RESUMO

This study investigated which foods are most saliently judged as healthy and unhealthy in Brazil and Germany and the reasons for these judgements. Dietary guidelines in the two countries differ in that those in Brazil are based on a food processing classification rather than nutrient profiling, whereas dietary guidelines in Germany do not include the processing level of food. In an online study with 355 lay adults (Brazil n = 205, Germany n = 150), we explored which foods are listed as healthy and unhealthy using a free-listing method. The main reasons for these healthiness judgements were then identified with a one or two-word phrase and compared between countries. Saliency analysis was conducted to identify the 15 most salient healthy and unhealthy foods in each country. Principles of content analysis were used to assess the reasons why these 15 items were listed as most salient by the participants. Results showed that both Brazilians and Germans listed mostly natural or minimally processed food (e.g. fruits, vegetables, grains, fish and milk) as healthy, whereas types of convenience and fast food, sweets and other ultra-processed foods (e.g. chocolate, soda, French fries, pizza and hamburger) were the most salient unhealthy items listed in both countries. Differences in culturally relevant items listed in each country are discussed. Further, in both countries, despite differences in their dietary guidelines, food healthiness judgements for the most salient items listed relied heavily on the nutritional content of food, reinforced the 'good/healthy' and 'bad/unhealthy' dichotomy, and were centred on benefits or harms to the body (e.g. prevention or cause of diseases and weight control). The similarity of food healthiness judgements between the two countries, together with their agreement with conventional health claims and dietary guidelines, suggest that lay Brazilian and German adults are knowledgeable about the general concepts of 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' food. Finally, these findings suggest that rather than just providing more nutritional information, policymakers and health professionals need to take into account the multiple psychosocial and environmental determinants of eating in these countries.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Os esforços para reduzir o trauma num sistema forense contencioso são dificultados pela alegação de que o processo por abuso sexual não pode ser realizado sem que se observem os direitos do pretenso perpetrador. Inquirir uma criança-testemunha é uma tarefa muito especializada; os promotores e o advogado de defesa não estão treinados nestes métodos. Apesar disso, os serviços de intermediação para crianças-testemunhas num tribunal são importantes para reduzir o trauma experimentado pela criança. Este artigo objetiva destacar que os crimes contra crianças e os subseqüentes procedimentos criminais nos quais se exige que a criança participe como testemunha ocorrem com suficiente freqüência para que se garantam serviços de intermediação a todas as crianças-testemunhas. Ele destaca as implicações práticas a fim de melhorar o processo corrente de intermediação, em nível regional, provincial e nacional. Primeiramente, o artigo faz uma reflexão sobre os serviços de intermediação oferecidos a crianças-testemunhas em algumas áreas dos subúrbios da região oeste de Johannesburgo; em segundo lugar, discute experiências práticas e literatura de apoio, assim como a experiência da Bethany House com o projeto Child in Crisis Foundation (SA).

Efforts to reduce the trauma in an adversarial court system are complicated by the arguments that the prosecution of sexual abuse cannot take place in disregard of the rights of the alleged perpetrator. The questioning of a child witness is a very specialised task, and the prosecutors and defence counsel are not trained in these methods. Therefore, intermediary services to the child witness in court are important to reduce the trauma experienced by the child. This article aims to highlight that crimes against children and the subsequent criminal proceedings where the child is required to testify as a witness occurs frequently enough to warrant intermediary services to all child witnesses. Practical implications will be highlighted in order to improve the current intermediary process, regionally, provincially and nationally. Firstly, it will reflect on the intermediary services provided for child witnesses in some areas in the western suburbs of Johannesburg; secondly, it will discuss practical experiences and supportive literature, as well as the Bethany House's experience with the project Child in Crisis Foundation (SA).

Los esfuerzos por reducir el trauma en un sistema judicial contradictorio se ven complicados por la discusión acerca de que un juicio por abuso sexual no puede llevarse a cabo sin tener en cuenta los derechos del supuesto perpetrador. El interrogatorio de un testigo menor de edad es una tarea muy especializada, que ni fiscales ni defensores están preparados para realizar. Por eso, es importante la presencia de los servicios de mediación para los testigos menores de edad ante los tribunales, para reducir el trauma experimentado por el niño. Este artículo aspira a destacar que los crímenes contra los niños y niñas y los procedimientos penales subsiguientes en los que el niño debe atestiguar son lo suficientemente frecuentes como para requerir los servicios de mediación para todos los testigos menores de edad. Se señalarán las implicancias prácticas para mejorar el proceso de mediación actual, en un nivel regional, provincial y nacional.

Assuntos