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Objective: We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials evaluating the clinical effects of ferric carboxymaltose therapy compared to other intravenous iron in improving hemoglobin and serum ferritin in pregnant women. We also assessed the safety of ferric carboxymaltose vs. other intravenous iron. Data source: EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for trials related to ferric carboxymaltose in pregnant women, published between 2005 and 2021. We also reviewed articles from google scholar. The keywords "ferric carboxymaltose," "FCM," "intravenous," "randomized," "pregnancy," "quality of life," and "neonatal outcomes" were used to search the literature. The search was limited to pregnant women. Selection of studies: Studies related to ferric carboxymaltose in pregnancy were scanned. Observational studies, review articles, and case reports were excluded. Randomized studies in pregnant women involving ferric carboxymaltose and other intravenous iron formulations were shortlisted. Of 256 studies, nine randomized control trials were selected. Data collection: Two reviewers independently extracted data from nine selected trials. Data synthesis: The final effect size for increase in hemoglobin after treatment was significant for ferric carboxymaltose vs. iron sucrose/iron polymaltose (standard mean difference 0.89g/dl [95% confidence interval 0.27,1.51]). The final effect size for the increase in ferritin after treatment was more for ferric carboxymaltose vs. iron sucrose/iron polymaltose (standard mean difference 22.53µg/L [-7.26, 52.33]). No serious adverse events were reported with ferric carboxymaltose or other intravenous iron. Conclusion: Ferric carboxymaltose demonstrated better efficacy than other intravenous iron in increasing hemoglobin and ferritin levels in treating iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women.

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Anemia is a pathological condition in which the hemoglobin and red blood cell mass decrease; it is mainly defined by the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. The World Health Organization guidelines establish specific values to define anemia in different population groups. Early detection of anemia can also be a valuable indicator of underlying medical conditions. Clinical studies have explored the relationship between perioperative anemia and morbidity, highlighting the need for more judicious therapeutic strategies, such as the use of Patient Blood Management, which aims to prevent and treat anemia in a personalized and effective way. Patient Blood Management emerges as a promising approach to dealing with anemia, recognizing that its correction through transfusion always carries risks and that personalized prevention and treatment can offer better outcomes for patients.

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Introducción: el déficit de hierro es la causa más común de anemia debido a carencia nutricional. Su tratamiento consiste en proporcionar alimentos ricos en hierro biodisponible junto con la administración de hierro oral. En circunstancias definidas puede utilizarse el hierro intravenoso. Objetivo: describir el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico de un niño portador de anemia ferropénica severa secundaria a mala adherencia al hierro oral en el que se utilizó hierro intravenoso. Caso clínico: niño de 21 meses, raza blanca. Antecedente de anemia ferropénica severa, con repercusión hemodinámica que a los 14 meses requirió transfusión de sangre desplasmatizada. Sin controles de hemoglobina posteriores. Sin adherencia a profilaxis con hierro vía oral. Alto consumo de leche de vaca y bajo consumo de alimentos ricos en hierro. En el contexto de infección respiratoria aguda baja se constata anemia clínica con marcado decaimiento y anorexia, sin repercusión hemodinámica. Se confirma la anemia microcítica, hipocrómica severa, con ancho de distribución eritrocitaria elevado, con metabolismo de hierro alterado. Recibe hierro sacarato, intravenoso, por seis días con buena tolerancia y evolución. Discusión: se identificaron múltiples factores de riesgo para anemia ferropénica. La pobre respuesta al tratamiento con hierro oral debido a efectos adversos y olvidos de administración, junto al antecedente de anemia ferropénica severa, que requirió transfusión de sangre desplasmatizada, motivaron la indicación de hierro intravenoso. Su administración fue programada y monitorizada, sin complicaciones. Es necesario fortalecer la prevención en todos los controles pediátricos y abordar este problema de salud desde una mirada interdisciplinaria.

Introduction: iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia due to nutritional deficiency. Its treatment consists of providing bioavailable iron rich food together with oral iron. In specific circumstances, intravenous iron may be used. Objective: of this study is to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic approach used with a child with severe iron deficiency anemia secondary to poor adherence to oral iron, in which intravenous iron was used. Clinical case: 21 month-old white patient. History of severe iron deficiency anemia, with hemodynamic repercussions that at 14 months of age required transfusion of deplasmatized blood. Without subsequent hemoglobin controls. No adherence to oral iron prophylaxis. High consumption of cow's milk and low of iron-rich foods. Within the context of acute lower respiratory infection, a clinical anemia with marked decline and anorexia were observed, without hemodynamic repercussions. Severe hypochromic microcytic anemia was confirmed, with an elevated erythrocyte distribution width and altered iron metabolism. He received iron saccharate, intravenously for 6 days with good tolerance and evolution. Discussion: multiple risk factors for iron deficiency anemia were identified. The poor response to treatment with oral iron resulting from adverse effects and lack of proper administration, together with a history of severe iron deficiency anemia, which required transfusion of deplasmatized blood, led to the prescription of intravenous iron. This administration was scheduled and monitored, occurring without complications. It is necessary to strengthen prevention of this condition in all pediatric check-ups and address this health problem from an interdisciplinary perspective.

Introdução: a deficiência de ferro é a causa mais comum de anemia por deficiência nutricional. Seu tratamento consiste no fornecimento de alimentos ricos em ferro biodisponível, juntamente com a administração de ferro por via oral. Em circunstâncias especificas, pode ser utilizado ferro intravenoso. Objetivo: descrever a abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica de uma criança com anemia ferropriva grave secundária a sua má adesão ao ferro oral, e o uso de ferro intravenoso. Caso clínico: 21 meses, raça branca. História de anemia ferropriva grave, com repercussão hemodinâmica que requiriu de transfusão de sangue desplasmatizada aos 14 meses. Não houve nenhum controle de hemoglobina subsequente. Nenhuma adesão à profilaxia oral com ferro. Alto consumo de leite de vaca e baixo consumo de alimentos ricos em ferro. No contexto de infecção respiratória inferior aguda, observa-se anemia clínica com acentuado emagrecimento e anorexia, sem repercussões hemodinâmicas. É confirmada anemia microcítica e hipocrômica grave, com largura de distribuição eritrocitária elevada e metabolismo alterado do ferro. Recebeu sacarose férrica intravenosa por 6 dias com boa tolerância e evolução. Discussão: foram identificados múltiplos fatores de risco para anemia ferropriva. A má resposta ao tratamento com ferro oral devido aos efeitos adversos e ao esquecimento da administração, aliás da história de anemia ferropriva grave, que exigiu transfusão de sangue desplasmatizada, motivaram a indicação do ferro intravenoso. Sua administração foi programada e monitorada, e aconteceu sem intercorrências. É preciso fortalecer a prevenção em todos os controles pediátricos e abordar este problema de saúde numa persectiva interdisciplinar.

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Abstract Objective: We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials evaluating the clinical effects of ferric carboxymaltose therapy compared to other intravenous iron in improving hemoglobin and serum ferritin in pregnant women. We also assessed the safety of ferric carboxymaltose vs. other intravenous iron. Data source: EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for trials related to ferric carboxymaltose in pregnant women, published between 2005 and 2021. We also reviewed articles from google scholar. The keywords "ferric carboxymaltose," "FCM," "intravenous," "randomized," "pregnancy," "quality of life," and "neonatal outcomes" were used to search the literature. The search was limited to pregnant women. Selection of studies: Studies related to ferric carboxymaltose in pregnancy were scanned. Observational studies, review articles, and case reports were excluded. Randomized studies in pregnant women involving ferric carboxymaltose and other intravenous iron formulations were shortlisted. Of 256 studies, nine randomized control trials were selected. Data collection: Two reviewers independently extracted data from nine selected trials Data synthesis: The final effect size for increase in hemoglobin after treatment was significant for ferric carboxymaltose vs. iron sucrose/iron polymaltose (standard mean difference 0.89g/dl [95% confidence interval 0.27,1.51]). The final effect size for the increase in ferritin after treatment was more for ferric carboxymaltose vs. iron sucrose/iron polymaltose (standard mean difference 22.53µg/L [-7.26, 52.33]). No serious adverse events were reported with ferric carboxymaltose or other intravenous iron. Conclusion: Ferric carboxymaltose demonstrated better efficacy than other intravenous iron in increasing hemoglobin and ferritin levels in treating iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women.

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Introducción: El hierro de administración intravenosa (iv) está indicado en los casos en que el tratamiento oral no es posible. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el perfil de uso, respuesta terapéutica y seguridad de la administración de hierro iv en el tratamiento de la anemia ferropénica en niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) asistidos en un centro de referencia de Uruguay entre 2018 y 2023. Método: Estudio retrospectivo mediante revisión de historias. Incluyó todos los NNA que recibieron hierro iv. Se registraron variables sociodemográficas, comorbilidades, clínica y severidad de la anemia. Se evaluó: motivos de la indicación y tipo de hierro iv, dosis, tiempo de infusión, respuesta terapéutica y efectos adversos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 35 pacientes, mediana de edad 4 años; 51,4% de sexo masculino, con comorbilidades 37,1%. Todos los menores de 3 años presentaban factores de riesgo para anemia ferropénica, la falta de adherencia al hierro oral se asoció con mayor severidad de la anemia (p<0,05). El motivo principal de indicación de hierro iv fue la severidad de la anemia e inadecuada respuesta al hierro oral concomitante en 37,1%. Todos recibieron hierro sacarato; mediana de dosis: 2 mg/kg y de tiempo de infusión: 1 hora. Se registró un caso de edema y exantema de cara vinculado a la rápida infusión. La evolución fue satisfactoria. Conclusiones: La administración de hierro iv fue segura. Es necesario establecer consensos respecto a la posología y monitorización. Se requieren nuevos estudios para continuar evaluando la eficacia y seguridad del hierro iv en sus diversas formulaciones.

Introduction: Intravenous (IV) iron administration it is indicated in cases where oral treatment is impossible. The objective of this work was to describe the profile of use, therapeutic response, and safety of the iron IV administration in treating anemia in children and adolescents (NNA) assisted in a reference center in Uruguay between 2018 and 2023. Method: Retrospective study through review of histories. It included all children and adolescents who received IV iron. Sociodemographic variables, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, and severity of anemia they were recorded. They were evaluated: reasons for the indication and type of IV iron, dose, infusion time, therapeutic response, and adverse effects. Results: we included 35 patients, with a median age of four years; 51.4% were male, and 37.1% had comorbidities. All children under three years of age had risk factors for iron deficiency anemia; greater severity of anemia was associated with lack of adherence to oral iron (p<0.05). The main reason for the indication of IV iron was the severity of anemia and inadequate response to concomitant oral iron at 37.1%. All received iron saccharate; median dose: 2 mg/kg and infusion time: 1 hour. A case of facial edema and rash linked to rapid infusion was recorded. The evolution was satisfactory. Conclusions: The administration of IV iron was safe. It is necessary to establish a consensus regarding dosage and monitoring. New studies are required to continue evaluating the efficacy and safety of IV iron in its various formulations.

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El granuloma piogénico es una lesión vascular reactiva benigna del tejido blando que surge en respuesta a irritantes crónicos de bajo grado. Rara vez crece más de 2 cm de diámetro y por lo general, no provoca cambios en el hueso alveolar. Presentamos un caso inusual de granuloma piógeno en una mujer de 19 años, de extenso tamaño y comportamiento agresivo, asociado a resorción ósea severa, movilidad dentaria, hemorragia, anemia ferropénica y recurrencias.

Pyogenic granuloma is a benign reactive vascular lesion of the soft tissue that arises in response to chronic low-grade irritants. It rarely grows more than 2 cm in diameter and usually does not cause changes in the alveolar bone. We present the case of a 19-year-old woman with an unusual pyogenic granuloma of extensive size and aggressive behavior, associated with severe bone resorption, tooth mobility, hemorrhage, iron deficiency anemia and recurrences.

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We evaluated the available literature on the diagnostic performance of hemoglobin (Hb) in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in high-altitude populations. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Medline by Ovid, the Cochrane Library, and LILCAS until 3 May 2022. We included studies that evaluated the diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and accuracy) of Hb (with and without an altitude correction factor) compared to any iron deficiency (ID) marker (e.g., ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTFR), transferrin saturation, or total body iron (TBI)) in populations residing at altitudes (≥1000 m above sea level). We identified a total of 14 studies (with 4522 participants). We found disagreement in diagnostic performance test values between the studies, both in those comparing hemoglobin with and in those comparing hemoglobin without a correction factor for altitude. Sensitivity ranged from 7% to 100%, whereas specificity ranged from 30% to 100%. Three studies reported higher accuracy of uncorrected versus altitude-corrected hemoglobin. Similarly, two studies found that not correcting hemoglobin for altitude improved the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. Available studies on high-altitude populations suggest that the diagnostic accuracy of Hb is higher when altitude correction is not used. In addition, the high prevalence of anemia in altitude regions could be due to diagnostic misclassification.

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BACKGROUND: Although the gastrointestinal tract is the most affected by Crohn's disease (CD), the condition triggers other consequent manifestations, and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common. Intravenous (IV) iron replacement is currently available through several drugs, such as ferric hydroxide sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose (FCM). However, the clinical management of these conditions can be challenging. AIM: To elucidate the drug's effectiveness, the present study analyzed, through medical records, the clinical and epidemiological data of a cohort of patients with active CD who received IV FCM for the IDA treatment. METHODS: This retrospective observational study included 25 patients with active CD, severe anemia, and refractory to previous conventional treatments. Patients were evaluated two times: During the last treatment with ferric hydroxide sucrose and treatment with FCM. RESULTS: After treatment with FCM, parameters of IDA assessment significantly improved, serum hemoglobin (Hb) levels increased in 93% of patients (P < 0.0001), and in 44%, there was an increase of ≥ 2 g/dL in a single application. In addition, 86% of the patients showed an increase in serum iron (P < 0.0001) and ferritin (P = 0.0008) and 50% in transferrin saturation (P = 0.01). The serum iron levels at baseline showed a negative association with the ileal and colonic CD and use of biologics and a positive association with patients who developed CD later in life after the age of 40 (A3) and with a stenosing (B2) and fistulizing (B3) phenotype. The values of Hb and hematocrit after ferric hydroxide sucrose treatment remained similar to those found before treatment. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that FCM is an important therapeutic strategy for treating IDA in CD patients, achieving satisfactory results in refractory cases.

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La uncinariasis fue descrita por primera vez por Dubini en 1838. Es una helmintiasis intestinal causada por el Necator americanus y/o Ancylostoma duodenale. Frecuentemente son endémicas de áreas tropicales y subtropicales; afecta tanto a niños como a adultos. La transmisión asciende cuando existen entornos socioculturales y demográficos que favorecen la contaminación fecal, por lo que es considerado un problema de salud pública en el mundo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 20 años que acudió a urgencias por astenia, adinamia, taquicardia y palidez mucocutánea generalizada; el hemograma reportó anemia severa y eosinofilia. Se requirió transfusión de 4 UI de glóbulos rojos y sulfato ferroso. El examen coprológico mostró infección por Necator americanus, que fue tratada con albendazol y, posteriormente, fue egresado de la institución sanitaria. La infección por uncinarias constituye una causa olvidada para el clínico de hemorragia de las vías digestivas y desarrollo de anemia. Por tanto, el presente estudio destaca que esta parasitosis es una causa importante en el diagnóstico diferencial. Además, se ofrece mayor importancia a las estrategias preventivas como la capacitación a profesionales de salud, el refuerzo de técnicas de aseo, la disminución de la contaminación y el aumento de la higiene personal(AU)

Hookworm infection was first described by Dubini in 1838. It is an intestinal helminth infection caused by Necator americanus and/or Ancylostoma duodenale. They are frequently endemic to tropical and subtropical areas and affect both children and adults. Transmission increases when there are socio-cultural and demographic environments that favor fecal contamination; therefore, it is a public health problem worldwide. We describe the case of a 20-year-old male patient who presented to the emergency department with asthenia, adynamia, tachycardia, and generalized mucocutaneous pallor. The blood test showed severe anemia and eosinophilia. Transfusion of 4 IU of red blood cells and ferrous sulphate was required. The coprological test showed infection by Necator americanus, which was treated with albendazole. Afterwards, the patient was discharged from the health institution. Hookworm infection is a neglected cause of gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia by the clinician. Therefore, the present study highlights this parasitosis as an important cause in the differential diagnosis. In addition, greater importance is given to preventive strategies such as training the health professionals, reinforcement of hygiene techniques, decrease of contamination and increase of proper personal hygiene(AU)

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Contexto: la deficiencia de hierro es un trastorno frecuentemente observado en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), sobre todo en estadios avanzados. Su presencia se asocia a una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. La deficiencia de hierro puede ser absoluta o funcional. La deficiencia absoluta se refiere a una ausencia o una reducción de las reservas de hierro, mientras que la deficiencia funcional se define por la presencia de depósitos de hierro adecuados pero con una disponibilidad insuficiente de hierro para su incorporación en los precursores eritroides. Varios factores de riesgo contribuyen a la deficiencia absoluta y funcional de hierro en ERC, incluyendo pérdidas hemáticas, absorción alterada de hierro e inflamación crónica. Objetivo: con esta revisión narrativa se pretende presentar las definiciones, los aspectos fisiopatológicos, los criterios diagnósticos y las medidas terapéuticas en el paciente con diagnóstico de ERC con deficiencia de hierro. Metodología: se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura en la base de datos PubMed, incluyendo además las guías internacionales más utilizadas que abordan el tema de deficiencia de hierro en ERC. Resultados: se incluyeron un total de 30 referencias bibliográficas. La deficiencia de hierro puede ser absoluta o relativa y el déficit absoluto de hierro se produce con valores de ferritina 100 mcg/l, pero con una TSAT < 20 %. El tratamiento del déficit absoluto consta de reposición de hierro oral o endovenoso y en pacientes que aún no reciben diálisis, se puede hacer una prueba terapéutica con hierro oral, de no haber respuesta se optará por hierro endovenoso, mientras que en pacientes que sí reciben diálisis, la medida ideal es el hierro endovenoso, preferiblemente en preparaciones que permitan esquemas de altas dosis y bajas frecuencias de administración. Las metas propuestas por las distintas guías presentan variaciones entre 500 y 700 mcg/l de ferritina. Conclusiones: el déficit de hierro debe buscarse activamente en pacientes con ERC, ya que su presencia y la falta de intervención conlleva a un incremento en los desenlaces adversos. La terapia con hierro es el pilar del tratamiento y la elección del agente a utilizar dependerá de las características individuales del paciente y de la disponibilidad de las preparaciones de hierro oral o endovenoso.

Background: Iron deficiency is a disorder frequently observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in advanced stages. Its presence is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency can be absolute or functional. Absolute deficiency refers to absent or reduced iron stores, while functional deficiency is defined by the presence of adequate iron stores but insufficient iron availability for incorporation into erythroid precursors. Several risk factors contribute to absolute and functional iron deficiency in CKD, including blood fi, impaired iron absorption, and chronic inflammation. Purpose: With this narrative review, it is intended to present the details, pathophysiological aspects, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options in patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease with iron deficiency. Methodology: A non-systematic review of the fi ron ra was carried out, in the PubMed database, also including the most used international guidelines that address the issue fi ron deficiency in chronic kidney disease. Results: A total of 30 bibliographical references were included. Iron deficiency can be absolute or relative. The absolute iron deficiency occurs with ferritin values 100 mcg/l but with a TSAT <20 % Treatment of absolute deficiency consists of oral or intravenous iron replacement. In a patient who is not yet receiving dialysis, a therapeutic trial with oral iron can be done, if there is no response, intravenous iron will be chosen. In patients receiving dialysis, the ideal measure is intravenous iron, preferably in preparations that allow high-dose schemes and low frequencies of administration. The goals proposed by the different guidelines present variations between 500 and 700 mcg/l d ferritin. Conclusions: iron deficiency should be actively sought in patients with CKD, since its presence and lack of intervention leads to an increase in adverse outcomes. Iron therapy is the mainstay of treatment; the choice of the agent to be used depends on the individual characteristics of the patient and the availability of oral or intravenous iron preparations.

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EBV and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) cause highly prevalent persistent infections as early as in childhood. Both pathogens are associated with gastric carcinogenesis. H. pylori interferes with iron metabolism, enhancing the synthesis of acute-phase proteins hepcidin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and α-1 glycoprotein (AGP), but we do not know whether EBV does the same. In this study, we correlated the EBV antibody levels and the serum levels of hepcidin, CRP, and AGP in 145 children from boarding schools in Mexico City. We found that children IgG positive to EBV antigens (VCA, EBNA1, and EA) presented hepcidin, AGP, and CRP levels higher than uninfected children. Hepcidin and AGP remained high in children solely infected with EBV, while CRP was only significantly high in coinfected children. We observed positive correlations between hepcidin and EBV IgG antibodies (p < 0.5). Using the TCGA gastric cancer database, we also observed an association between EBV and hepcidin upregulation. The TCGA database also allowed us to analyze the two important pathways controlling hepcidin expression, BMP−SMAD and IL-1ß/IL-6. We observed only the IL-1ß/IL-6-dependent inflammatory pathway being significantly associated with EBV infection. We showed here for the first time an association between EBV and enhanced levels of hepcidin. Further studies should consider EBV when evaluating iron metabolism and anemia, and whether in the long run this is an important mechanism of undernourishment and EBV gastric carcinogenesis.

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Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in humans is defined as the decrease of total hemoglobin concentration and the non-production of the adult hemoglobin subtype 2 - HbA2 (α2δ2 chains), which is considered a marker of IDA severity in humans, dosed together with the iron serum. This study aimed to determine the standard of hemoglobin types in piglets induced to experimentally IDA in the first 21 days of life (delivery to weaning). In the present study, 40 piglets born from four naïve gilts, were randomly and equally assigned among the gilts. On the third day after delivery, the groups were randomly distributed in different environments (cement and clay floors) and according to the iron supplementation (iron dextran and placebo). Erythrocyte parameters, serum iron, and hemoglobin trait were analyzed at four moments between birth and weaning days. The group of piglets that did not receive iron dextran supplementation on the third-day post-birth and were placed in the pen without soil did not present HbA2 from the seventh day onwards on the agarose electrophoretogram (pH 8.6) and this observation was correlated to decrease of serum iron (ρ: 0.156, p=0.003) when compared to the other groups' piglets that did not present iron deficiency. In the present study was possible to determine the swine hemoglobin pattern in IDA, since HbA2 was absent in piglets with IDA in comparison to the non-ferropenic groups and the correlation between the reduction of iron levels and the absence of HbA2.

A anemia por deficiência de ferro (ADF) em humanos é definida como a diminuição da concentração de hemoglobina total e a não produção da hemoglobina adulta subtipo 2 - HbA2 (cadeias α2δ2), que é considerada um marcador de gravidade de IDA em humanos, dosado em conjunto com o soro de ferro. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o padrão dos tipos de hemoglobina em leitões induzidos experimentalmente à IDA nos primeiros 21 dias de vida (parto ao desmame). Quarenta leitões, nascidos de quatro marrãs nulíparas, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e igualmente entre as leitoas. No terceiro dia após o parto, os grupos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em diferentes ambientes (piso de cimento e barro) e de acordo com a suplementação de ferro (ferro dextrano e placebo). Parâmetros eritrocitários, ferro sérico e traço de hemoglobina foram analisados em quatro momentos, entre o nascimento e o desmame. O grupo de leitões que não recebeu suplementação de ferro dextrano no terceiro dia pós-parto e foi colocado em baia sem solo não apresentou HbA2 a partir do sétimo dia no eletroforetograma de agarose (pH 8,6) e esta observação foi correlacionada com diminuição da concentração sérica ferro (ρ: 0,156, p=0,003) quando comparados aos demais grupos leitões que não apresentavam deficiência de ferro. No presente estudo foi possível determinar o padrão hemoglobinêmico suíno na IDA, uma vez que, a HbA2 estava ausente nos leitões com ADF em comparação aos grupos não ferropênicos e há correlação entre a redução dos níveis de ferro e a ausência de HbA2.

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Introducción: de acuerdo a los datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud la prevalencia de anemia ferropénica en el embarazo oscila entre el 20 y el 39% de los mismos en Latinoamérica, siendo asociada con resultados adversos para la salud. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, donde fue estudiada la frecuencia de la anemia en las embarazadas usuarias del Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, y su evolución posterior luego del embarazo. Resultados: se observó que el 15,7% de las pacientes presentaba anemia en el embarazo, con un buen porcentaje de pacientes que cumplían el tratamiento con hierro indicado, y que sólo un bajo porcentaje realizaba un control de la anemia luego del embarazo. Discusión: el porcentaje de pacientes con anemia en el embarazo en este centro asistencial se encuentra por debajo de los porcentajes establecidos en la literatura internacional, se analizan las causas y se verifica que existe una dificultad en el seguimiento de estas pacientes luego del embarazo.

Introduction: according to World Health Organization data, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy ranges between 20 and 39% of pregnancies in Latin America, being associated with adverse health outcomes. Materials and Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out to study the frequency of anemia in pregnant women users of the Central Hospital of the Armed Forces of Montevideo, and its subsequent evolution after pregnancy. Results: it was observed that 15.7% of the patients had anemia during pregnancy, with a good percentage of patients who complied with the indicated iron treatment, and only a small number of patients underwent anemia control after pregnancy. Discussion: the percentage of patients with anemia in pregnancy in this health care center is below the percentages established in the international literature, the causes are analyzed and it is verified that there is a difficulty in the follow-up of these patients after pregnancy.

Introdução: de acordo com dados da Organização Mundial da Saúde, a prevalência de anemia por deficiência de ferro na gravidez varia entre 20 e 39% das gestações na América Latina, e está associada a resultados de saúde adversos. Materiais e Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal e descritivo para estudar a freqüência da anemia em gestantes usuárias do Hospital Central das Forças Armadas, e sua posterior evolução após a gravidez. Resultados: observou-se que 15,7% das pacientes tiveram anemia durante a gravidez, com uma boa porcentagem de pacientes que cumpriram o tratamento com ferro indicado, e apenas uma baixa porcentagem teve controle da anemia após a gravidez. Discussão: a porcentagem de pacientes com anemia na gravidez em nosso centro de atendimento está abaixo das porcentagens estabelecidas na literatura internacional, analisamos as causas e verificamos que existe uma dificuldade em monitorar essas pacientes após a gravidez.

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Resumen La clorosis fue una enfermedad muy frecuente en la literatura médica de los siglos XVI hasta el inicio del siglo XX; por más de cuatro siglos esta enfermedad también conocida como la "enfermedad verde" (green sickness) o "enfermedad de las vírgenes" (morbus virgineus) ocupó un lugar preponderante en la consulta médica y llegó a alcanzar proporciones "epidémicas" en los siglos XVIII y XIX. Era la hemopatía más frecuente en este siglo, trascendiendo al propio campo de la medicina, con implicaciones sociales importantes, con influencia en la pintura y la literatura europea de esos años. Durante varios siglos no existió acuerdo respecto a su etiología, y hubo que esperar al desarrollo de la hematología, para llegar a ser considerada como una anemia microcítica-hipocrómica, patología frecuente en mujeres jóvenes. Cuando el misterio de su etiología quedó aclarado, sucedió un nuevo "misterio": su desaparición súbita de la nosología y literatura médicas en las primeras décadas del siglo pasado. En el presente trabajo revisamos la evolución histórica de una enfermedad y la construcción social de un concepto de enfermedad.

Abastract Chlorosis was a very frequent disease in medical literature from the 16th century to the beginning of the 20th century; For more than four centuries, this disease, also known as "green sickness" or "virgin disease" (morbus virgineus), occupied a predominant place in medical consultation and reached "epidemic" proportions in the eighteenth century and XIX (it was the most frequent blood disease in this century), transcending the field of medicine itself, with important social implications and influence on European painting and literature of those years. For several centuries there was no agreement regarding its etiology, and it was not until the development of hematology that it was considered a frequent microcytic-hypochromic anemia in young women. When the mystery of its etiology was clarified, a new "mystery" occurred: its sudden disappearance from medical nosology and literature in the first decades of the last century. In this paper we review the historical evolution of a disease and the social construction of a concept of disease.

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Study Design: Retrospective case-control study. Objective: Identify risk factors among sociodemographic, nutritional, and health characteristics associated with iron deficiency anemia in children under five years of age attending the growth and development clinic of the Nueve de Enero de Chachapoyas Health Center in 2019. Methods: Two groups were formed, each consisting of 50 children. Group 1 (G1, cases) were children diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia and a control group (CG) of age-matched healthy children residing in the same jurisdiction. Data were collected from the medical records of the health center in a structured record card based on the study variables: age, birth weight, parasitic diseases, or associated symptomatologies such as diarrhea, frequency, and type of feeding before and after six months of age. Data were grouped in contingency tables to calculate Odds Ratio (OR), and statistical significance was estimated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 95% confidence. Results: All the factors considered presented significant association p<0.05, except for sex, concerning the presence of anemia in children. With OR values of: under 32 months of age (OR=2.26, 95% CI 0.59-2.79), under 2900 g birth weight (OR=2.98, 95% CI 0.43-2.99), prolonged exclusive breastfeeding (OR=3.14, 95% CI 1. 55-3.88), early ablactation (OR=4.96, 95% CI 1.27-5.07), low consumption of foods of animal origin (3.5, 95% CI 1.18-3.61), low consumption of fruits and vegetables (2.33, 95% CI 0.86-2.63), among others. Conclusions: In the population of Chachapoyas, the factors considered in the study increase the risk of developing anemia in children under five years of age by more than 93%. Its probability of occurrence warrants a reevaluation of the strategies applied in the different programs or interventions carried out in the area for the control and prevention of anemia. (AU)

Desenho do estudo: Estudo retrospectivo de casos-controle. Objetivo: Identificar fatores de risco entre as ca-racterísticas sociodemográficas, nutricionais e de saúde associados à anemia por deficiência de ferro em crianças menores de cinco anos, atendendo à clínica de crescimento e desenvolvimento do Centro de Saúde Nueve de Enero de Chachapoyas em 2019. Método: Foram formados dois grupos, cada um formado por 50 crianças. O grupo 1 (G1, casos) eram crianças diagnosticadas com anemia por deficiência de ferro e um grupo controle (GC) de crianças saudá-veis, com idade compatível, residentes na mesma jurisdição. Os dados foram coletados dos registros médicos do cen-tro de saúde, em uma ficha de registro estruturada com base nas variáveis do estudo: idade, peso ao nascer, doenças parasitárias ou sintomas associados, como diarreia, frequência e tipo de alimentação antes e depois dos seis meses de idade. Os dados foram agrupados em tabelas de contingência para o cálculo do Odds Ratio (OR), e a significância esta-tística foi estimada pela análise de variância (ANOVA) com 95% de confiança. Resultados: Todos os fatores conside-rados apresentaram associação significativa p<0,05, com exceção do sexo, no que diz respeito à presença de anemia em crianças. Com valores OR de: menos de 32 meses de idade (OR=2,26, 95% CI 0,59-2,79), menos de 2900 g de peso ao nascer (OR=2,98, 95% CI 0,43-2,99), amamentação exclusiva prolongada (OR=3,14, 95% CI 1. 55-3. 88), ablactação precoce (OR=4,96, 95% CI 1,27-5,07), baixo consumo de alimentos de origem animal (3,5, 95% CI 1,18-3,61), baixo consumo de frutas e vegetais (2,33, 95% CI 0,86-2,63), entre outros. Conclusão: Na população de Chachapoyas, os fatores considerados no estudo aumentam em mais de 93% o risco de desenvolver anemia em crianças com menos de cinco anos. Sua probabilidade de ocorrência justifica uma reavaliação das estratégias aplicadas nos diferentes programas ou intervenções realizadas na área para o controle e prevenção da anemia.Palavras-chave: Fatores de risco, Anemia ferropriva, Anemia; Criança. (AU)

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Introducción: La carencia de hierro es la deficiencia específica de micronutrientes más frecuente en la población cubana. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre anemia ferropénica en madres de niños menores de 1 año de edad. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal realizado en el policlínico "Ramón López Peña". La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 352 madres de niños menores de 1 año de edad, que aceptaron participar en la investigación. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó un cuestionario. La variable a evaluar fue nivel de conocimientos. Resultados: El principal grupo de edad de las participantes fue entre 20 y 35 años (60,9 %) y en su mayoría casadas (59,3 %). El 53,1 % de estas cursaron el preuniversitario y 60,9 % cuenta únicamente con un hijo. El nivel de conocimiento sobre prevención de anemia ferropénica según dimensión conocimientos básicos fue alta en 54,7 % de las madres, 53 % presentaron conocimientos bajos en relación con las medidas preventivas, y en el tratamiento predominó el nivel medio en 54,2 % de la casuística. De forma general 38,9 % de las madres presentaron conocimientos medios sobre la prevención de la anemia ferropénica. Conclusiones: Aparte de que las madres presentan un nivel de medio a alto de conocimientos sobre la prevención de la anemia ferropénica, se deben intensificar las acciones de salud, encaminadas a elevar la educación nutricional, como elemento fundamental para su prevención.

Introduction: Iron deficiency is the most frequent specific micronutrient deficiency in the Cuban population. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge about iron deficiency anemia in mothers of children under one year of age. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted at "Ramón López Peña" polyclinic. The study population consisted of 352 mothers of children under one year of age, who agreed to participate in the research. A questionnaire was applied for data collection. The variable to be evaluated was level of knowledge. Results: The main age group of the participants was between 20 and 35 years (60.9%) and mostly married (59.3%). 53.1% of them had pre-university studies and 60.9% have only one child. The level of knowledge about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia according to basic knowledge dimension was high in 54.7% of the mothers, 53% presented low knowledge in relation to preventive measures, and on the treatment, the average level predominated in 54.2% of the casuistry. In general, 38.9% of the mothers presented average knowledge about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia. Conclusions: Apart from the fact that mothers have a medium to high level of knowledge about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia, health actions should be intensified, aimed at raising nutritional education, as a fundamental element for its prevention.

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Abstract Autoimmune gastritis is an underdiagnosed disease in the pediatric population due to the absence of specific signs and symptoms and late clinical manifestations. Iron deficiency anemia has recently been identified as an early hematological manifestation, allowing an early diagnostic approach. We present the case of a Colombian teenager, with no history of autoimmunity, with refractory iron deficiency. He underwent extension studies; biopsies and serology compatible with autoimmune gastritis were documented, requiring parenteral iron in its evolution. This pathology is underdiagnosed in our context since early diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion to prevent associated complications.

Resumen La gastritis autoinmune es una enfermedad subdiagnosticada en la población pediátrica. Lo anterior se debe a la ausencia de signos y síntomas específicos y manifestaciones clínicas tardías. Recientemente se ha identificado la anemia ferropénica como una manifestación hematológica precoz, lo que permite un enfoque diagnóstico temprano. Se presenta el caso de un adolescente colombiano, sin antecedentes de autoinmunidad, con ferropenia refractaria, en el que se realizaron estudios de extensión y se documentaron biopsias y serología compatible con gastritis autoinmune, con requerimiento de hierro parenteral en su evolución. Esta patología es subdiagnosticada en nuestro medio, ya que el diagnóstico temprano requiere un alto índice de sospecha, lo que permite la prevención de las complicaciones asociadas.

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Introdução: A desnutrição proteico-calórica encontrada em doentes renais crônicos (DRC) em tratamento hemodialítico, por vezes, culmina em anemias, devido à existência de fatores predisponentes comuns: nutrição deficiente, sessões de hemodiálise, medicações de uso contínuo. Nesta conjuntura, objetivou-se avaliar o estado nutricional e identificar a presença de anemia ferropriva nessa população. Métodos: Estudo de delineamento transversal realizado na Clínica de Doenças Renais, na cidade de Tubarão/SC. Totalizando 60 pacientes, a coleta foi feita por meio da análise de prontuários dos pacientes com doença renal crônica sob tratamento hemodialítico. Foram coletados dados laboratoriais para o diagnóstico de anemia ferropriva e avaliação de perfil nutricional através da aplicação do questionário SGA-Subjective Global Assessment. Resultados/Discussão: A média de idade foi de 59,47 ± 13,22, sendo 68,3% do sexo masculino e 31,7% do sexo feminino. A prevalência de anemia foi de 52,5%, sendo que, por deficiência de ferro, foi de 52,8%. Segundo o ASG modificado, a grande maioria dos pacientes (97,6%) se encontra em estado de desnutrição leve e, de acordo com o índice de massa corporal (IMC), 100% eram eutróficos. Conclusão: Observou-se que a maioria dos pacientes em tratamento encontra-se com desnutrição ou risco nutricional, sendo a reposição de ferro imperiosa, a fim de evitar complicações e agravo do quadro de anemia e debilidade nutricional. O acompanhamento do estado nutricional dos DRC sob tratamento é de extrema importância para reverter o quadro de desnutrição e amenizar os sintomas recorrentes dessa associação anemia e déficit nutricional.

Introduction: Protein-calorie malnutrition seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis sometimes results in anemias due to the existence of common predisposing factors: deficient nutrition, hemodialysis sessions, long-term medications. In this scenario, we aimed to evaluate nutritional status and to identify the presence of iron-deficiency anemia in this population. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed at Clínica de Doenças Renais in the city of Tubarão ­ Santa Catarina. Including a total of 60 participants, data were collected from the medical records of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Laboratory data were used for diagnosing iron-deficiency anemia and the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) questionnaire was used for analyzing nutritional profiles. Results/Discussion: The mean age was 59.47 ± 13.22, and 68.3% of the participants were male while 31.7% were female. The prevalence of anemia was 52.5%, of which 52.8% of the cases were due to iron deficiency. According to the modified SGA, most patients (97.6%) were in a state of mild malnutrition, and according to their body mass index (BMI), 100% were in the normal weight range. Conclusion: Most patients undergoing hemodialysis were in a state of malnutrition or nutritional risk, and iron replacement is essential to avoid complications and worsening of a clinical picture of anemia and nutritional deficiency. The follow-up of the nutritional status of patients with CKD undergoing treatment is extremely important to overturn the malnutrition state and alleviate the recurrent symptoms of this association of anemia and nutritional deficit.

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Introdução: A anemia por deficiência de ferro é observada em pacientes renais crônicos, conforme a perda da função renal. A suplementação de ferro é uma recomendação importante nesses pacientes. No entanto, uma sobrecarga desse mineral pode contribuir para o estresse oxidativo, o qual está diretamente relacionado à diminuição da função renal. Condição que predispõe ao risco cardiovascular devido à catálise na produção de radicais livres e oxidação de lipídios e catecolaminas. Métodos: Estudo de delineamento transversal realizado na Clínica de Doenças Renais, na cidade de Tubarão/SC. Totalizando 137 pacientes, coleta realizada por meio da análise de prontuários dos pacientes com doença renal crônica sob tratamento hemodialítico e estratificação de risco cardiovascular por meio do Escore de Framingham. Resultados: A prevalência de anemia foi de 56,6%, não havendo associação da mesma com risco cardiovascular (p=0,791). A ferritina apresentou-se diminuída em apenas 12,4%, e o ferro sérico com valores normais em sua maioria (70,8%). O risco cardiovascular elevado foi constatado em 51,1% dos pacientes e foi associado significativamente ao gênero, à idade, a diabete mellitus e à hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Conclusão: O tipo de anemia observado na maioria dos pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica sob tratamento hemodialítico foi a anemia da doença crônica, pois os valores de ferritina normais e/ou elevados foram responsáveis por 87,4% dos pacientes anêmicos. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou risco cardiovascular elevado (51,1%), e estavam associados às variáveis individuais de idade e gênero e às comorbidades hipertensão e diabetes, apesar de apresentarem os valores séricos lipídicos normais.

Introduction: Iron-deficiency anemia is observed in patients with chronic kidney disease as kidney function decreases. Iron supplementation is an important recommendation for these patients. However, an overload of this mineral can contribute to oxidative stress, which is directly related to decreases in kidney function. This condition predisposes patients to cardiovascular risk due to catalysis in free radical production and the oxidation of lipids and catecholamines. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed at Clínica de Doenças Renais in the city of Tubarão ­ Santa Catarina. A total of 137 patients participated in the study; data were collected by analyzing the medical records of patients with chronic kidney disease who underwent hemodialysis and cardiovascular risk stratification with the Framingham Risk Score. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 56.6% and no association was seen with cardiovascular risk (p=0.791). Ferritin levels were decreased in only 12.4% of the cases, and serum iron levels were normal in most patients (70.8%). High cardiovascular risk was observed in 51.1% of the patients, being significantly associated with gender, age, diabetes mellitus, and systemic arterial hypertension. Conclusion: The main type of anemia observed in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis was anemia of chronic disease, since normal and/or increased ferritin levels were responsible for 87.4% of the anemic patients. Most patients presented high cardiovascular risk (51.1%), which was associated with individual variables of gender and age and with comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes, despite presenting normal serum lipid levels.

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