RESUMO

It is important to understand the effects of hoof trimming on hoof and limb conformation to maximize its benefits on the health of the appendicular skeleton of horses, thus promoting improvements in athletic performance and sporting longevity with regard to athletic horses. There is little information on possible changes in the angulation of the thoracic limb joints after hoof trimming and correlations between the angulation of the thoracic limb joints with hoof measurements. To that purpose, nineteen Mangalarga mares received routine hoof trimming. Visual recordings (photographs) were taken before and after the procedure. Differences (p < 0.05) were found in hoof length, toe angle, heel angle, medial heel height, and metacarpophalangeal angle. Before trimming, correlations were found between frog length and scapulohumeral angle (SH) (r = -0.457; p = 0.049), and between toe length and shoulder-ground angle (SG) (r = -0.553; p = 0.049). A correlation was also seen between the distance from the frog to the lateral wall and the SH angle (r = 0.690; p = 0.001). After trimming, there was a correlation between humeroradial (HR) and SH joint angles (r = 0.669; p = 0.002), and the SG and SH angles (r = 0.488; p = 0.034). This study showed an immediate effect of trimming on the toe angle and heel angle and on the metacarpophalangeal joint angle, in addition to correlations between the hoof and proximal joint angles, following trimming, thus evidencing the relevance of trimming not only in hoof morphology, but also in the conformation of the appendicular skeleton of horses.

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Joint biomechanics and spatiotemporal gait parameters change with age or disease and are used in treatment decision-making. RESEARCH QUESTION: To investigate whether kinematic predictors of spatiotemporal parameters during gait differ by age in healthy individuals. METHODS: We used an open dataset with the gait data of 114 young adults (M = 28.0 years, SD = 7.5) and 128 older adults (M = 67.5 years, SD = 3.8) walking at a comfortable self-selected speed. Linear regression models were developed to predict spatiotemporal parameters separately for each group using joint kinematics as independent variables. RESULTS: In young adults, knee flexion loading response and hip flexion/extension were the common predictors of gait speed; hip flexion and hip extension contributed to explaining the stride length; hip flexion contributed to explaining the cadence and stride time. In older adults, ankle plantarflexion, knee flexion loading response, and pelvic rotation were the common predictors of the gait speed; ankle plantarflexion and knee flexion loading response contributed to explaining the stride length; ankle plantarflexion loading response and ankle plantarflexion contributed to explain the cadence, stride width and stride time. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that the ability of joint kinematic variables to estimate spatiotemporal parameters during gait differs by age in healthy individuals. Particularly in older adults, ankle plantarflexion was the common predictor of the spatiotemporal parameters, suggesting the importance of the ankle for gait parameters in this age group. This provides insight for clinicians into the most effective evaluation and has been used by physical professionals in prescribing the most appropriate exercises to attenuate the effects produced by age-related neuromuscular changes.

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RESUMEN El tiro es practicado en su mayoría por policías o militares. Ha llegado a ser un deporte olímpico donde se destaca la prueba de pistola con aire, la cual requiere una concentración mental extrema y precisión en sus movimientos para lograr efectividad en el disparo. En este trabajo, los autores se propusieron como objetivo identificar los datos cinemáticos del complejo brazo-arma en estado normal y de excitación durante la ejecución del tiro, considerando variables a la frecuencia cardíaca, la efectividad del disparo y los ángulos de las principales articulaciones (glecohumeral) que permiten la ejecución de la técnica. Como parte de la metodología, esta investigación se implementó en el polígono de tiro cerrado de la Escuela Superior Militar "Eloy Alfaro" y se analizaron a siete deportistas que conforman los equipos de Tiro de la Fuerza Terrestre y Aérea ecuatoriana. Se analizó la frecuencia cardíaca (en cuatro fases), la efectividad del disparo (en tres oportunidades) y el ángulo de la articulación glenohumeral en estado de reposo y en excitación, donde se realizaron las comparaciones pertinentes. Como resultados del estudio, se muestra que los valores medios de la frecuencia cardíaca fueron significativamente diferentes (p=0.001), al ser mayores en estado de excitación. La efectividad del disparo no establece diferencias significativas (p=0.620) entre estados, al igual que los ángulos de la articulación glenohumeral (p=0.209). Se concluye que no hay diferencias significativas en la efectividad de los disparos en excitación y en reposo, indicador de una buena preparación física, aunque hay menor efectividad del disparo en estado de excitación.

RESUMO O tiro é praticado principalmente pela polícia ou militares, tornou-se um desporto olímpico onde se destaca o exame da pistola de ar, o que requer uma concentração mental extrema e precisão nos seus movimentos para se conseguir eficácia no tiro. Neste trabalho, os autores visam identificar os dados cinemáticos do complexo braço-arma em estado normal e excitado durante a execução do tiro, considerando variáveis como o ritmo cardíaco, a eficácia do tiro e os ângulos das articulações principais (glecohumeral) que permitem a execução da técnica. Como parte da metodologia, esta pesquisa foi implementada na carreira de tiro fechado da Escola Superior Militar "Eloy Alfaro" e foram analisados sete atletas que compõem as equipas de tiro do Exército e da Força Aérea equatoriana. O ritmo cardíaco foi analisado (em quatro fases), a eficácia do tiro (em três oportunidades) e o ângulo da articulação glenoumeral em estado de repouso e em excitação, onde foram feitas as comparações correspondentes. Como resultados do estudo, mostra-se que os valores médios da frequência cardíaca eram significativamente diferentes (p=0,001), sendo mais elevados no estado excitado. A eficácia do tiro não estabelece diferenças significativas (p=0,620) entre estados físicos, bem como os ângulos de articulação glenoumeral (p=0,209). Conclui-se que não há diferenças significativas na eficácia de disparar em estado de excitação e em repouso, um indicador de boa preparação física, embora haja menos eficácia de disparar em estado de excitação.

ABSTRACT Shooting is practiced mostly by police or military, it has become an Olympic sport where the air pistol test stands out, which requires extreme mental concentration and precision in its movements to achieve effectiveness in the shot. In this work, the authors aim to identify the kinematic data of the arm-weapon complex in normal and excited state during the execution of the shot, considering variables such as heart rate, the effectiveness of the shot and the angles of the main joints (glecohumeral) that allow the execution of the technique. As part of the methodology, this research was implemented in the closed shooting range of the Escuela Superior Militar "Eloy Alfaro" and seven athletes that form the shooting teams of the Ecuadorian Army and Air Force were analyzed. The heart rate (in four phases), the effectiveness of the shot (in three opportunities) and the angle of the glenohumeral joint in resting and excited states were analyzed, where the pertinent comparisons were made. As results of the study, it is shown that the mean values of the heart rate were significantly different (p=0.001), being higher in the excited state. The effectiveness of the shot does not establish significant differences (p=0.620) between states, as well as the glenohumeral joint angles (p=0.209). It is concluded that there are no significant differences in the effectiveness of shooting in excitement and at rest, an indicator of good physical preparation, although there is less effectiveness of shooting in the excited state.

RESUMO

Body weight support (BWS) has become a typical strategy for gait training, in special with children with cerebral palsy (CP). Although several findings have been reported in the literature, it remains uncertain how different types of surfaces and gradual amount of BWS can facilitate the mobility of children with CP. The aim of this study was to investigate gait kinematic parameters of children with CP by manipulating BWS and two different types of ground surfaces. Ten children (7.7 ± 2.1 years old) diagnosed with spastic CP and GMFCS classification between levels II and IV were asked to walk on a treadmill and over the ground. In both conditions, BWS was manipulated to minimize gravitational effects and spatial-temporal gait parameters and lower limb joints were analyzed. The results revealed that the type of ground surface causes greater impact on the gait pattern of children with CP as compared to body weight unloading. This finding may provide new insights into the behavioral heterogeneity of children with CP, and offers critical information to be considered on interventional programs specifically designed to improve mobility on this population.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar características espaço-temporais e ângulos articulares de crianças com paralisia cerebral andando sem o uso de suporte parcial de peso corporal (SPPC) em piso fixo e com 0 por cento e 30 por cento de SPPC em piso fixo e em esteira. MÉTODOS: Seis crianças com paralisia cerebral hemiplégica espástica (7,70±1,04 anos) foram filmadas andando com velocidade confortável sem o uso de SPPC, com 0 por cento e 30 por cento de SPPC em piso fixo e com 0 por cento e 30 por cento de SPPC em esteira. Marcadores refletivos foram afixados nos principais pontos anatômicos dos dois hemicorpos para registro das coordenadas "x", "y", "z". RESULTADOS: As crianças andaram mais rapidamente e com passadas mais longas e mais rápidas, com duração dos períodos de apoio simples e balanço maiores e apoio duplo menor no piso fixo do que na esteira, independentemente do uso do SPPC. O quadril foi a única articulação que apresentou diferenças entre os hemicorpos e entre as condições, sendo que o hemicorpo plégico apresentou menor amplitude de movimento (ADM) que o hemicorpo não plégico, e a ADM foi maior na condição sem o uso de SPPC do que com 30 por cento de SPPC em piso fixo. CONCLUSÃO: Crianças com paralisia cerebral hemiplégica espástica são capazes de andar em piso fixo e esteira com diferentes porcentagens de SPPC, sendo que seus desempenhos foram melhores no piso fixo, independentemente do uso de SPPC, do que na esteira.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics and joint angles during overground walking without body weight support (BWS) and with 0 percent and 30 percent BWS, and during treadmill walking with the same BWS in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: Six children with hemiplegic and spastic cerebral palsy (7.70 ± 1.04 years old) were videotaped during overground walking at a comfortable speed with no BWS, with 0 percent and 30 percent BWS, and during treadmill walking with 0 percent and 30 percent BWS. Reflective markers were placed over main bony landmarks in both body sides to register the coordinates "x", "y", "z". RESULTS: During overground walking, children walked faster and presented longer and faster strides, longer duration of single-stance and swing periods, and shorter duration of double-stance period, than treadmill walking, regardless of BWS use. The hip was the only joint that presented a difference between body sides and experimental conditions; i.e. range of motion (ROM) was reduced in the plegic side when compared to the nonplegic side, and during overground walking without BWS when compared to 30 percent BWS. CONCLUSION: Children with hemiplegic and spastic cerebral palsy were able to walk overground and on a treadmill with different percentages of BWS, and their performance was superior during overground walking, regardless of BWS use.

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A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da tenotomia do músculo flexor digital superficial e a desmotomia do seu ligamento acessório sobre os ângulos formados pelas faces dorsais radiometacarpiano, metacarpofalângico e interfalângicos proximal e distal em equinos. Realizaram-se em nove equinos a tenotomia do músculo flexor digital superficial no membro torácico direito (MTD) e a desmotomia de seu ligamento acessório no membro torácico esquerdo (MTE). A goniometria radiológica foi procedida no pré-operatório e aos quinze, trinta e sessenta dias após as cirurgias. A tenotomia praticada no MTD diminuiu significativamente o ângulo metacarpofalângico (média com desvio-padrão pré-operatório 140,7 ± 6,85; sessenta dias 128,2º ± 5,93) e aumentou o interfalângico distal (média com desvio-padrão pré-operatório 180,2º ± 5,43; sessenta dias 197,3º ± 8,29). A desmotomia realizada no MTE diminuiu significativamente o ângulo interfalângico proximal (média com desvio-padrão pré-operatório 172,6 ± 1,87; sessenta dias 167,6 ± 1,36). As cirurgias estudadas não interferiram nos eixos radiometacarpianos. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos estudados alteraram significativamente os ângulos articulares distais ao carpo.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the superficial digital tenotomy and the superior check ligament desmotomy on the radio-metacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal angles in horses. Under general anesthesia the superficial digital flexor tenotomy and superior check ligament desmotomy were performed, respectively, on the right and left forelimbs in nine horses. Before surgery and on 15th, 30th, and 60th postoperative days the radio-metacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and proximal and distal interphalangeal angles were measured by radiographic examination. Tenotomy decreased significantly the metacarpophalangeal angle (mean ± standard deviation: preoperative 140.7º ± 6.85; 60th day 128.2º ± 5.93) and increased the distal interphalangeal angle (mean ± standard deviation: preoperative 172.6 ± 1.87; 60th day 167.6 ± 1.36). Desmotomy decreased the proximal interphalangeal angle (mean ± standard deviation: preoperative 180.2º ± 5.43; 60th day- 197.3º ± 8.29). These surgical procedures did not change the radio-metacarpal angle. The superficial digital flexor tenotomy and the superior check ligament desmotomy cause different and significant changes in joint angles distal to the carpus.(AU)

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A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da tenotomia do músculo flexor digital superficial e a desmotomia do seu ligamento acessório sobre os ângulos formados pelas faces dorsais radiometacarpiano, metacarpofalângico e interfalângicos proximal e distal em equinos. Realizaram-se em nove equinos a tenotomia do músculo flexor digital superficial no membro torácico direito (MTD) e a desmotomia de seu ligamento acessório no membro torácico esquerdo (MTE). A goniometria radiológica foi procedida no pré-operatório e aos quinze, trinta e sessenta dias após as cirurgias. A tenotomia praticada no MTD diminuiu significativamente o ângulo metacarpofalângico (média com desvio-padrão pré-operatório – 140,7 ± 6,85; sessenta dias – 128,2º ± 5,93) e aumentou o interfalângico distal (média com desvio-padrão pré-operatório – 180,2º ± 5,43; sessenta dias – 197,3º ± 8,29). A desmotomia realizada no MTE diminuiu significativamente o ângulo interfalângico proximal (média com desvio-padrão pré-operatório – 172,6 ± 1,87; sessenta dias – 167,6 ± 1,36). As cirurgias estudadas não interferiram nos eixos radiometacarpianos. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos estudados alteraram significativamente os ângulos articulares distais ao carpo.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the superficial digital tenotomy and the superior check ligament desmotomy on the radio-metacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal angles in horses. Under general anesthesia the superficial digital flexor tenotomy and superior check ligament desmotomy were performed, respectively, on the right and left forelimbs in nine horses. Before surgery and on 15th, 30th, and 60th postoperative days the radio-metacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and proximal and distal interphalangeal angles were measured by radiographic examination. Tenotomy decreased significantly the metacarpophalangeal angle (mean ± standard deviation: preoperative – 140.7º ± 6.85; 60th day – 128.2º ± 5.93) and increased the distal interphalangeal angle (mean ± standard deviation: preoperative – 172.6 ± 1.87; 60th day – 167.6 ± 1.36). Desmotomy decreased the proximal interphalangeal angle (mean ± standard deviation: preoperative – 180.2º ± 5.43; 60th day- 197.3º ± 8.29). These surgical procedures did not change the radio-metacarpal angle. The superficial digital flexor tenotomy and the superior check ligament desmotomy cause different and significant changes in joint angles distal to the carpus.

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