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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Maintaining normal intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) levels must be one major outcome of any ventral hernia repair, avoiding hypertension or abdominal compartment syndrome. AIMS: To evaluate IAP during ventral hernia repair using Lázaro da Silva's procedure. METHODS: IAP measurements using intravesical pressure were performed during four crucial intraoperative moments. Twenty-eight patients submitted to incisional herniorrhaphy were analyzed. RESULTS: The IAP increased by 0.5 mmHg during the procedure, regardless of the type of prior laparotomy, sex, age, obesity, or hernia width. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the IAP increase observed, Lázaro da Silva's procedure did not result in intra-abdominal hypertension or abdominal compartment syndrome.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A manutenção dos níveis normais de pressão intra-abdominal (PIA) deve ser um dos principais resultados de qualquer correção de hérnia ventral, evitando hipertensão ou síndrome do compartimento abdominal. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a PIA durante a correção de hérnia ventral pela técnica de Lázaro da Silva. MÉTODOS: As medidas da PIA por meio de pressão intravesical foram realizadas durante quatro momentos cruciais do intraoperatório. Foram analisados 28 pacientes submetidos à herniorrafia incisional. RESULTADOS: A PIA aumentou 0,5 mmHg durante o procedimento, independentemente do tipo de laparotomia prévia, sexo, idade, obesidade ou extensão da hérnia. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar do aumento da PIA observado, o procedimento de Lázaro da Silva não resultou em hipertensão intra-abdominal ou síndrome do compartimento abdominal.

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The objective of this study is to analyze incidence and risk factors for intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) in major burn patients. Aprospective cohort study was conducted at a Burns Treatment Center, including all patients with a burned body surface area ≥20% admitted from August 2015 to January 2018. Intra-abdominal pressure was measured periodically during the first week of ICU stay. Sixty-four patients were analyzed, with median age of 39 years (interquartile range ITQ: 28-53) and 66% were male. Median burned body surface area was 30% (ITQ: 20-46). Twenty-eight (56%) patients presented criteria for IAH and seven (14%) developed clinical signs compatible with ACS. Burn severity was greater in the group that developed IAH, represented by the ABSI score. This group also presented higher values of creatinine and positive fluid balance. The group of patients with ACS showed a higher frequency of alterations in renal and respiratory functions. The organ systems most frequently affected in groups with diagnostic criteria for IAH and ACS were renal, cardiovascular and respiratory. Mortality rate at hospital outcome was 56%. In conclusion, the incidence of IAH during the study period was high in patients with extensive burns. The occurrence of ACS was associated with organic dysfunctions of the respiratory, cardiovascular and renal systems. The factors associated with intra-abdominal hypertension were age, extension of burned body surface, inhalation injury, and need for mechanical ventilation.

Cette étude a pour objectifs d'analyser l'incidence de l'hyperpression abdominale (HPA) et du syndrome du compartiment abdominal (SCA) chez les brûlés graves. Il s'agit d'une étude monocentrique prospective conduite auprès des 64 patients admis avec une brûlure >20% SCT entre août 2015 et janvier 2018. La préssion intraabdominale (PIA) était régulièrement mesurée pendant la première semaine. L'âge médian des patients était de 39 ans (IQR 28-53) et les 2/3 d'entre eux étaient des hommes. La SCT médiane était de 30% (IQR 20-46). Vingt huit (56%) patients avaient des critères d'HPA et 7 (14%) ont présenté des signes de SCA. Le score ABSI et la créatininémie étaient plus élevés chez les patients avec HPA, qui avaient aussi un bilan entrées-sorties positif. Les patients avec un SCA avaient plus de défaillances rénale et respiratoire. Les défaillances les plus fréquemment observées chez les patients avec HPA/SCA étaient rénales, cardio-vasculaires et respiratoires. La mortalité était de 56%. En conclusion, l'incidence de HPA est élevée chez les patients gravement brûlés. La survenue de SCA est une cause de défaillances rénale, cardio-vasculaire et respiratoire. Les facteurs prédicitifs de HPA étaient l'âge, la surface brûlée, l'inhalation de fumées et le recours à la ventilation mécanique.

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ABSTRACT The first cases of COVID-19 were diagnosed in China, rapidly evolving with worldwide spread, turning into a pandemic. A percentage of these patients develop the severe form of the disease and progress to respiratory distress syndrome, requiring support in Intensive Care Units. Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome are characterized by increased intra-abdominal pressure, and are subject to several predisposing factors, such as mechanical ventilation assistance, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, elevated PEEP, intestinal obstructions, excessive fluid replacement, major burns and coagulopathies. Hence, for the management of patients with severe COVID-19, there are numerous risk factors for the development of intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome. Therefore, this study proposes to analyze the variables that directly interfere with the increase in intra-abdominal pressure in patients with COVID-19, as well as the changes in the organic systems caused, through an integrative literature review.

RESUMO Os primeiros casos de COVID-19 foram diagnosticados na China, evoluindo rapidamente com uma disseminação a nível mundial, transformando-se em uma pandemia. Uma porcentagem desses pacientes desenvolve a forma grave da doença e evolui com Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório, necessitando de suporte em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. A Hipertensão Intra-abdominal e a Síndrome Compartimental Abdominal são caracterizadas pelo aumento da pressão intra-abdominal, e estão sujeitas a diversos fatores predisponentes, como assistência por ventilação mecânica, oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, PEEP elevada, obstruções intestinais, reposição excessiva de fluidos, grandes queimados e coagulopatias. Com isso, para o manejo dos pacientes com COVID-19 grave, numerosos são os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da Hipertensão intraabdominal e da Síndrome Compartimental Abdominal. Por isso, esse estudo se propõe a analisar as variáveis que interferem diretamente no aumento da pressão intra-abdominal em pacientes com COVID-19, assim como as alterações nos sistemas orgânicos provocadas, por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura.

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PURPOSE: The current treatment of complex ventral hernias involves muscle closure with components separation techniques and mesh placement. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the immediate postoperative changes in the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), and lung indicators after treatment of complex ventral hernias with the transversus abdominis reléase (TAR) technique. METHODS: All patients with complex ventral hernias treated between November 28th, 2016 and October 6th, 2021 were initially included. We excluded patients with lung and/or heart comorbidities. A total of 43 patients were studied, measuring IAP, lung compliance, pulmonary plateau pressure (PPP), and end-tidal CO2 before and after surgical treatment. RESULTS: Median IAP increased from 5 to 9 mmHg (p < 0.0001), and PPP from 11 to 12 mmHg (p = 0.004). Increased body mass index (BMI) was associated to a PPP increase above normal values. Postoperative changes were not different in patients receiving preoperative preparation with botulinum toxin. CONCLUSION: After complex ventral hernia closure, there is an immediate impact on IAP and PPP, the latter more frequent in patients with the highest BMI, and this may not be prevented by the preoperative administration of botulinum toxin.

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RESUMEN Introducción: Los cambios de la presión intraabdominal en pacientes grandes quemados influyen en su evolución y se asocia con un mal pronóstico. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios de la presión intraabdominal en pacientes grandes quemados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal para determinar los cambios de la presión intraabdominal en pacientes grandes quemados, ingresados en el servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Caumatología del Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de la provincia Camagüey desde enero de 2019 hasta junio de 2021.Se estudiaron 35 pacientes, se utilizaron las variables: presión intraabdominal como variable dependiente y el índice de gravedad, la presencia de quemaduras abdominales, los volúmenes de líquidos administrado y el estado al egreso de los pacientes como variables independientes. Resultados: En los tres grupos con índice pronóstico de muy grave, crítico y crítico extremo la mayoría de los pacientes presentaron niveles de presión intraabdominal grado I. De aquellos pacientes que presentaban más de un cinco por ciento de quemaduras hipodérmicas en el abdomen, 19 presentaron presión intraabdominal grado I. De los 22 pacientes que necesitaron para su reanimación diez o más litros de cristaloides, el 60 % desarrolló algún grado de hipertensión intraabdominal.Del total de la muestra, 18 de los enfermos resultaron fallecidos. Conclusiones: El índice pronóstico, la presencia de quemaduras hipodérmicas en el abdomeny la reanimación con diez o más litro de líquido, influye en los cambios de la presión intraabdominal en estos enfermos. La hipertensión intraabdominal repercute en la mortalidad en los grandes quemados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The changes of the intra-abdominal pressure in severely burned patients influence their evolution and it has been associated with a bad forecast. Objective: To determine the changes of the intra-abdominal pressure in severely burned patients. Methods: An observational, descriptive cross-section study was carried out to determine the changes of the intra-abdominal pressure in severely burned patients, entered in the service of Plastic Surgery and Caumatology of the University Hospital Manuel Ascunce Domenech of Camagüey province in the period understood from January, 2019 to June, 2021. 35 patients were studied and the following variables were used: intra-abdominal pressure as dependent variable and severity rate, the presence of abdominal burns, the volumes of liquids administered and the state to the expenditure of the patients as independent variables. Results: In the three groups with forecast index of very bad, critic and extreme critic most of the patients presented levels of intra-abdominal pressure degree I. Of those patients that introduced more of one and five percent of hypodermic burns in the abdomen, 19 presented intra-abdominal pressure. Of the 22 patients that needed for their revival ten or more liters of crystalloids, the 60 % developed some degree of intra-abdominal hypertension. Of the total of the sample, 18 of the patients deceased. Conclusions: The forecast index, the presence of hypodermic burns in the abdomen and the revival with ten or more liter of liquid, influence the changes of the intra-abdominal pressure in these patients. The intraabdominal hypertension has influence upon the mortality in the severely burned patients.

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ABSTRACT ACS is a potentially lethal condition caused by any event that produces an increase in IAP, inducing systemic collapse, tissue hypoperfusion and organ dysfunction. Thus, ACS is not exclusively a problem of the traumatic and surgical patient population.Iatrogenic ACS predisposes patients to multiple organ failure if no urgent action is taken.

RESUMO A SCA é uma condição potencialmente letal causada por qualquer evento que produza aumento da PIA induzindo colapso sistêmico, hipoperfusão tecidual e disfunção orgânica. Assim, a SCA não é um problema exclusivamente da população de pacientes traumáticos e cirúrgicos. A SCA iatrogénica predispõe os pacientes à falência de múltiplos órgãos se nenhuma ação urgente for tomada.

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Damage control has well-defined steps. However, there are still controversies regarding whom, when, and how re-interventions should be performed. This article summarizes the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) Cali-Colombia recommendations about the specific situations concerning second interventions of patients undergoing damage control surgery. We suggest packing as the preferred bleeding control strategy, followed by unpacking within the next 48-72 hours. In addition, a deferred anastomosis is recommended for correction of intestinal lesions, and patients treated with vascular shunts should be re-intervened within 24 hours for definitive management. Furthermore, abdominal or thoracic wall closure should be attempted within eight days. These strategies aim to decrease complications, morbidity, and mortality.

El control de daños es uno de los pilares de la cirugía de trauma. Sin embargo, la reintervención aún genera controversias en cuanto a quién, cuándo y cómo debe realizarse. El presente artículo presenta las recomendaciones del grupo de Cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali, Colombia, respecto a las reintervenciones después de una cirugía de control de daños. Se recomienda el empaquetamiento como la estrategia de control de sangrado y se debe desempaquetar en un lapso entre 48 y 72 horas. La anastomosis diferida debe ser la opción de reparo en las lesiones intestinales. La reintervención vascular en los pacientes manejados con shunt vascular debe ser antes de las 24 horas para dar el manejo definitivo. En un lapso de 8 días se debe intentar realizar el cierre de la pared abdominal o torácica. Estas estrategias buscan disminuir la frecuencia de complicaciones y de morbimortalidad.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the influence of intra-abdominal pressure on the cardiac index (CI) at different intra-abdominal hypertension grades achieved when performing an abdominal compression maneuver (ACM). Evaluating the effectiveness of the ACM in distending the left internal jugular vein (LIJV). Methods: Prospective observational study conducted in the PICU of a quaternary care teaching hospital. Participants underwent the ACM and the IAP was measured with an indwelling urinary catheter. At each IAH grade reached during the ACM, the CI was measured by transthoracic echocardiography and the LIJV cross-sectional area (CSA) was determined by ultrasonography. Results: Twenty-four children were included (median age and weight of 3.5 months and 6.37 kg, respectively). The median CI observed at baseline and during IAH grades I, II, III, and IV were 3.65 L/min/m2 (IQR 3.12−4.03), 3.38 L/min/m2 (IQR 3.04−3.73), 3.16 L/min/m2 (IQR 2.70−3.53), 2.89 L/min/m2 (IQR 2.38−3.22), and 2.42 L/min/m2 (IQR 1.91−2.79), respectively. A 25% increase in the LIJV CSA area was achieved in 14 participants (58%) during the ACM. Conclusion: The ACM significantly increases IAP, causing severe reversible impairment in the cardiovascular system and is effective in distending the LIJV in just over half of the subjects. Even low levels of HIA can result in significant cardiac dysfunction in children. Therefore, health professionals should be aware of the negative hemodynamic repercussions caused by the increased IAP.

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Abstract Damage control has well-defined steps. However, there are still controversies regarding whom, when, and how re-interventions should be performed. This article summarizes the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) Cali-Colombia recommendations about the specific situations concerning second interventions of patients undergoing damage control surgery. We suggest packing as the preferred bleeding control strategy, followed by unpacking within the next 48-72 hours. In addition, a deferred anastomosis is recommended for correction of intestinal lesions, and patients treated with vascular shunts should be re-intervened within 24 hours for definitive management. Furthermore, abdominal or thoracic wall closure should be attempted within eight days. These strategies aim to decrease complications, morbidity, and mortality.

Resumen El control de daños es uno de los pilares de la cirugía de trauma. Sin embargo, la reintervención aún genera controversias en cuanto a quién, cuándo y cómo debe realizarse. El presente artículo presenta las recomendaciones del grupo de Cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali, Colombia, respecto a las reintervenciones después de una cirugía de control de daños. Se recomienda el empaquetamiento como la estrategia de control de sangrado y se debe desempaquetar en un lapso entre 48 y 72 horas. La anastomosis diferida debe ser la opción de reparo en las lesiones intestinales. La reintervención vascular en los pacientes manejados con shunt vascular debe ser antes de las 24 horas para dar el manejo definitivo. En un lapso de 8 días se debe intentar realizar el cierre de la pared abdominal o torácica. Estas estrategias buscan disminuir la frecuencia de complicaciones y de morbimortalidad.

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Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) develops when organ failure arises secondary to an increase in intraabdominal pressure. The abdominal pressure is determined by multiple factors such as blood pressure, abdominal compliance, and other factors that exert a constant pressure within the abdominal cavity. Several conditions in the critically ill may increase abdominal pressure compromising organ perfusion that may lead to renal and respiratory dysfunction. Among surgical and trauma patients, aggressive fluid resuscitation is the most commonly reported risk factor to develop ACS. Other conditions that have also been identified as risk factors are ascites, hemoperitoneum, bowel distention, and large tumors. All patients with abdominal trauma possess a higher risk of developing intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). Certain surgical interventions are reported to have a higher risk to develop IAH such as damage control surgery, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, and liver transplantation among others. Close monitoring of organ function and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) allows clinicians to diagnose ACS rapidly and intervene with target-specific management to reduce IAP. Surgical decompression followed by temporary abdominal closure should be considered in all patients with signs of organ dysfunction. There is still a great need for more studies to determine the adequate timing for interventions to improve patient outcomes.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: la monitorización de la presión intraabdominal constituye un parámetro importante en las pacientes sometidas a dermolipectomía abdominal. Objetivo: determinar las variaciones de la presión intraabdominal en las pacientes sometidas a dermolipectomía. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal para determinar las variaciones de la presión intraabdominal en pacientes sometidas a dermolipectomía; en el servicio de Cirugía Plástica del Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de la provincia Camagüey en el período comprendido desde enero de 2018 hasta noviembre de 2019. Se estudiaron 22 pacientes en quienes se evaluaron la edad, el tipo de lipodistrofia abdominal, las cifras de PIA, el índice de masa corporal y la cantidad de centímetros plicados en la pared abdominal anterior. Resultados: las pacientes comprendidas en las edades entre 29 y 48 años fueron las que predominaron en el estudio. La mayoría tenían lipodistrofia grado II, 11 pacientes para un 50 %. Las pacientes con sobre peso (10) que fueron la mayoría en el estudio, de ellas seis registraron PIA grado I. La relación entre los diferentes niveles de PIA y la plicatura abdominal en centímetros, de las 14 pacientes que mostraron niveles de PIA grado I, a ocho se le plicó entre ocho y 10 cm y a cuatro de las pacientes 11 cm o más. Conclusiones: la mayoría de las pacientes operadas tenían edades comprendidas entre 29 y 48 años. Existió un predominio de lipodistrofia grado II en las pacientes trastadas. El índice de masa corporal y la cantidad de centímetros plicados de la pared abdominal influyen de manera directa en el incremento de los niveles de PIA.

ABSTRACT Background: the monitoring of the intra-abdominal pressure constitutes an important parameter in the patients submitted to abdominal dermolipectomy. Objective: to determine the variations of the intra-abdominal pressure in the patients submitted to dermolipectomy. Methods: a descriptive, cross-section study to determine the variations of the intra-abdominal pressure in patients submitted to dermolipectomy was carried out; in the service of Plastic Surgery of the Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech of the city of Camagüey in the period understood since January, 2018 to November, 2019. They studied twenty two patients in those who they evaluated the age, the type of abdominal lipodystrophy, the amounts of PIA, the Body Mass Index, and the quantity of plicate centimeters in the previous abdominal wall. Results: the patients understood in the ages between twenty nine to forty eight years were the ones that predominated in this study. The majority had lipodystrophy degree two, 11 patients for a 50 %. The patients with overweight (ten patients) that were the majority in this study, of them six patients registered PIA degree I. The relation between PIA's different levels and the abdominal plication in cm, of the patient fourteen that showed levels of PIA degree I, to eight were reduced between eight ten cm and to four of the patients eleven cm or more. Conclusions: most of the operated patients had ages understood between twenty nine to forty eight years. There was a predominance of lipodystrophy degree two in the treated patients. The Body Mass Index and the quantity of plicate centimeters of the abdominal wall have influence right into the increment of the levels of PIA.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of intra-abdominal pressure on the cardiac index (CI) at different intra-abdominal hypertension grades achieved when performing an abdominal compression maneuver (ACM). Evaluating the effectiveness of the ACM in distending the left internal jugular vein (LIJV). METHODS: Prospective observational study conducted in the PICU of a quaternary care teaching hospital. Participants underwent the ACM and the IAP was measured with an indwelling urinary catheter. At each IAH grade reached during the ACM, the CI was measured by transthoracic echocardiography and the LIJV cross-sectional area (CSA) was determined by ultrasonography. RESULTS: Twenty-four children were included (median age and weight of 3.5 months and 6.37kg, respectively). The median CI observed at baseline and during IAH grades I, II, III, and IV were 3.65L/min/m2 (IQR 3.12-4.03), 3.38L/min/m2 (IQR 3.04-3.73), 3.16L/min/m2 (IQR 2.70-3.53), 2.89L/min/m2 (IQR 2.38-3.22), and 2.42L/min/m2 (IQR 1.91-2.79), respectively. A 25% increase in the LIJV CSA area was achieved in 14 participants (58%) during the ACM. CONCLUSION: The ACM significantly increases IAP, causing severe reversible impairment in the cardiovascular system and is effective in distending the LIJV in just over half of the subjects. Even low levels of HIA can result in significant cardiac dysfunction in children. Therefore, health professionals should be aware of the negative hemodynamic repercussions caused by the increased IAP.

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Objective: to describe the modifications in respiratory mechanics, the proposed ventilatory strategies and the correct positioning of critically ill adult patients with HIA and ACS with the requirement of IMV in the ICU.Data sources: the bibliographic search was carried out in Pubmed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar® without restriction of the language with publication date until July 31, 2019. Study selection: adult patients with a requirement for IMV and diagnosis of HIA and / or ACS who have performed the ventilatory monitoring and patient positioning analysis. Laboratory studies on animals will be excluded. Data extraction: the initial search identified 681 studies, of which 30 articles were included for data analysis. Synthesis of data: patients with VMI requirement should be allowed to increase airway pressures and use of high PEEP; Only in specific cases could recruitment and prone maneuvering be applied to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. Inverted Trendelemburg positioning is useful, as it improves respiratory mechanics and prevents abdominal compression. Conclusions: alterations in respiratory mechanics produce a decrease in thoracic compliance, lung volumes and oxygenation disorders. The ventilatory strategy should consider Vt between 6-8 ml / kg according to predicted body weight, working pressure less than 14 cm H2O, plateau pressure of 30 cm H2O + PIA / 2 and sufficient levels of PEEP to prevent lung collapse in order to expiration.

Objetivo: describir las modificaciones en la mecánica respiratoria, las estrategias ventilatorias propuestas y el correcto posicionamiento de los pacientes adultos críticamente enfermos con HIA y SCA con requerimiento de VMI en UCI.Fuentes de datos: la búsqueda bibliográfica fue realizada en Pubmed, Cochrane Library y Google Académico® sin restricción del lenguaje con fecha de publicación hasta el 31 de julio de 2019. Selección de los estudios: pacientes adultos con requerimiento de VMI y diagnóstico de HIA y/o SCA que hayan realizado el análisis de monitoreo ventilatorio y posicionamiento del paciente. Se excluirán los estudios de laboratorio realizados en animales. Extracción de datos: la búsqueda inicial identificó 681 estudios, de los cuales se incluyeron 30 artículos para el análisis de datos. Síntesis de datos: los pacientes con requerimiento de VMI se debe permitir el aumento de las presiones en la vía aérea y utilización de PEEP elevada; sólo en casos específicos se podrían aplicar maniobras de reclutamiento y decúbito prono para mantener una ventilación alveolar adecuada. El posicionamiento en Trendelemburg invertido es de utilidad, ya que mejora la mecánica respiratoria y evita la compresión abdominal. Conclusiones: las alteraciones de la mecánica respiratoria producen una disminución de la compliance torácica, volúmenes pulmonares y trastornos en la oxigenación. La estrategia ventilatoria debe contemplar Vt entre 6-8 ml/kg según peso corporal predicho, presión de trabajo menor a 14 cm H2O, presión meseta de 30 cm H2O+PIA/2 y niveles suficientes de PEEP para prevenir el colapso pulmonar a fin de espiración.

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A hipertensão intra-abdominal e a síndrome compartimental abdominal foram durante muitas décadas mal compreendidas e dissociadas de suas repercussões clínicas. Trata-se de um distúrbio que pode levar à disfunção de múltiplos órgãos devido ao desequilíbrio circulatório desencadeado pelo aumento de pressão no compartimento abdominal. As manifestações envolvem os sistemas cardiovascular, respiratório, renal, nervoso e gastrintestinal e estão largamente relacionadas com o fator de morbimortalidade no paciente crítico. A despeito da importância clínica, a hipertensão intra-abdominal e à síndrome compartimental abdominal ainda são temas pouco dominados pelos médicos, e fazem-se necessários o reconhecimento precoce e o estabelecimento de estratégias clínicas objetivas no contexto de uma síndrome com desfecho tão desfavorável. Portanto, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura não sistematizada com objetivo de compreender os principais pontos sobre definições, prevalência, fatores de risco, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento acerca da hipertensão intra-abdominal e a síndrome compartimental abdominal.

Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome have been, for many decades, poorly understood and dissociated from their clinical repercussions. It is a disorder that can lead to organ dysfunction due to circulatory impairment triggered by increased pressure in the abdominal compartment. The manifestations involve cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems, and are widely associated with significant morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Despite their clinical importance, intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome are still not sufficiently known by physicians and, early recognition and the establishment of objective clinical strategies for managing these highly morbid syndromes are required. Therefore, a non-systematized review was carried out to understand the main points about definitions, prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome.

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Resumen El síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) se define como la disfunción orgánica causada por la hipertensión intraabdominal (HIA). Ambas son complicaciones frecuentes en pacientes graves ingresados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Las manifestaciones clínicas asociadas suelen ser inespecíficas, por lo que dichas entidades deben ser sospechadas ante pacientes críticos con factores de riesgo. El diagnóstico de la HIA se realiza midiendo de forma indirecta la presión intraabdominal (PIA), generalmente por medio de una sonda vesical. El tratamiento consiste en medidas de soporte, y en algunos casos es necesaria la descompresión abdominal quirúrgica. En esta revisión se presenta la fisiopatología de ambas entidades, así como el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico.

Abstract Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is defined as an organ dysfunction caused by intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). Both are common complications in severe patients admitted to intensive care units. The associated clinical manifestations are usually non-specific and, therefore, such entities should be suspected in critical patients with risk factors. The diagnosis of IAH is made by indirectly measuring intrabdominal pressure, usually by means of a urinary catheter. Treatment consists of supportive measures and, in some cases, surgical abdominal decompression. In this review the physiopathology of both entities is described, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

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Abdominal compartment syndrome occurs when 2 or more anatomic compartments have a sustained intra-abdominal pressure >20mmHg, associated with organ failure. Incidence is 2% and prevalence varies from 0% to 36.4%. A literature search was conducted utilizing different databases. Articles published from 1970 to 2018 were included, in English or Spanish, to provide the concepts, classifications, and comprehensive management in the approach to abdominal compartment syndrome, for its treatment and the prevention of severe complications associated with the entity. Intravesical pressure measurement is the standard diagnostic method. Treatment is based on evacuation of the intraluminal content, identification and treatment of intra-abdominal lesions, improvement of abdominal wall compliance, and optimum administration of fluids and tissue perfusion. Laparotomy is generally followed by temporary abdominal wall closure 5 to 7 days after surgery. Reconstruction is performed 6 to 12 months after the last operation. Abdominal compartment syndrome should be diagnosed and operated on before organic damage from the illness occurs. Kidney injury can frequently progress and is a parameter for considering abdominal decompression. Having a biomarker for early damage would be ideal. Surgical treatment is successful in the majority of cases. A multidisciplinary focus is necessary for the intensive care and reconstructive needs of the patient. Thus, efforts must be made to define and implement strategies for patient quality of life optimization.

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RESUMO Objetivo: A hipertensão intra-abdominal (HIA) é uma condição mórbida comum em pacientes críticos. A síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) é condição grave de tratamento cirúrgico que ocorre como evolução da HIA não diagnosticada e não tratada. O objetivo deste trabalho é disseminar evidências e propor protocolos de rastreio e condutas em casos de HIA e SCA para centros de terapia intensiva (CTI) Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas sobre o tema nas principais bases de dados e utilizadas as evidências e protocolos recomendadas pela World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Resultados: Apresentamos protocolos sobre investigação, aferição, manejo e controle da HIA, adequadas à realidade brasileira. Conclusão: Neste trabalho, apresentamos em detalhes os principais fatos e evidências sobre o manejo em casos de suspeita de HIA e como aferir a pressão intra-abdominal (PIA), de forma simples e reproduzível para qualquer CTI do nosso país.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is a common morbid condition in critically ill patients. Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a severe condition that requires surgical treatment, and it is an evolution of undiagnosed and untreated IAH. This study aims to highlight the importance of clinical evidence, and proposes screening as well as medical protocols for IAH and ACS, in intensive care units. Methods: Database searches were performed and the recommended World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome standards and protocols were used. Results: Protocols for IAH and ACS investigation, measurements, management and control, tailored for the Brazilian ICU reality, were indicated. Conclusion: We extensively detailed IAH medical evidence, using the most up-to-date literature about IAH care and how to measure intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), which can be easily reproduced in any intensive care unit.

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Resumen El presente artículo tiene como finalidad realizar una revisión bibliográfica acerca del síndrome compartimental abdominal en el paciente pediátrico, para actualizar a la población médica general respecto al tema en cuestión; debido a que no hay actualmente estudios de peso estadístico en cuanto a la patología; además, no hay estudios recientes a nivel nacional. El síndrome compartimental abdominal es una condición clínica seria, que presenta una mortalidad elevada sobre todo en la población pediátrica. El desconocimiento de la patología es el principal factor determinante en la mortalidad; ya que, es fundamental la sospecha médica oportuna para inicio de medidas terapéuticas evitando disfunción orgánica y muerte. Por lo tanto, en el siguiente trabajo, se desarrollarán los puntos fundamentales sobre su incidencia, presentación clínica, factores de riesgo, fisiopatología, abordaje diagnóstico y los distintos abordajes terapéuticos, tanto médicos como quirúrgicos; así como, complicaciones y pronósticos. Sin olvidar el punto clave que es conocer la técnica para la medición de la presión intraabdominal, lo que posibilita la detección precoz de complicaciones y consecuentemente, un accionar terapéutico oportuno.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to carry out a bibliographic review about abdominal compartment syndrome in the pediatric patient, to update the medical population about this topic, because currently there are no studies with enough statistical weight about this pathology. Furthermore, there aren´t recent studies at the national level. Abdominal compartment syndrome is a serious clinical condition that has an elevated mortality rate, especially in the pediatric population. The ignorance of the pathology it is the main determining factor in mortality because it is fundamentally the timely medical suspicion to start therapeutic measures avoiding organ dysfunction and death. Therefore, in the following work, the fundamental points will be developed about its incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, approach and the different therapeutic approaches medical and surgical as well as complications and prognosis. Without forgetting the key point which is knowing the technique for the measurement of intra abdominal pressure, which will allow the early detection of complications and consequently, a timely therapeutic action.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is relatively frequent in critical patients. According to the most recent consensus of the World Society of Abdominal Compartment Society (WSACS), there are no predictive factors for IAH diagnosis. Risk factors are the only motivators to date for early IAH diagnosis. Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is defined as sustained intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) maintained above 20 mm Hg (> 3 kPa), with or without abdominal perfusion pressure below 60 mm Hg (< 8 kPa), associated with a new organ dysfunction. Sepsis is a recognized cause of secondary ACS, but to date there is no correlation with admission SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment) score and ACS onset incidence. The objective of the present study is to determine the profile of extra-abdominal septic shock patients with IAH/ACS admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and correlating with admission SOFA score. Better understanding of this population may bring to light clinical predictive factors for IAH/ACS early diagnosis. METHODS: In this observational study IAH/ACS incidence was correlated with SOFA score calculated at ICU admission. The study enrolled all critically ill patients more than 18 years old admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) of a university teaching hospital between April and October 2016, who had been diagnosed with extra-abdominal septic shock, according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign and SEPSIS-3. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were evaluated during 10 hospitalization days. The average age was 51.13 ± 16.52 years, and 64% of the patients were male. Most patients (76%) had pneumonia. On admission, the SOFA score was 6.54 ± 2.71. Mortality rate in the population studied was 52%. The incidence of IAH was 43.5%, while the incidence of ACS in the IAH population was 28%. SOFA admission score in patients with the diagnosis of ACS was of 8.42 ± 1.27. In this study SOFA score higher than 7 is correlated with IAH, with an accuracy of 68.8% (P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ACS in patients with extra-abdominal septic shock admitted to a university teaching hospital MICU was higher than those found in the literature. Higher admission and consecutive SOFA score of more than 7 was associated with higher ACS incidence and higher mortality rate.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The latest World Society of the Abdominal Compartment (WSACS) guideline published in 2013 states that risk factors are the most reliable predictors for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and the bottom line to guide propaedeutic and clinical practice. The objective of this study is to search for clinical, laboratory, and ventilator-associated factors in order to warn medical staff for prompt IAH diagnosis in septic shock patients beyond risk factors simply. METHODS: This is a prospective, observational study, involving all admitted intensive care unit septic shock patients of a single teaching hospital between April and October 2016. All enrolled patients met Sepsis III and Surviving Sepsis Campaign diagnostic criteria. Patients with primary abdominal conditions were excluded, in order to avoid possible bias. Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was measured every 6 hours in accordance with WSACS guidelines. RESULTS: 25 sequential patients were included and followed for 10 days after admission. Median age was 51.13 ± 16.52 years old, 64% male. Pulmonary infection was the most frequent etiology of sepsis, representing 76% of the cases. Elevated IAP correlated with higher central venous pressure (CVP) (P = 0.0421); positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (P = 0.0056); elevated airway pressure (P = 0.0015); accumulated fluid balance (P = 0.0273), and elevated SOFA (P = 0.0393) in all septic patients. Reduction of acidosis (P = 0.0096) and increase of serum bicarbonate (P = 0.0247) correlated with lower IAP values. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated CVP, PEEP, SOFA, airway pressure and accumulated fluid balance are correlated with elevated IAP in septic shock patients. Acidosis correction appears to decrease the risk for IAH. Multicentric randomized studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis in a large population.

Assuntos