RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neuroinflammatory disorder characterized by ataxia, opsoclonus, and myoclonus. Clinical diagnosis of OMS has been challenging; therefore, we sought to determine the clinical and treatment profiles of patients with OMS at the largest pediatric hospital in Latin America. METHODS: We analyzed the data of patients diagnosed with OMS between 2010 and 2020 at Pequeno Principe Hospital (Brazil) to determine the corresponding clinical profile more accurately. RESULTS: Of the approximately 50,000 visitors to our pediatric neurology department from 2010 to 2020, 10 patients with OMS were observed. Five nontumor cases included three parainfectious and two idiopathic cases. The median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 34 days. All patients with diagnostic OMS criteria in the idiopathic, nontumor group underwent whole-exome sequencing, with potentially pathogenic mutations identified in two cases. Nine patients were treated with methylprednisolone pulse, followed by oral steroids; eight received one or more intravenous immunoglobulin treatments; and six received azathioprine and cyclophosphamide. Complete symptomatic recovery was observed in only one patient. CONCLUSIONS: OMS diagnosis remains challenging. Diagnostic suspicion is necessary to improve the management of these patients and allow early immunosuppressive treatment. Paraneoplastic etiology is the most prevalent. In idiopathic patients who do not respond to immunosuppressive treatment, tests, such as whole-exome sequencing, may reveal a differential diagnosis. Genetic alterations that increase the risk of tumors may be an important clue to the pathophysiology of OMS.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Opsoclonia-Mioclonia , Criança , Humanos , Síndrome de Opsoclonia-Mioclonia/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Opsoclonia-Mioclonia/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Opsoclonia-Mioclonia/etiologia , América Latina , Hospitais Pediátricos , Ciclofosfamida , ImunossupressoresRESUMO
El síndrome de Kinsbourne, conocido también como síndrome de opsoclonus-mioclonus o síndrome de los ojos danzantes, es una enfermedad rara caracterizada por movimientos oculares rápidos, irregulares, multidireccionales (opsoclonus), movimientos mioclónicos en tronco, cara y/o extremidades y ataxia; se presenta entre los 6 y 36 meses de edad. Su etiología puede ser paraneoplásica (neuroblastoma), no paraneoplásica (infecciosa) o idiopática. Independientemente de la causa, se han utilizado inmunosupresores para reducir la formación de anticuerpos posiblemente involucrados en su fisiopatología. Presentamos el caso de una niña lactante de 21 meses con este síndrome secundario a un cuadro respiratorio viral. Tuvo ataxia, opsoclonus, mioclonías de miembros superiores, irritabilidad y alteración en el patrón de sueño. Se descartó el diagnóstico de neuroblastoma. El tratamiento inicial se hizo con pulsos de metilprednisolona seguida de prednisolona oral. Sus síntomas desaparecieron progresivamente y recuperó la marcha; actualmente está asintomática y sin secuelas. En estos pacientes se debe descartar siempre un síndrome paraneoplásico.
Kinsbourne syndrome, also known as Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome or Dancing eyes syndrome is a rare condition characterized by rapid, irregular, multi-directional eye movements (opsoclonus), myoclonic movements in the trunk, face and/or limbs and ataxia. It occurs in children aged between 6 and 36 months. Its etiology may be paraneoplasic (neuroblastoma), non-paraneoplasic (infectious processes) or idiopathic. Regardless of its etiology, immunosuppressive drugs have been used in order to reduce the formation of antibodies possibly involved in the pathophysiology. We report the case of a 21 month-old girl with this syndrome secondary to an infectious respiratory illness. She had ataxia, opsoclonus, upper limbs myoclonus, irritability and altered sleep pattern. Neuroblastoma was ruled out. Initial management was done with methylprednisolone pulses, followed by oral prednisolone. She had progressive clinical improvement, and is currently asymptomatic with no sequelae. In these patients a paraneoplasic syndrome should always be ruled out.
A síndrome de Kinsbourne, conhecida também como síndrome de opsoclonus-mioclonus a síndrome dos olhos dançantes, é uma doença rara caracterizada por movimentos oculares rápidos, irregulares, multidirecionais (opsoclonus), movimentos mioclônicos em tronco, cara e/ou extremidades e ataxia; se apresenta entre os 6 e 36 meses de idade. Sua etiologia pode ser paraneoplásica (neuroblastoma), não paraneoplásica (infecciosa) ou idiopática. Independentemente da causa, se há utilizado imunossupressores para reduzir a formação de anticorpos possivelmente envolvidos em sua fisiopatologia. Apresentamos o caso de uma criança lactante de 21 meses com esta síndrome secundária a um quadro respiratório viral. Teve ataxia, opsoclonus, mioclonias de membros superiores, irritabilidade e alteração no padrão de sono. Se descartou o diagnóstico de neuroblastoma. O tratamento inicial se fez com pulsos de metilprednisolona seguida de prednisolona oral. Seus sintomas desapareceram progressivamente e recuperou a marcha; atualmente está assintomática e sem sequelas. Nestes pacientes se deve descartar sempre uma síndrome paraneoplásico.
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Encefalopatias , Epilepsias MioclônicasRESUMO
Introducción. Kinsbourne en 1962, enmarca una tríada caracterizada por opsoclonos, mioclonos y ataxia cerebelosa. Su incidencia no está definida y es poco común; ocurre en su mayoría en la edad pediátrica. Se han propuesto diferentes etiologías, dentro de las más frecuentes se relaciona con entidades paraneoplásicas (50% asociado a neuroblastoma). Objetivo: analizar las causas del paciente con síndrome de Kinsbourne (SK) atendidos en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez en el período comprendido entre 1993-2004. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en pacientes de ambos sexos, menores de 16 años, atendidos en el período comprendido entre 1993 y 2004; estableciéndose la frecuencia de pacientes con SK en dicho período de tiempo estudiado; además de los síntomas más frecuentes y el seguimiento de estos pacientes. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 26 pacientes, la edad de presentación más frecuente fue de 21 meses de edad. El tiempo que transcurrió entre la presentación de los síntomas y el diagnóstico de la enfermedad fue en promedio de 3.8 meses. El signo inicial en 88.5% de los pacientes fue la ataxia. Dentro de las etiologías más frecuentes se encontró en primer lugar las causas infecciosas, seguidos de trauma craneoencefálico leve y procesos inflamatorios. En 27% de los casos no se consignó algún antecedente patológico relacionado al inicio de los síntomas. Sólo se encontró un caso asociado a neuroblastoma. Conclusión. La causa más frecuente encontrada en nuestra población fue la de origen infeccioso, lo cual da pauta a redefinir la búsqueda y los protocolos de estudio en estos pacientes, así como los tratamientos y pronósticos propuestos. Es interesante observar que a cinco años de seguimiento, únicamente se encontró un proceso neoplásico, lo cual también puede redefinir el pronóstico en general de estos pacientes.
Introduction. In 1962 Kinsbourne describes a triad characterized by opsoclonus, myoclonus and ataxia.The incidence is rare; it occurs predominantly in pediatric population. It may express different etiologies; the most frequently cause associated is with paraneoplasia (50% with neuroblastoma).The great variety of diagnosis proposed for the Kinsbourne syndrome (KS) implies a great number of treatments too. Besides KS is rarely seen, the dramatic presentation, sudden appear, characterized triad and torpid evolution that can be in relationship with a paraneoplasia makes the syndrome a entity of great interest for the medical doctors, making of great importance known the different etiologies of each community for establish standardized protocols for the clinical study and follow adequate for these patients. With this revision, we suspect to identify the different etiologies in the KS in the population attended in the Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG). Objective: describe and analyze the different causes of KS attended in the HIMFG between 1990-2004. Material and methods. With a retrospective study, we include patients of both sexes, <16 years, seen between 1990 and 2004. We study the frequency of patients seen in that period, the most frequent etiologies and the evolution of these patients. Results. Of 26 patients, the most frequent age of presentation was 21 months of age. The time between the first symptoms and the diagnosis was approx. 3.8 months.The initial symptom in 88.5% was ataxia.The most frequent etiologies related were infections, craneoencephalic trauma and inflammatory process. In 27% of the patients there were no antecedents. Only one of the patients was associated with neuroblastoma. Conclusion. The infection was the most frequent cause in our series that results implies the necessity to make strategies in the search of these patients.