RESUMO
Resumen Mendes, J. C., Milistetd, M., Ibáñez, S.J. y Vieira do Nascimento, J. (2020). Fuentes de conocimiento de los entrenadores: estudio de caso de las selecciones brasileñas de balonmano masculino. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-17. El estudio ha identificado las fuentes de conocimiento más valorizadas por los entrenadores y ayudantes de campo de las selecciones de balonmano masculino de Brasil en las categorías juvenil (U19), júnior (U21) y adulta. La investigación trata de un estudio de caso realizado con tres entrenadores y tres entrenadores asistentes de las selecciones masculinas de balonmano de Brasil. Se recolectaron los datos por medio del cuestionario de Perfil de Formación del Entrenador. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva (mediana) e inferencial (U de Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis) con nivel de significancia de p ≤ .05. Los resultados indicaron que, tanto los entrenadores como los ayudantes de campo de las selecciones, asignaban mayor valorización a las fuentes de conocimiento procedentes de "experiencia profesional" y de "formación académica". Además, se observó que las fuentes de conocimiento procedentes de "experiencia profesional" fueron más valorizadas por los integrantes de las comisiones técnicas de las selecciones U19 y adulta, mientras que los miembros de la comisión técnica de la selección U21 valorizaban más las fuentes de conocimiento procedentes de "formación académica". No obstante, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los resultados entre entrenadores y entrenadores asistentes, así como entre las comisiones técnicas de las selecciones U19, U21 y adulta. La actuación profesional de los entrenadores y asistentes de campo de las selecciones brasileñas masculinas de las categorías U19, U21 y adulta de balonmano y la construcción del proceso de entrenamiento del modelo de juego propuesto para las selecciones se estructuraron a partir de las fuentes de conocimientos procedentes de su "experiencia profesional" y la "formación académica".
Resumo Mendes, J.C., Milistetd, M., Ibáñez, S.J. e Vieira do Nascimento, J. (2020). Fontes de conhecimentos dos treinadores: estudo de caso das seleções brasileiras masculinas de handebol. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-17. O estudo identificou as fontes de conhecimentos mais valorizadas pelos treinadores e treinadores assistentes das seleções de handebol masculino do Brasil nas categorias juvenil (U19), júnior (U21) e adulta. A pesquisa trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado com três treinadores e três treinadores assistentes das seleções masculinas de handebol do Brasil, sendo os dados coletados por meio do questionário de Perfil de Formação do Treinador. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva (mediana) e inferencial (U de Mann Whitney e Kruskal Wallis) com nível de significância de p ≤ .05. Os resultados indicaram que, tanto os treinadores, como os treinadores assistentes das seleções, atribuíam maior valorização das fontes de conhecimentos procedentes da "experiência profissional" e da "formação acadêmica". Além disso, observou-se que as fontes de conhecimento procedentes da "experiência profissional" foram mais valorizadas pelos integrantes das comissões técnicas das seleções U19 e adulta, enquanto os membros da comissão técnica da seleção U21 valorizavam mais as fontes de conhecimento procedentes da "formação acadêmica". Contudo não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos resultados entre treinadores e treinadores assistentes, como também entre as comissões técnicas das seleções U19, U21 e adulta. A atuação profissional dos treinadores e treinadores assistentes das seleções brasileiras masculinas das categorias U19, U21 e adulta do Handebol e a construção do processo de treino do modelo de jogo proposto para as seleções estruturam-se a partir das fontes de conhecimentos procedentes da sua "experiência profissional" e da "formação acadêmica".
Abstract Mendes, J.C., Milistetd, M., Ibáñez, S.J. & Vieira do Nascimento, J. (2020). Coaches' knowledge sources: a case study of Brazilian men's handball teams. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-17. The aim of the current study is to identify the knowledge sources most valued by coaches and assistant coaches of male Brazilian handball teams in the youth (U19), junior (U21), and adult categories. The case study included three coaches and three assistant coaches of male Brazilian handball teams. Data was collected using the Coach Training Profile Questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive (median) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests), at p ≤ .05 significance level. Results indicated that coaches and assistant coaches of the national handball teams give greater value to knowledge sources under "professional experience" and "academic training". In addition, "professional experience" was the knowledge source most valued by members of the technical commission of the U19 and adult categories, whereas members of the technical committee of the U21 category most valued "academic training" as their knowledge source. However, no significant differences were observed in results between coaches and assistant coaches, as well as between the technical commissions of the U19, U21, and adult categories. The professional performance of coaches and assistant coaches of Brazilian male handball teams belonging to the U19, U21, and adult categories and the construction of the training process associated with the match model proposed for the teams are structured based on knowledge sources such as "professional experience" and "academic training".
Assuntos
Humanos , Esportes , Ensino , Apoio ao Desenvolvimento de Recursos Humanos , BrasilRESUMO
Resumo O estudo identificou as fontes de conhecimentos mais valorizadas pelos treinadores e treinadores assistentes das seleções de handebol masculino do Brasil nas categorias juvenil (U19), júnior (U21) e adulta. A pesquisa trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado com três treinadores e três treinadores assistentes das seleções masculinas de handebol do Brasil, sendo os dados coletados por meio do questionário de Perfil de Formação do Treinador. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva (mediana) e inferencial (U de Mann Whitney e Kruskal Wallis) com nível de significância de p ≤ .05. Os resultados indicaram que, tanto os treinadores, como os treinadores assistentes das seleções, atribuíam maior valorização das fontes de conhecimentos procedentes da "experiência profissional" e da "formação acadêmica". Além disso, observou-se que as fontes de conhecimento procedentes da "experiência profissional" foram mais valorizadas pelos integrantes das comissões técnicas das seleções U19 e adulta, enquanto os membros da comissão técnica da seleção U21 valorizavam mais as fontes de conhecimento procedentes da "formação acadêmica". Contudo não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos resultados entre treinadores e treinadores assistentes, como também entre as comissões técnicas das seleções U19, U21 e adulta. A atuação profissional dos treinadores e treinadores assistentes das seleções brasileiras masculinas das categorias U19, U21 e adulta do Handebol e a construção do processo de treino do modelo de jogo proposto para as seleções estruturam-se a partir das fontes de conhecimentos procedentes da sua "experiência profissional" e da "formação acadêmica".
Abstract The aim of the current study is to identify the knowledge sources most valued by coaches and assistant coaches of male Brazilian handball teams in the youth (U19), junior (U21), and adult categories. The case study included three coaches and three assistant coaches of male Brazilian handball teams. Data was collected using the Coach Training Profile Questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive (median) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests), at p ≤ .05 significance level. Results indicated that coaches and assistant coaches of the national handball teams give greater value to knowledge sources under "professional experience" and "academic training". In addition, "professional experience" was the knowledge source most valued by members of the technical commission of the U19 and adult categories, whereas members of the technical committee of the U21 category most valued "academic training" as their knowledge source. However, no significant differences were observed in results between coaches and assistant coaches, as well as between the technical commissions of the U19, U21, and adult categories. The professional performance of coaches and assistant coaches of Brazilian male handball teams belonging to the U19, U21, and adult categories and the construction of the training process associated with the match model proposed for the teams are structured based on knowledge sources such as "professional experience" and "academic training".
Resumen El estudio ha identificado las fuentes de conocimiento más valorizadas por los entrenadores y ayudantes de campo de las selecciones de balonmano masculino de Brasil en las categorías juvenil (S19), júnior (S21) y adulta. La investigación trata un estudio de caso realizado con tres entrenadores y tres ayudantes de campo de las selecciones masculinas de balonmano de Brasil. Se recolectaron los datos por medio del cuestionario de Perfil de Formación del Entrenador. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva (mediana) e inferencial (U de Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis) con nivel de significancia de p ≤ .05. Los resultados indicaron que, tanto los entrenadores como los ayudantes de campo de las selecciones, asignaban mayor valorización a las fuentes de conocimiento procedentes de "experiencia profesional" y de "formación académica". Además, se observó que las fuentes de conocimiento procedentes de "experiencia profesional" fueron más valorizadas por los integrantes de las comisiones técnicas de las selecciones S19 y adulta, mientras que los miembros de la comisión técnica de la selección S21 valorizaban más las fuentes de conocimiento procedentes de "formación académica". No obstante, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los resultados entre entrenadores y ayudantes de campo, así como entre las comisiones técnicas de las selecciones S19, S21 y adulta. La actuación profesional de los entrenadores y ayudantes de campo de las selecciones brasileñas masculinas de las categorías S19, S21 y adulta de Balonmano y la construcción del proceso de entrenamiento del modelo de juego propuesto para las selecciones se estructuraron a partir de las fuentes de conocimientos procedentes de su "experiencia profesional" y la "formación académica".
Assuntos
Humanos , Esportes , Capacitação Profissional , Brasil , Aprendizagem Baseada em ProblemasRESUMO
PIP: People of African descent comprise a large proportion of Brazil's population. While racism exists in the country, it is commonly denied. Most Afro-Brazilians live in poor areas, with poor health care services, sanitation, schools, and transport. Since HIV is linked to poverty, Afro-Brazilians are more affected by HIV than is the overall population. Although Afro-Brazilians contribute to Brazil's culture, they do not benefit from that contribution. Recognizing this considerable social problem, Project Araye was created in 1996 to address issues of race and HIV. Building upon religious and cultural traditions, the project is staffed by Afro-Brazilians who are knowledgeable in both health issues and Afro-Brazilian culture. Project Araye supports a wide range of diverse community leaders in linking sexual health and HIV with other health concerns which affect Afro-Brazilians such as sickle-cell anemia, diabetes, and leprosy. One important challenge has been overcoming the target population's denial of HIV and encouraging Afro-Brazilians to accept that HIV also affects them. Community leaders include religious leaders, rap musicians, artists, and other people respected by various communities. Activities include visits to samba dance schools, Umbanda and Candomble temples, and street youth groups to provide HIV-related information.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Infecções por HIV , Serviços de Informação , Liderança , Preconceito , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América , População Negra , Brasil , Comunicação , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Etnicidade , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Problemas Sociais , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: In Guatemala, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is expected to have a vast negative impact on private enterprises as employees battle the disease in themselves and in family members. In response, the Guatemalan Association for the Prevention and Control of AIDS (AGPCS) developed a program to train private sector employees in peer health education. The program began by informing employers about the potential impact of HIV/AIDS on the private sector. Then AGPCS designed a workshop consisting of 11 two-hour weekly modules to provide up to 30 participants with information on sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, and related issues. The first business to take advantage of the program was a 7000-employee clothing factory that continues to implement HIV prevention strategies. However, concern about the loss of employee time impeded other companies from participating. AGPCS, therefore, increased its flexibility and gave employers the option of sending employees to fewer seminars on topics the employers choose. This new approach led to 31 workshops in 1997 and 28 by August 1998. Also, in 1998, one company hired AGPCS to present 20 workshops to all of their employees. Efforts are made to evaluate workshop effectiveness and to facilitate follow-up activities. Peer education is an important part of the program, and potential peer educators are provided with a manual, extra training, and follow-up help. The training has helped companies develop work-place AIDS policies, and the AGPCS project has become sustainable.^ieng
Assuntos
Educação , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador , Grupo Associado , América , América Central , Comunicação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Guatemala , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: In Brazil, GTPOS, a nongovernmental organization conducting sexuality research and interventions, held a party for two groups of peer health educators who trained adolescents to promote safer sex. One group worked with youth in a slum community, and the other trained students 14-21 years old to conduct workshops in public schools. When the two groups met, they suggested formation of a prevention network. The trained adolescents, who become "Teen Leaders," provide sex education and encourage other adolescents to fight for their rights as citizens and to intervene in their communities in a positive way. The Teen Leaders have learned to organize activities, to plan and evaluate proposals, and to work cooperatively in groups. All of this has had a positive impact on their self-esteem. Another important aspect of the program is that it has brought together youth from different socioeconomic backgrounds. One factor contributing to the success of the GTPOS project is that it has linked Teen Leaders to groups of adult leaders.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Educação em Saúde , Grupo Associado , Segurança , Comportamento Sexual , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Brasil , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação , Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , População , Características da População , Saúde Pública , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Named after the first female doctor in the Dominican Republic and established in 1987 with the goal of providing high-quality services in a welcoming atmosphere at low prices, the Evangelina Rodriguez Maternal and Child Health Clinic now serves 80% of all residents of north Santo Domingo city. The center's 6 physicians and 3 nurse's aides provide maternal and child health care, including family planning and gynecological services, to 300 people daily in a marginalized area of the city where people live in overcrowded neighborhoods. The Director of Services in the southern region of PROFAMILIA, the family planning association in the Dominican Republic, supervises the clinic's services. Another of PROFAMILIA's clinics is named after an advocate of women's rights in the country, Rosa Cisneros, a lawyer who was murdered in her home, in San Salvador, on August 18, 1981, in the context of a civil war in the country. The Rosa Cisneros Clinic in Santiago de los Caballeros has 16 employees, including administrative staff, counselors, doctors, and nurses who serve almost 300 people per day.^ieng
Assuntos
Planejamento em Saúde , Liderança , Centros de Saúde Materno-Infantil , Organizações , Medicina Reprodutiva , População Urbana , América , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , República Dominicana , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Atenção Primária à SaúdeRESUMO
A telephone survey was conducted to measure AIDS knowledge, media usage and condom attitudes and behaviors among 500 adults aged 18 to 49 in Brasilia, as well as to evaluate the feasibility of the telephone survey method in a developing country. The response rate was 91.6%. Respondents had good knowledge about correct modes of HIV transmission and prevention but also believed HIV was transmitted through blood donation, public toilets, swimming pools, and mosquito bites. TV and newspapers were the most important sources of information on health matters and AIDS, though health workers were considered the most credible sources of such information. Only 19% of sexual encounters in the 4 weeks prior to the survey included condoms. Single and younger respondents and those with more positive attitudes used condoms more frequently. More work is needed to identify appropriate messages to motivate people to use condoms. Telephone surveys regarding AIDS and sexual attitudes and behaviors are feasible in Brasilia, a planned community with universal telephone coverage.
PIP: This study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of AIDS and condom use in Brazil. Data were obtained during March-April 1994 from 500 completed telephone interviews among a sample of adults 18-49 years old living in the Plano Piloto sector of Brasilia, Brazil. The survey was conducted about 2 months after a national television and radio campaign on AIDS prevention, use of condoms, and avoidance of sharing syringes or needles. The questionnaire was based on questions from the Global Program on AIDS protocol. 99% of the sample reported that AIDS was one of the most important health problems facing Brazil today. The other health problems mentioned were cancer, famine, and cholera. 27% did not consider themselves at risk of AIDS. 2% considered themselves at great risk. The rest believed they had a small to moderate risk. 93% were aware that people with AIDS might appear healthy looking. 95% indicated sexual contact as a mode of transmission. 34% reported condom use as a means of avoiding AIDS transmission. 19% reported sexual abstinence as a preventive measure. 15% reported that people should inform others of their AIDS status as a way to avoid transmitting AIDS. 41% knew someone with AIDS. Less educated respondents held more inaccurate beliefs about the general means of transmission, but there were no educational differences about safe activities involving specific contact with persons infected with AIDS. Most misinformation pertained to public toilets, blood donations, use of swimming pools, and mosquito bites. 89% believed in a high risk at dental clinics used by AIDS patients. 72% were regular television users. Television and newspapers were the most important sources of information on AIDS and health. Only 19% used condoms in sexual activity occurring in the prior 4 weeks. Psychosocial factors were more important than demographic factors in predicting condom use.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/transmissão , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Educação em Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , TelefoneRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In Mexico 2.1% of the cases of AIDS are in adolescents. The cases of AIDS in the age group of 20 to 29 account for 30.5% of all the cases and an important proportion could have been infected with HIV in their adolescence, in view of the length of the incubation period from the infection with HIV to the manifestation of the syndrome. The adolescent's knowledge of HIV/AIDS varies. In some urban contexts the adolescents have lay concepts and myths that could guide them into misting practices that could lead to contamination by HIV. The mass media, especially television, and interpersonal sources such as teachers, parents and peers are important sources of information about HIV/AIDS and have a central role in the social construction and public perception of the problem in adolescents. The objective of the study is to relate the degree of knowledge of HIV/AIDS to the exposure to information sources among adolescents in Guadalajara city, in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Survey sample with autoapplied questionnaire. Sample of 1,410 adolescents, male and female, of 15 to 19 years of age, in the four socioeconomic strata. The Chi-square and BTukey tests, 95% confidence interval for proportions and means, and simple ANOVA factor were applied. RESULTS: A considerate degree of knowledge (mean of 13.94 correct answer out of 24, standard deviation = 4.09, 95% CI = 13.69-14.11) was found significant mean differences in favor of the high (15.70) and medium (14.26) strata as opposed to the low (13.51) and marginalized (12.85) (F = 19.39, p < .0001, BTukey level .050). The information published by the newspapers (F = 11.1; p < .001) and the teachers (F = 3.72; p < .05) had a direct relationship to the degree of knowledge imported by the daily exposure to the television and other social demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: The results describe the presence of inequalities by socioeconomic strata in the list of sources in information and the levels of knowledge about HIV/AIDS. It is necessary to strengthen and develop educational action and the publication of messages through the media, institutions and interpersonal networks, with emphasis on interpersonal and media sources available to the low and marginalized strata, and at the same time, to strengthen the action of sources of information available to the other socioeconomic strata.
PIP: 1410 adolescents aged 15-19 years, of both sexes and of varying socioeconomic strata in Guadalajara, completed anonymous self-administered questionnaires concerning their sources of information and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The objective was to determine the relation between sources of information and degree of knowledge to guide future information campaigns. 95% of the adolescents knew about AIDS. 79% received information from television, 39% from radio, 26% from magazines, and 16% from newspapers. The media identified as the most important sources of information on AIDS were television (60%), and newspapers and magazines (25% each). Except for television, access to the mass media was greater in the high and medium socioeconomic strata. Interpersonal sources of information on HIV/AIDS included teachers for 39%, family members for 38%, friends for 32%, and physicians for 26%. Access to information through interpersonal means was always higher in higher strata. The adolescents had a fair degree of knowledge of AIDS, averaging 13.9 correct answers out of 24 questions. The average numbers correct were 15.7 in the high, 14.3 in the medium, 13.5 in the low, and 12.9 in the marginal strata. Analysis of variance demonstrated that newspapers were the only mass source of information presenting direct positive relation with level of knowledge. Among interpersonal relations, information from teachers had the greatest positive association with level of knowledge.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Adolescente , Análise de Variância , Intervalos de Confiança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
PIP: This news brief presents the US President's wife's statement on the association between use of family planning and a decline in abortions worldwide. Hillary Rodham Clinton attended the Sixth Conference of Wives of Heads of State and Government of the Americas held in La Paz, Bolivia. The conference was suitably located in Bolivia, a country with the highest rates of maternal mortality in South America. Bolivia has responded by launching a national family planning campaign coordinated between government, nongovernmental, and medical organizations. Half of Bolivian women experience pregnancy and childbirth without the support of trained medical staff. Mortality from abortion complications account for about half of all maternal deaths in Bolivia. Voluntary family planning workers teach women about the benefits of child spacing, breast feeding, nutrition, prenatal and postpartum care, and safe deliveries. Bolivia has succeeded in increasing its contraceptive use rates and decreasing the number of safe and unsafe abortions. Bolivia's program effort was supported by USAID. USAID provided technical assistance and funds for the establishment of a network of primary health care clinics. Mrs. Clinton visited one such clinic in a poor neighborhood in La Paz, which in its first six months of operation provided 2200 consultations, delivered 200 babies, registered 700 new family planning users, and immunized 2500 children. Clinics such as this one will be affected by the US Congress's harsh cuts in aid, which reduce funding by 35% and delay program funding by 9 months. These US government cuts in foreign aid are expected to result in an additional 1.6 million abortions, over 8000 maternal deaths, and 134,000 infant deaths in developing countries. An investment in population assistance represents a sensible, cost-effective, and long-term strategy for improving women's health, strengthening families, and reducing abortion.^ieng
Assuntos
Aborto Induzido , Congressos como Assunto , Liderança , Bem-Estar Materno , Gravidez , Medicina Reprodutiva , Mudança Social , América , Bolívia , Comunicação , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Comportamento Sexual , América do Sul , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: This article describes an adolescent, peer-education training program in Jamaica that was developed and operated by the Red Cross Societies of Jamaica and the US and was funded by AIDSCAP. The program aimed to develop a training system to prepare youth peer educators in preventing the spread of HIV infections and sexually transmitted diseases. The goal was to increase knowledge about, change attitudes toward, and develop prevention skills for HIV/AIDS. The initial program was to be replicated on a large scale and be sustainable over time. The program was developed in response to the 1500+ Jamaicans diagnosed with AIDS and the 20,000 or so with HIV infections. Transmission is mostly heterosexual. 15% of girls and 47% of boys are sexually active by 14 years of age, and almost 50% of syphilis and gonorrhea cases are among adolescents. The national training program relies on peer educators, aged 14-19 years, who are literate to the 6th-grade level. Training sessions are conducted for 10-21 persons/session for 27 hours over 3 weekends. Training relies on engaging games and activities. Trainees are taught how to facilitate 14 specific activities, including the correct way to use a condom. Peer educators work together in groups of twos or threes among groups of 10-15 adolescents, aged 10-15 years. By the third year of operation, most of the systems and materials were in place and the program expanded; cost-benefit analysis revealed that costs were returned. The program has continued with a variety of funds and delivery systems and new funding will likely shift the program emphasis. The program has survived with the enthusiasm and support of the trainers. Other start-up programs should ensure the involvement of youth at all stages of development.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Grupo Associado , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Educação Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Ensino , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Infecções , Jamaica , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Preliminary research findings from Brazil and Kenya indicate that, when women are provided with female condoms and peer group support, traditional obstacles to safe sex practices can be overcome. In these countries, as well as many others, women face cultural barriers to negotiating condom use with male partners. The study, conducted by the Women's Health Initiative of Family Health International's AIDS Control and Prevention Project, involved 106 Kenyan and 103 Brazilian women. A female focus group was held at the beginning of the study, followed by two peer support group meetings, with another focus group at the end of the study. Group support was an essential element in the acceptance process. Women who were afraid or unsuccessful with initial use were encouraged by other group members to try different, non-threatening approaches to the negotiation of female condom use and given suggestions for overcoming difficulties with insertion and lubrication. Some of these strategies included laying the female condom on the bed so the male partner raises the subject of its use and telling the partner the doctor had recommended the method to avoid the negative side effects associated with the pill. When female condom use is presented as a form of pregnancy prevention, the association of condoms with infidelity is overcome.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Publicidade , Preservativos Femininos , Processos Grupais , Infecções por HIV , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Grupo Associado , Comunicação Persuasiva , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Comportamento , Brasil , Comunicação , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Quênia , América Latina , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Organização e Administração , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Six Ecuadorian political figures and physicians were interviewed on their opinions concerning the problems of the health sector and possible solutions. Ecuadorians anticipate that installation of the National Assembly will lead to diagnosis and reform of societal ills. Health has not been a high priority of political leaders. Only 10% of the population has access to the social security system. Infant mortality rates are very high in the rural sierra, and nearly 70% of indigenous sierra children suffer from chronic malnutrition. The need for broad reform of the health sector has been recognized. The interview subjects agreed that reforms are needed, especially in regard to the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security, which all agreed had become weakened by excessive political patronage and presence of unqualified political appointees. They agreed that the nation's health is deteriorating each day, but they did not always agree on how to solve the crisis. Among the themes debated were the need for improved coordination of services, increased investment in health services, redefinition of the role of public and private services, participation of the population in the construction of health policy, the need for professional administration, whether the poor should be charged for services, and whether monopolies should be permitted in the field of health care.^ieng
Assuntos
Governo , Planejamento em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Saúde , Liderança , Médicos , Política , Política Pública , Pessoal Administrativo , América , Comunicação , Atenção à Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Equador , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , América Latina , Organização e Administração , Planejamento Social , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: In November 1996 during her address to the Sixth Conference of Wives of Heads of State and Government of the Americas in La Paz, Colombia, and in her weekly newspaper column, US first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton pledged her own and the Clinton administration's complete support for reversing the severe reduction in funds for the international family planning program imposed by the 104th Congress. This revelation reflected the administration's preparation for a strong and vocal defense of the international family planning program, which will be facing its greatest political test in February 1997. Bolivia has the highest maternal mortality rate in South America, and half the deaths are due to illegal, unsafe abortions. Mrs. Clinton presented a $2.25 million USAID award to a $5 million Pan American Health Organization program that aims to reduce maternal mortality. In her December 3, 1996, column, she used family planning campaigns in Bolivia as an illustration of sensible, cost-effective, and long-term strategies for improving women's health, strengthening families, and reducing the abortion rate. Such programs educate people about the benefits of birth spacing, breast feeding, good nutrition, prenatal and postpartum visits, and safe deliveries. Mrs. Clinton has also visited other poor countries to learn about the special needs and conditions of women's lives. UN Ambassador Madeleine Albright has recently been nominated to be the first female Secretary of State. Many people see her commitment to improving the status of women through development efforts and her recognition of the close relationship between development and diplomacy as encouraging. The concern and commitment of these two powerful women could prove valuable in the upcoming test for international family planning aid. Congress must vote on a resolution to approve Clinton's report that the reduced funding is having a negative impact no later than February 28. If both the House and the Senate pass the resolution, already appropriated funds will be released in March rather than in July.^ieng
Assuntos
Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Política de Planejamento Familiar , Governo , Planejamento em Saúde , Cooperação Internacional , Liderança , Pessoal Administrativo , América , Bolívia , Comunicação , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Administração Financeira , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Política Pública , América do Sul , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: The "Together We Can" Peer Education Project, organized by the Jamaica Red Cross, seeks to prepare youth leaders 14-19 years of age to teach their peers the skills and knowledge they need to avoid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Since the program's creation in 1993, 425 peer educators have undergone the 14-part training and, in turn, educated more than 4500 young people and reached over 100,000 youth and adults with awareness activities. The project was developed in response to a dramatic increase in STDs among Jamaican youth and a steady lowering of the age at first intercourse. Members of the Girl Guides, Boy Scouts, church groups, and police youth clubs were asked to nominate young leaders from their ranks to receive the training. HIV-positive individuals address each group of peer educators to dispel prejudices. To help them reach their audiences, peer educators are given a workbook containing interactional exercises (e.g., a board game that tests knowledge of how HIV is transmitted, a fictional newspaper column offering advice about sex and HIV, condom use demonstrations, assertiveness training role plays).^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adolescente , Comunicação , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Organizações , Grupo Associado , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Infecções , Jamaica , América do Norte , População , Características da População , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The AIDS Control and Prevention (AIDSCAP) Project's Women's Initiative, together with the US Agency for International Development, supported a study of the use of female condoms. 96 women in 10 focus groups in Nairobi and Sao Paulo participated in a discussion group about their experiences with the female condom designed to determine how the female condom affects women's ability to negotiate safer sex and to identify reasons for continued use and nonuse of the device. The study design allowed participants to help each other devise strategies for negotiating the use of the female condom with their partners and to sustain that use through peer support. Most of the women reported that use of the condom gave them the courage to discuss sex with their husbands and boyfriends. They remained, however, wary about occasionally denying their partners sexual intercourse. The study's design, women's networks, and men's perspective on the female condom are discussed. 55 men in six focus groups reported preferring the female condom over the tight and uncomfortable male condom, and planned to use them if made available.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Atitude , Preservativos Femininos , Infecções por HIV , Relações Interpessoais , Grupo Associado , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Comportamento , Brasil , Comunicação , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Quênia , América Latina , Psicologia , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: In October 1995, US First Lady Hillary Clinton visited a maternity hospital in Salvador, Brazil, in which a family planning (FP)/reproductive health program has been administered by Pathfinder International since 1981 with funding from USAID. During her tour of the facility, Clinton learned about the high degree of unmet need for FP in the region which results from a lack of sufficient resources to meet demand. Clinton, in turn, praised the state of Bahia for its emphasis on FP in low-income areas.^ieng
Assuntos
Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Órgãos Governamentais , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Cooperação Internacional , Liderança , América , Brasil , Comunicação , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Organizações , América do Sul , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: This article is a memoir of anthropologist Paul Baker's professional life. The introduction notes that the field of anthropology was altered by the impact of World War II when physical anthropologists provided vital information to the military. After the war, the GI bill supported the undergraduate and graduate studies of veterans, including Baker. After describing his academic training at the University of New Mexico and Harvard, Baker details his research training and field work in the desert for the US Climatic Research Laboratory and his work identifying the dead in Japan for the Quartermaster unit. Baker then traces his academic career at the Pennsylvania State University during which he directed two multidisciplinary research efforts for the International Biological Programme, one that sought to understand human adaptability at high altitude in Peru and another that studied migration and modernization in Samoa. Baker's last administrative positions were as staff consultant to the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program and as chair of the US MAB committee. Baker retired from academic life at age 60 in 1987 and has devoted his time to reading and to helping organize professional associations in anthropology, especially those devoted to furthering internationally organized scientific efforts. Baker concludes this memoir by acknowledging the growth and development of the discipline of human population biology.^ieng
Assuntos
Antropologia , Biologia , Escolaridade , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Cooperação Internacional , Liderança , População , Pesquisa , América , Comunicação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , Ilhas do Pacífico , Peru , Polinésia , Samoa , Classe Social , Ciências Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
Authorities at the University of Antioquia, Colombia, felt it would be advisable to institute a student orientation program aimed at preventing health problems resulting from risky sexual behavior related to new cultural trends. The purpose of the work reported in this article was to collect information on the existing situation and provide appropriate advice to the Health Division of the University Welfare Office. For this purpose a survey was conducted with the voluntary participation of 836 students enrolled in their final year of study. A survey form containing 45 questions designed to elicit demographic and sexual behavior data was self-administered anonymously by the participating students. Among the participants who were sexually active, 10.9% (17.2% of the men, 3.3% of the women) said they had contracted some variety of sexually transmitted disease (STD). The most common diagnoses were gonorrhea (42%), genital warts (23%), and genital herpes (19%). The risk of contracting STD was 4.2 times greater in those reporting sex with strangers; 3.4 times greater in those reporting four or more sexual partners; and 2.5 times greater in those reporting homosexual relations, as compared to students not practicing such behaviors. Some 28.4% of 790 survey respondents or their partners had been pregnant; 49% of these pregnancies had terminated in abortions, 77% of these being induced abortions. Only 51.3% of the survey participants reported customary use of contraceptives, those most frequently cited being condoms (by 32% of the users), pills (20%), the rhythm method (18%), and extravaginal ejaculation (17%). Generally speaking, it appears that participating students had received little sex education. To obtain information, they had turned primarily to friends and books. Those who said they had received adequate sex education at home participated somewhat less frequently in risky behaviors but appeared a little less apt to have used contraceptives and a little more apt to think that women should not seek satisfaction in their sexual relationships. It has been recommended that the university establish programs to augment student knowledge in this area, prevent STDs and unwanted pregnancies, and encourage responsible exercise of sexuality.
PIP: At the University of Antioqia, Colombia, a survey was conducted with the voluntary participation of 836 students enrolled in the final year of study with the objective of preventing health problems resulting from risky sex behavior. A self-administered questionnaire contained 45 questions relating to demographic and sex behavior aspects. Among 793 sexually active participants, 10.9% (17.2% of men and 3.3% of women) said they had contracted some type of sexually transmitted disease (STD). The most common diagnoses were for gonorrhea (42%), genital warts (23%), and genital herpes (19%). The risk of contracting an STD was 4.2 times greater in those reporting sex with strangers; 3.4 times greater in those with four or more sexual partners; and 2.5 times greater in those reporting homosexual relations as compared with students not practicing such behaviors. Some 28.4% of 790 survey respondents or their partners had been pregnant; 49% of these pregnancies had ended in abortions of which 77% of had been induced abortions. Only 51.3% of the survey participants reported customary use of contraceptives; those most frequently cited were condoms (32% of users), oral contraceptive pills (20%), the rhythm method (18%), and coitus interruptus (17%). With regard to sex education, 30.2% of men and 34.8% of women obtained adequate information in the home; 45.7% of men and 42.9% of women in school; and 26.1% of men and 30.3% of women at the university. Women tended to rely more than men on their families, while men tended to rely on books to obtain information. They consulted very little with clerics, family members, or teachers. Over one-third reported that they had obtained information from health workers. The group under the age of 25 showed a greater tendency to consult health workers, family members, teachers, and friends. The students who received adequate information also reported a somewhat lower incidence of high-risk sex behavior, induced abortions, and STDs. The university should establish programs to increase knowledge, prevent STDs and unwanted pregnancies, and encourage responsible behavior.
Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Comportamento Sexual , Estudantes , Universidades , Adulto , Colômbia , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Feminino , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Educação Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Estudantes/psicologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PIP: Milqueya Portes, vice president of the Family Planning Association of the Dominican Republic (PROFAMILIA), and president of the Dominican Pharmaceutical Industry Association (INFADOMI), was interviewed by JOICFP News on April 11, 1995, concerning the work of PROFAMILIA. Her remarks included the following: 1) the need to orient young people on sexual life, reproduction, and male responsibility; 2) the importance of avoiding sexual activity and pregnancy at too early an age because of interference with reproductive health and educational status; 3) the need to educate young people concerning the care of their health, their bodies, life, and the importance of good health and education; and 4) her association's programs for young people, which provide education and cover acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention. She mentioned that the PROFAMILIA Council has members from different professions, which allows discussion and analysis of issues from different viewpoints. The organization has an active group of volunteers and holds workshops on various issues, including sexual health and reproduction. It recently added a clinic for men to its two clinics for women belonging to PROFAMILIA. It has agreements with more than 100 private clinics that deal with different clinical contraceptive methods (especially the IUD), and with companies that allow it to sell the contraceptive pill and condoms at lower than retail prices. It is engaged in social marketing.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adolescente , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Educação , Escolaridade , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Entrevistas como Assunto , Liderança , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Gravidez na Adolescência , Medicina Reprodutiva , Educação Sexual , Voluntários , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Coleta de Dados , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , República Dominicana , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , Infecções por HIV , Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Comportamento Sexual , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The professional achievements of Halfdan Mahler, for which he was awarded the 1995 UN World Population Prize, are summarized, and Dr. Mahler's acceptance speech is presented. Dr. Mahler worked for reproductive health and sustainable development during his six years as secretary general of the IPPF. Under his leadership, the IPPF established world standards for family planning and reproductive health. Dr. Mahler also guided creation and implementation of the long-term IPPF strategic plan, Vision 2000. During his tenure as director general of the World Health Organization from 1973 to 1988, he established the special program of education, development, and training for research in human reproduction. Dr. Mahler's acceptance speech sketched a world of the future in which women control their reproductive lives and enjoy equality with men in work and at home, where adolescents understand and control their sexuality, where all children are desired and cared for, and where hard work brings success even in the poorest population sectors. The challenges of achieving this vision are enormous. The world's population will have doubled to 10 billion, and tensions and inequities will persist. But if the vision is not fulfilled, the present population will triple to 15 billion and competition for every kind of resource will be intolerable. In order to succeed, the rights to free and informed reproductive decision making must be guaranteed for every couple. Harmful practices that violate the right to autonomous reproductive decision making, such as early marriage or female genital mutilation, must be eliminated. Governments must commit themselves to educating and providing resources to women so that they can exercise their rights. Family planning services must be extended to the poor and marginal population sectors that still are denied access, and to adolescents who are at risk of unwanted pregnancy and disease.^ieng