RESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Se presenta el caso de un parto diferido en una gestación gemelar en la que se consigue retrasar el parto del segundo gemelo 45 días con manejo conservador. CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 25 años, gestación gemelar bicorial biamniótica, con diagnóstico de muerte fetal del primer gemelo en semana 24+3 y parto del mismo tras una semana de evolución. Se decide la opción de tratamiento conservador expectante, con reposo absoluto, manteniendo tocolisis intravenosa, controles analíticos seriados, controles cardiotocográficos diarios, profilaxis antibiótica y antitrombótica. Con ello se consigue diferir el parto un total de 45 días. CONCLUSIÓN: El parto diferido en gestaciones gemelares es una práctica poco habitual, por lo que se carece de protocolos y actuaciones específicas. La bibliografía disponible difiere en cuanto al manejo de dichos casos y en el total de días que se consigue diferir el parto, pero en todos los estudios se reporta el beneficio en términos de resultados perinatales al conseguir aumentar la edad gestacional del segundo gemelo. En nuestro caso se consiguió una mejora sustancial del resultado perinatal asociado a la prematuridad sin importantes efectos adversos maternos y tras el periodo de latencia indicado.
INTRODUCTION: We report a delayed delivery of a dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy, in which the birth of the second twin was postponed 45 days. CASE REPORT: At 24+3 weeks of gestation, a 25-year-old woman with dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy presented with preterm premature rupture of membranes and intrauterine dead of the first fetus. Spontaneous delivery of the first death twin, occurred al 25+2 weeks. Tocolysis, antibiotic, antithrombotic prophylaxis, absolute rest, serial blood tests and fetal cardiotocography controls, were performed. The second twin was delivered at 31+5 weeks, after a the preterm premature rupture of membranes triggered the labor. The interval between the first and second birth was 45 days. CONCLUSION: Delayed delivery in twin pregnancies, is an uncommon clinical situation, so there are not validated medical protocols. Available bibliography offers different practices related to its management. Most studies confirm the better survival rate and perinatal outcomes of the postponed birth twin.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Trabalho de Parto Prematuro/terapia , Gravidez Múltipla , Fatores de Tempo , Tocólise , Morte Fetal , Conduta Expectante , Tratamento ConservadorRESUMO
Los embarazos múltiples, la mayoría de los cuales son gemelares, tienen un riesgo sustancialmente mayor de morbimortalidad fetal comparado con los embarazos únicos. La muerte fetal de uno de los gemelos en embarazos gemelares monocoriónicos es más frecuente que en embarazos gemelares dicoriónicos. La muerte fetal intrauterina ocurre en 1 a 7% de todos los embarazos gemelares y aumenta considerablemente la tasa de complicaciones del gemelo superviviente, incluyendo pérdida fetal, parto prematuro y daño de órgano final. La edad gestacional en que ocurre la muerte fetal intrauterina y la corionicidad de los embarazos múltiples son los dos factores más importantes al considerar los riesgos del gemelo superviviente. La morbimortalidad de estos embarazos puede disminuir con la identificación del embarazo de riesgo y la vigilancia prenatal intensiva. Los embarazos monocoriónicos son más difíciles de manejar y a menudo los embarazos se interrumpen entre las 34 y 36 semanas. Los embarazos dicoriónicos se pueden interrumpir más cerca del término.
Multiple pregnancies, most of which are twins, have a substantially increased risk of fetal morbidity and mortality compared to single pregnancies. The fetal death of one of the twins in monochorionic twin pregnancies is more frequent than in twin dichorionic pregnancies. Intrauterine fetal death occurs in 1-7% of all twin pregnancies and greatly increases the rate of complications of the surviving twin including fetal loss, preterm birth, and end organ damage. The gestational age at which intrauterine fetal death occurs and the chorionicity of the multiple pregnancy are the two most important factors when considering the risks of the surviving twin. The morbidity and mortality of these pregnancies may decrease with risk identification and intensive prenatal surveillance. Monochorionic pregnancies are more difficult to manage, and often pregnancies are interrupted at 34-36 weeks. Dichorionic pregnancies can be interrupted closer to term.
RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La mortalidad fetal intrauterina (MFIU) es un problema de salud pública por sus elevadas tasas a nivel mundial y en poblaciones de ingresos medios y bajos. Sin embargo, es un evento poco estudiado y carece de visibilidad en las políticas, planes y programas de salud pública. Objetivo: Analizar los determinantes sociodemográficos y clínicos asociados a la MFIU en Pasto-Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico observacional con 88 muertes fetales como casos y 88 nacidos vivos como controles, ocurridas en hospitales de tercer nivel en el municipio de Pasto-Colombia durante 2010-2012, para determinar la relación entre mortalidad fetal, condiciones clínicas (complicaciones del embarazo, edad gestacional, peso al nacer, controles prenatales, antecedentes obstétricos, tóxicos o aborto) y sociodemográficas (edad, etnia, ocupación, estado civil, estrato, zona de residencia, escolaridad, paridad, condición de desplazamiento, embarazo planeado). Resultados: Se identificó que el riesgo de mortalidad fetal es significativamente menor con el incremento de la edad gestacional (OR ajustado=0,76 IC95% 0,62; 0,93) y el peso al nacer (OR ajustado=0,99 IC95% 0,98; 0,99). Otras variables clínicas y sociodemográficas no se asociaron. Conclusión: Los resultados proveen evidencia para la planificación de planes de intervención que prioricen a mujeres cuyo feto tenga un peso inferior al normal y un riesgo de nacimiento prematuro.
Abstract Introduction: Intrauterine fetal mortality (IUFM) is a public health problem because of its high rates worldwide and in low-and middle-income populations. However, it is a little-studied event and lacks visibility in public health policies, plans and programs. Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic and clinical determinants associated with IUFM in Pasto-Colombia. Materials and methods: A study, that includes 88 fetal deaths as cases and 88 live births as controls occurred in third level hospitals in Pasto-Colombia during 2010 and 2012, was carried out to determine the relationship between fetal mortality, clinical conditions (complications of pregnancy, gestational age, birth weight, prenatal controls, pathological and toxic medical history, or abortion) and sociodemographic conditions (age, ethnicity, occupation, marital status, stratum, area of residence , schooling, parity, displacement condition, planned pregnancy). Results: It was identified that the risk of fetal mortality is significantly lower with the increase in gestational age (OR ajustado = 0.76 IC95% 0.62; 0.93) and birth weight (OR ajustado = 0.99 IC95% 0.98; 0.99). Other clinical and sociodemographic variables were not associated. Conclusion: The results provide evidence for planning intervention plans that prioritize women whose fetus has a lower-than-normal weight and a risk of premature birth.
Assuntos
Gravidez , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Mortalidade Fetal , Fatores SociológicosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a severe liver disease uniquely occurring during pregnancy. In this study we aimed to identify novel biomarker for the diagnosis of ICP in Chinese population. 50 healthy pregnant women, 50 mild ICP patients and 48 severe ICP patients were enrolled for this study. Liver function tests, including serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase and cholyglycine, were performed in all participants. After an overnight fast serum levels of total bile acids (TBA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were measured, and their correlation with liver function tests were analyzed. The observed increase in serum TBA in ICP patients was not statistically significant which made it unreliable for diagnosis of ICP in Chinese population. On the other hand, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 serum levels exhibited a progressive and significant elevation in mild and severe ICP patients compared with healthy pregnant women, which also positively correlated with liver function tests. Serum levels of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 could be reliably used as laboratory abnormalities for accurate diagnosis and sensitive grading of ICP in Chinese population.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Complicações na Gravidez/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Colestase Intra-Hepática/sangue , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/sangue , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/sangue , Complicações na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações na Gravidez/enzimologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Regulação para Cima , China , Colestase Intra-Hepática/diagnóstico , Colestase Intra-Hepática/enzimologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Testes de Função HepáticaRESUMO
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a severe liver disease uniquely occurring during pregnancy. In this study we aimed to identify novel biomarker for the diagnosis of ICP in Chinese population. 50 healthy pregnant women, 50 mild ICP patients and 48 severe ICP patients were enrolled for this study. Liver function tests, including serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase and cholyglycine, were performed in all participants. After an overnight fast serum levels of total bile acids (TBA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were measured, and their correlation with liver function tests were analyzed. The observed increase in serum TBA in ICP patients was not statistically significant which made it unreliable for diagnosis of ICP in Chinese population. On the other hand, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 serum levels exhibited a progressive and significant elevation in mild and severe ICP patients compared with healthy pregnant women, which also positively correlated with liver function tests. Serum levels of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 could be reliably used as laboratory abnormalities for accurate diagnosis and sensitive grading of ICP in Chinese population.
Assuntos
Colestase Intra-Hepática/sangue , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/sangue , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/sangue , Complicações na Gravidez/sangue , Adulto , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , China , Colestase Intra-Hepática/diagnóstico , Colestase Intra-Hepática/enzimologia , Feminino , Humanos , Testes de Função Hepática , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações na Gravidez/enzimologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Objetivos: Análisis de los factores etiopatogénicos, maternos, fetales y placentarios, asociados a la muerte fetal intrauterina (MFIU). Análisis de los avances en el diagnóstico causal de la MFIU tras instauración de un protocolo específico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Análisis de todos los casos de muerte fetal tardía en gestaciones únicas acontecidas en el Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (2005- 2010). Resultados: Hubo 56 casos de muerte fetal tardía. De las gestantes estudiadas, 4 eran menores de 17 años y 19 mayores de 35 años, un 21,4 por ciento fumaban, el 60 por ciento tenía un IMC > 25 kg/m2 y el 18 por ciento no controlaron el embarazo. La patología materna predominante fue la tiroidea, mientras que las patologías gestacionales principales fueron diabetes gestacional, preeclampsia y amenaza de parto prematuro. El principal motivo de consulta fue la disminución de movimientos fetales. Se realizó estudio anatomopatológico placentario en el 82 por ciento y necropsia en el 73 por ciento. El porcentaje de causa desconocida en el grupo de no protocolo fue 20 por ciento y con protocolo 15 por ciento. Conclusión: El establecimiento de la causa de MFIU es difícil y en algunos casos no posible, aunque sí el reconocimiento de factores de riesgo. La implantación de un protocolo permitió un mayor acercamiento a la causa de la muerte fetal y mejor manejo posterior. La autopsia, el estudio de la placenta, los análisis citogenéticos y el estudio de trombosis materna son la base para el diagnóstico de MFIU.
Objective: Analysis of the pathogenetic maternal fetal and placental factors associated with stillbirth. Analysis of progress in the diagnoses of the cause of stillbirth after the establishment of a specific protocol. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study. Analysis of the cases of late fetal death in singleton pregnancies occurred at the University Hospital of Vigo during the period 2005-2010. Results: We found 56 late fetal deaths. Four were under 17 and 19 above 35 years old, 21percent were smokers, 60 percent had a BMI > 25 kg/m2 and 18 percent had not prenatal care. Thyroid disease was the most prevalent whereas gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and threatened preterm labour were the main obstetric pathologies. The main reason of consultation was decrease of fetal movements. Pathological exam of the placenta was made in 82 percent of cases and necropsy in 73 percent. Rate of unknown cause in the cases of no protocol was 20 percent while in the protocol group was 15 percent. Conclusion: The cause of intrauterine fetal death is difficult to establish. The recognition of certain risk factors is possible. The implementation of a study protocol allowed a better approach to the cause of fetal death and its management. Autopsy, placental examination, cytogenetic analysis, maternal thrombosis study was basic tests for the diagnosis of intrauterine fetal death.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Morte Fetal , Causas de Morte , Protocolos Clínicos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Introducción: conocer las características epidemiológicas del óbito fetal y describir los hallazgos más frecuentes en los estudios de patología de mortinatos que se atienden en la Clínica Universitaria San Juan de Dios. Materiales y métodos: se presenta una serie de casos de todos los mortinatos atendidos durante el periodo comprendido entre junio de 2010-mayo de 2011, en una institución de alta complejidad en Cartagena, Colombia. Se establecieron tres grupos de edad gestacional al momento de la muerte fetal: 22 a 29+6, 30-36+6 y 37-42 semanas de gestación. Se consideraron variables demográficas, antecedentes maternos, resultado del embarazo y los hallazgos de patología en el feto, la placenta y el cordón. Los resultados se presentan mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: la edad promedio fue de 29,1 años SD: 6,1. El 72,2% de los casos se presentó en pacientes entre los 20 a 34 años. La patología placentaria se identificó como causa primaria de óbito fetal en el 25% de los casos. Por otra parte, en el 22,22% de los casos no se demostró la causa primaria de óbito fetal. Conclusiones: el estudio de patología aportó información para definir la causa de muerte en el 77% de los casos. Este examen aporta información útil para la toma de decisiones a nivel clínico y en salud pública.
Objective: Ascertaining stillbirth's epidemiological characteristics and describing the most frequent findings in studies of stillbirths attended at the San Juan de Dios teaching hospital. Materials and methods: A case series was compiled of all stillbirths attended from June 2010 to May 2011 at a high complexity institution in Cartagena, Colombia. Three groups of gestational age at the moment of fetal death were established: 22 to 29+6, 30 to 36+6 and 37 to 42 weeks gestation. Demographic variables, maternal background, the result of pregnancy and findings regarding disease in the fetus, placenta and umbilical cord were all considered. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample. Results: Average age was 29.1 (6.1 SD); 72.2% of the cases occurred in 20- to 34-year-old patients. Placental disease was identified as the primary cause of stillbirth in 25% of the cases; nevertheless, the primary cause of stillbirth could not be demonstrated in 22.22% of them. Conclusions: Studying the disease provided information for defining the cause of death in 77% of the cases. This exam supplied useful information for decision-making at clinical level and in public health.