Colombian patients and clinicians are unknown. We undertook a nominal consensus approach with 24 participants using virtual meeting technology to identify the priorities for cancer survivorship. We applied an iterative approach conducted over eight weeks with five workshops and one patient focus group followed by a priority setting survey. The consensus group established six main themes, which were subsequently evaluated by experts: (i) symptoms and secondary effects of cancer; (ii) care coordination to increase patient access and integration of cancer care; (iii) psychosocial support after cancer treatment; (iv) mapping information resources and available support services for long-term cancer care; (v) identifying socioeconomic and regional inequalities in cancer survival to improve care and outcomes; and (vi) health promotion and encouraging lifestyle change. The order of priorities differed between clinicians and patients: patients mentioned psychosocial support as the number one priority, and clinicians prioritized symptoms and surveillance for cancer recurrence. Developing survivorship care needs consideration of both views, including barriers such as access to services and socioeconomic disparities.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Postpoliomyelitis syndrome is a clinical condition that can affect poliomyelitis survivors. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate knowledge of poliomyelitis and postpoliomyelitis syndrome among Brazilian healthcare professionals. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted at a Brazilian public higher education institution located in the state of Goiás. METHODS: The participants (n = 578) were Brazilian physicians, physical therapists, nurses, nutritionists and psychologists. A self-administered questionnaire (30 questions) was designed to probe knowledge about poliomyelitis and postpoliomyelitis syndrome. From the questionnaire, we created a structured test to objectively evaluate the knowledge of these professionals. The test was composed of 20 questions and was scored over a range from 0 (totally ill-informed) to 20 (totally well-informed). RESULTS: In general, the physicians, physical therapists and nurses demonstrated better understanding of poliomyelitis and postpoliomyelitis syndrome. The healthcare professionals who had received previous information about poliomyelitis and postpoliomyelitis syndrome had significantly higher scores than those who had never received information (P < 0.001). On average, this difference was approximately 28.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from the present study indicate that there is a critical need for improvement of knowledge about postpoliomyelitis syndrome among Brazilian healthcare professionals. The services provided by these professionals may therefore become compromised. Furthermore, public healthcare initiatives should be implemented to improve knowledge among healthcare professionals.

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O transplante de medula óssea (TMO) é um procedimento indicado para o tratamento de doenças hematológicas, que afetam muitas mulheres jovens. O aperfeiçoamento dos cuidados durante o TMO proporciona altos índices de cura e de sobrevida. No entanto, pode deixar sequelas em vários órgãos e sistemas, entre eles o sistema reprodutor e os órgãos genitais, impactando negativamente a qualidade de vida das receptoras do TMO. O objetivo desta publicação foi realizar uma revisão narrativa sobre o tema e propor um protocolo assistencial que torne acessível os cuidados relacionados à saúde sexual e reprodutiva a esse grupo especial de mulheres, baseado em dados clínicos de um ambulatório de assistência ginecológica às mulheres transplantadas no Hospital Amaral Carvalho, em Jaú, no interior de São Paulo.(AU)

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is indicated for the treatment of hematological diseases which affect many young women. The improvement of care during BMT procedures provides higher cure and survival rates. however, it can cause sequelae in various organs and systems, including the reproductive system and genitals, negatively impacting quality of life. The purpose of this publication is to present a narrative review related to this theme and to propose a healthcare protocol that allows sexual and reproductive care in this special group of patients, based on the clinical experience of a gynecological outpatient clinic at the Amaral Carvalho Hospital, in Jaú (SP) which specifically care for these women.(AU)

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Proton radiotherapy has promised an advantage in safely treating pediatric malignancies with an increased capability to spare normal tissues, reducing the risk of both acute and late toxicity. The past decade has seen the proliferation of more than 30 proton facilities in the United States, with increased capacity to provide access to approximately 3,000 children per year who will require radiotherapy for their disease. We provide a review of the initial efforts to describe outcomes after proton therapy across the common pediatric disease sites. We discuss the main attempts to assess comparative efficacy between proton and photon radiotherapy concerning toxicity. We also discuss recent efforts of multi-institutional registries aimed at accelerating research to better define the optimal treatment paradigm for children requiring radiotherapy for cure.

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PURPOSE: With improved diagnostic techniques and treatments of breast cancer, overall survival times are longer, giving more opportunity for normal tissue complications of treatment to manifest. Radiation late effects (RLEs) could have profound long-term impacts on the quality of life of the survivors. The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors influencing timing and types of complications in patients referred to the Adult Radiation Late Effects Clinic (ARLEC). METHODS: In a period of 16 years, 296 breast cancer patients were referred to the ARLEC. The clinical records were retrospectively studied to collect epidemiologic, medical and treatment data. Associations were sought between candidate predictive factors and time to the first complication after radiation treatment (RT) completion (primary outcome), and pain or swelling (secondary outcomes) using univariable and multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses. All analyses were performed in SAS, version 9.4. RESULTS: All patients were female with a mean age of 56.3 years. The first treatment-related complication occurred after a median of 3 months. Patients were followed at ARLEC for a median of 18 months. Older age and delay from surgery to RT (S-RT delay) were associated with earlier onset of complications (both p < 0.001). The most common complications were breast pain (62.1%) and swelling (45.9%). Histology and RT boost were associated with pain (p = 0.035 and 0.013). RT boost and S-RT delay on the other hand were associated with swelling (p = 0.013 and 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical factors identified could help recognize the patients at high risk for developing RLEs and alert physicians to initiate earlier diagnostic and therapeutic measures.

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El consumo de cocaína y/o cannabis durante el embarazo constituye un problema en ascenso, de importancia para la salud pública mundial. Los niños expuestos pueden presentar un amplio rango de complicaciones en el período perinatal, pero los conocimientos sobre la evolución posterior son escasos.Objetivo: Describir y comparar las trayectorias sanitarias de niños expuestos y no expuestos prenatalmente a cocaína y/o cannabis durante 4 años. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con grupo de comparación doble. Los niños expuestos fueron detectados en el Servicio de Neonatología de un hospital público mediante una prueba de orina, entre 2009 y 2013. Resultados: Se evaluaron 29 niños expuestos y 58 no expuestos. Las principales drogas detectadas en el grupo expuesto fueron cocaína y cannabis. La mayoría de las madres fueron policonsumidoras. En los niños del grupo expuesto, se encontraron diferencias significativas en menor frecuencia de controles de salud (p < 0,0001) y mayor frecuencia de consultas en Emergencias (p = 0,0295) e Internaciones (p = 0,007), principalmente, por cuadros respiratorios. Presentaron, además, mayor frecuencia de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, cambios de hogar y judicialización. En ese grupo, hubo 1 niño y 2 progenitores muertos por causa violenta. No hubo ninguna muerte en el grupo no expuesto.Conclusiones: Los niños expuestos a cocaína y/o cannabis prenatalmente tuvieron menor número de controles de salud y mayor frecuencia de consultas en Emergencias e Internaciones. Presentaron, además, mayor frecuencia de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, cambios de hogar, judicialización y muertes violentas en el grupo familiar directo.

Cocaine and/or cannabis use during pregnancy is a growing problem of relevance for global public health. Exposed children may have a wide range of perinatal complications, but there is little knowledge on their course.Objective: To describe and compare the health trajectories of children prenatally exposed and unexposed to cocaine and/or cannabis over 4 years.Methods: Retrospective, cohort study with a double control group. Exposed children were detected through a urine test by the Department of Neonatology of a public hospital between 2009 and 2013. Results: A total of 29 exposed children and 58 unexposed children were assessed. The most common drugs detected in the exposed group were cocaine and cannabis. Most mothers were poly-drug users. The exposed group showed significant differences in relation to a lower frequency of health checkups (p < 0.0001) and a higher number of visits to the emergency department (p = 0.0295) and hospitalizations (p = 0.007), mainly due to respiratory conditions. In addition, they had a greater rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, changes of home, and legal interventions. In this group, 1 child and 2 parents had a violent death. No deaths were reported in the unexposed group. Conclusions: Children prenatally exposed to cocaine and/or cannabis had a lower number of health checkups and a higher number of visits to the emergency department and hospitalizations. Besides, they showed a greater rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, changes of home, legal interventions, and violent deaths in the direct family group.

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INTRODUCTION: Cocaine and/or cannabis use during pregnancy is a growing problem of relevance for global public health. Exposed children may have a wide range of perinatal complications, but there is little knowledge on their course. OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the health trajectories of children prenatally exposed and unexposed to cocaine and/or cannabis over 4 years. METHODS: Retrospective, cohort study with a double control group. Exposed children were detected through a urine test by the Department of Neonatology of a public hospital between 2009 and 2013. RESULTS: A total of 29 exposed children and 58 unexposed children were assessed. The most common drugs detected in the exposed group were cocaine and cannabis. Most mothers were poly-drug users. The exposed group showed significant differences in relation to a lower frequency of health checkups (p < 0.0001) and a higher number of visits to the emergency department (p = 0.0295) and hospitalizations (p = 0.007), mainly due to respiratory conditions. In addition, they had a greater rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, changes of home, and legal interventions. In this group, 1 child and 2 parents had a violent death. No deaths were reported in the unexposed group. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusions: Children prenatally exposed to cocaine and/or cannabis had a lower number of health checkups and a higher number of visits to the emergency department and hospitalizations. Besides, they showed a greater rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, changes of home, legal interventions, and violent deaths in the direct family group.

El consumo de cocaína y/o cannabis durante el embarazo constituye un problema en ascenso, de importancia para la salud pública mundial. Los niños expuestos pueden presentar un amplio rango de complicaciones en el período perinatal, pero los conocimientos sobre la evolución posterior son escasos. Objetivo: Describir y comparar las trayectorias sanitarias de niños expuestos y no expuestos prenatalmente a cocaína y/o cannabis durante 4 años. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con grupo de comparación doble. Los niños expuestos fueron detectados en el Servicio de Neonatología de un hospital público mediante una prueba de orina, entre 2009 y 2013. Resultados: Se evaluaron 29 niños expuestos y 58 no expuestos. Las principales drogas detectadas en el grupo expuesto fueron cocaína y cannabis. La mayoría de las madres fueron policonsumidoras. En los niños del grupo expuesto, se encontraron diferencias significativas en menor frecuencia de controles de salud (p < 0,0001) y mayor frecuencia de consultas en Emergencias (p = 0,0295) e Internaciones (p = 0,007), principalmente, por cuadros respiratorios. Presentaron, además, mayor frecuencia de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, cambios de hogar y judicialización. En ese grupo, hubo 1 niño y 2 progenitores muertos por causa violenta. No hubo ninguna muerte en el grupo no expuesto. Conclusiones: Los niños expuestos a cocaína y/o cannabis prenatalmente tuvieron menor número de controles de salud y mayor frecuencia de consultas en Emergencias e Internaciones. Presentaron, además, mayor frecuencia de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, cambios de hogar, judicialización y muertes violentas en el grupo familiar directo.

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OBJECTIVE: To define important aspects of survivorship care for the more than 1.2million survivors of gynecologic cancer currently living in the US. DATA SOURCES: Research articles, reviews, position statements and white papers, and evidence-based guidelines. CONCLUSION: Survivorship care includes a coordinated plan of care, ongoing surveillance, health promotion support, and management of long-term and late effects of treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses need to be aware of the current guidelines for post-treatment surveillance and health promotion recommendations for survivors of gynecologic cancers. Early identification of long-term and late effects of treatment followed by coordinated medical intervention and self-management education are essential to improve quality of life.

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BACKGROUND: Thalidomide is a known teratogen and it is estimated that more than ten thousand babies were affected by thalidomide embryopathy (TE), which is characterized mainly by limb defects, but can involve many organs and systems. Most people with TE were only evaluated at birth and it is not well established if thalidomide exposure during embryonic development leads to later effects. We analyzed the clinical history of adults with TE to better understand this gap in the clinical findings of TE. METHODS: Brazilian individuals with TE were invited to answer a clinical questionnaire which considered family history, social information, medical history, and current clinical and psychological health status. A clinical examination was also performed, including on the infant subjects to evaluate congenital anomalies. The characterization of the features was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The congenital anomalies caused by thalidomide were reviewed in 28 Brazilian individuals, and the questionnaire was applied to the 23 adult subjects with TE (aged 19 to 55). Progressive deafness and dental loss were reported. From the comparison of TE individuals with the general Brazilian population, the early onset of cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.009) and a higher frequency of psychological disorders (p = 0.011) were observed. CONCLUSION: Although there is no sufficient evidence that thalidomide exposure caused or worsened the described events, this approach helps to better understand the TE phenotype, improves the clinical diagnosis, and can lead to adequate health support for these individuals.

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El propósito de esta revisión, es determinar el impacto del tratamiento de quimioterapia sobre el sistema musculoesquelético de los niños y adolescentes con Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda (LLA). Los estudios pertinentes fueron identificados en las bases de datos Pubmed, LILACS y ScieLO, combinando los siguientes términos de búsqueda: leucemia linfoblástica, niños, osteonecrosis y efectos tardíos. Se tuvieron en cuenta 33 artículos, publicados entre 2002 y 2012, encontrándose mayor número de literatura disponible sobre las complicaciones en la administración de corticoides, constituyéndose la osteonecrosis como la principal consecuencia de la quimioterapia sobre el sistema musculoesquelético.

The purpose of this review is to determine the impact of chemotherapy on the musculoskeletal system in children and adolescents with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Relevant studies were identified in the databases PubMed, LILACS, Elsevier and ScieLO, combining the following search terms: lymphoblastic leukemia, children, osteonecrosis and late effects. Thirty- three articles published between 2002 and 2012 were considered. More available literature was found on complications in the administration of corticosteroids, being osteonecrosis the main consequence of chemotherapy on the musculoskeletal system.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to characterize the audiological profile accompanying oncological treatment in patients who had cancer in childhood and had been free of oncological treatment for at least 8 years. Our main interest lay in identifying the affected frequencies that interfered with speech intelligibility (SI) in those who had acquired hearing loss after treatment. PROCEDURE: Two hundred patients who had cancer in childhood were evaluated. Diagnosis was made at the mean age of 6 years old, and hearing evaluation was performed at a mean age of 21 years. Fifty-one of these patients received chemotherapy without cisplatin, carboplatin or head and neck radiotherapy; 64 received cisplatin without head and neck radiotherapy; 75 received head and neck radiotherapy without cisplatin; and 10 received both head and neck radiotherapy and cisplatin chemotherapy. All patients underwent pure tone audiometry and speech audiometry. RESULTS: Patients who had hearing loss primarily had bilateral symmetric sensorineural hearing loss. Although the average SI for ears with hearing loss in the frequency range from 4 to 8 kHz was normal, the Kruskall-Wallis test showed a significant difference between ears without hearing loss and those with hearing loss between 4 and 8 kHz. The average SI score in ears with hearing loss between 1 and 8 kHz was significantly different from all other ears. CONCLUSIONS: Hearing loss involving frequencies at and above 4 kHz determines a decline in SI.

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A radioterapia em região de cabeça e pescoço provoca inúmeras sequelas ao paciente irradiado, afetando o sistema estomatognático e com repercussões sistêmicas importantes. As sequelas da radiação ionizante podem ser extensas e, algumas vezes, permanentes, em especial nas glândulas salivares e no tecido ósseo. É relevante que o cirurgião dentista tenha conhecimento das reações adversas e das formas adequadas de prevenção e tratamento para amenizar o desconforto e melhorar a condição de vida do paciente irradiado. Portanto, a conscientização e motivação deste paciente, com a promoção de saúde oral através da adequação do meio bucal e orientações sobre ações preventivas, são essenciais para se obter o melhor prognóstico.

Head and neck radiotherapy causes countless sequelae in irradiated patients, affecting the stomatognathic system, with significant systemic implications. Sequelae of exposure to ionizing radiation may be extensive and sometimes permanent, particularly in the salivary glands and bone tissue. It is of utmost importance that the surgeon dentist be aware of adverse reactions and appropriate forms of treatment to alleviate discomfort and improve the quality of life of the irradiated patient. Therefore, awareness and motivation of the patient, with promotion of oral health through the adaptation of the oral environment and guidance on preventive measures are essential to get a better prognosis.

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OBJETIVO: Determinar se o número de áreas anatômicas envolvidas pode modificar os grupos de risco padrão no linfoma de Hodgkin pediátrico, identificando as crianças que poderiam se beneficiar de uma redução da intensidade do tratamento. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com avaliação de idade, sexo, histologia, classificação de Ann-Arbor, presença de sintomas B, número de áreas anatômicas envolvidas, grupos de risco (favorável versus desfavorável) e exames laboratoriais. Todos os pacientes receberam quimioterapia com doxorrubicina. Os pacientes em remissão completa por 5 anos ou mais foram avaliados para a detecção de efeitos tardios. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e nove pacientes (2-18 anos) foram incluídos, sendo que 68 por cento pertenciam ao grupo de risco desfavorável. A sobrevida global e a sobrevida livre de eventos foram de 94 e 87 por cento, respectivamente. Os efeitos tardios foram detectados em 46 casos. Estágio avançado e > quatro áreas anatômicas envolvidas tiveram impacto negativo sobre a sobrevida livre de eventos, enquanto que o número de áreas anatômicas envolvidas apresentou significância estatística de acordo com a análise de Cox (razão de risco = 6,4; IC95 por cento = 1,08-38,33; p = 0,04). Os grupos de risco foram ajustados por número de áreas anatômicas envolvidas (< quatro/> quatro áreas anatômicas envolvidas), com uma significativa realocação de pacientes (p = 0,008). Dos 30 pacientes com efeitos tardios, 21 estavam no grupo de risco desfavorável original, e 14 poderiam ter sido realocados para o grupo de risco favorável com base no número de áreas anatômicas envolvidas. CONCLUSÃO: Se uma reestratificação tivesse sido aplicada, um número considerável de crianças teria recebido tratamento de menor intensidade e, consequentemente, poderia ter tido menores chances de apresentar efeitos tardios. Um estudo prospectivo poderia definir se o ajuste de grupos de risco pelo número de áreas anatômicas envolvidas teria algum impacto sobre ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the number of involved anatomic areas can modify the standard risk groups in pediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma, identifying children who would benefit from a reduction in treatment intensity. METHODS: Retrospective study evaluating age, sex, histology, Ann-Arbor stage, presence of B symptoms, number of involved anatomic areas, risk grouping (favorable vs. unfavorable), and laboratory exams. All patients received doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy. Patients in complete remission for 5 years or longer were evaluated as for late effects. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients (2-18 years) were included, 68 percent belonged to the unfavorable risk group. Overall survival and event-free survival were 94 and 87 percent, respectively. Late effects were screened in 46 cases. Advanced stage and > four involved anatomic areas had negative impact on event-free survival, while only the number of involved anatomic areas retained statistical significance when using Cox analysis (hazard ratio = 6.4, 95 percentCI = 1.08-38.33; p = 0.04). Risk groups were adjusted by number of involved anatomic areas (< four/> four involved anatomic areas), with a significant reallocation of patients (p = 0.008). Of the 30 patients with late effects, 21 were in the original unfavorable risk group and 14 (66.6 percent) could have been reallocated to the favorable risk group based on the number of involved anatomic areas. CONCLUSION: If re-stratification had been applied, a considerable number of children would have received less intensive treatment and, consequently, could have had lower chances of late effects. A prospective study could define if adjustment of risk group by number of involved anatomic areas would have any impact on survival rates.

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Los niños y adolescentes sobrevivientes de cáncer pueden presentar a largo plazo alteraciones endocrinas como consecuencia del tratamiento antineoplásico recibido. Con el objeto de identificar en forma temprana estos efectos tardíos, se presenta una guía práctica que permite realizar un seguimiento desde el punto de visto endocrino, evaluando los factores de riesgo y las complicaciones tardías potenciales que puedan desarrollarse de acuerdo al agente terapéutico utilizado y su dosis. Las alteraciones en el crecimiento, especialmente las causadas por la radioterapia y/ o cirugía craneal, los desórdenes de la pubertad e infertilidad como consecuencia de la quimioterapia, y la osteopenia, son algunas de las endocrinopatías más relevantes. La implementación de un tratamiento hormonal temprano ofrece la oportunidad de optimizar el crecimiento, brindar bienestar y mejorar la calidad de vida al paciente con cáncer en remisión.

Childhood cancer survivors can manifest late endocrine effects after completion of cancer therapy. In order to make an early identification of long-term endocrine sequelae, we present a practical guideline for the follow-up and assessment of the risk factors and potential late complications that will develop in relation to the therapeutic agent used and its dose. Growth impairment due to brain irradiation and/or surgery, pubertal disorders and infertility caused by chemotherapy, and osteopenia, are some of the most prevalent endocrinopathies. Early hormonal treatment can lead to enhance growth rate, available stamina and improve quality of life of the patient with cancer in remission.