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Gastrointestinal involvement in SLE has been reported in up to 50%, generally secondary to the adverse effects of treatment. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is caused by hypomotility related to ineffective propulsion. The case of a 51-year-old patient with intestinal obstruction is presented. She was taken to surgical management due to suspicion of adhesions, with a stationary clinical course; the control tomography documented loop dilation and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis, associated with markers of lupus activity. It was managed as an intestinal pseudo-obstruction due to SLE with resolution of her symptoms. High diagnostic suspicion results in timely treatment and the reduction of complications.

El compromiso gastrointestinal en lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) ha sido reportado hasta en un 50%, generalmente secundario a los efectos adversos del tratamiento. La pseudoobstrucción intestinal es causada por hipomotilidad relacionada con una propulsión inefectiva. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 51 arios, con obstrucción intestinal por sospecha de bridas, que fue llevada a manejo quirúrgico y tuvo una evolución clínica estacionaria. La tomografía de control documentó dilatación de asas e hidroureteronefrosis bilateral, en tanto que los paraclínicos mostraron actividad lúpica. Se manejó como una pseudoobstrucción intestinal por LES con resolución del cuadro. La alta sospecha diagnóstica favorece el tratamiento oportuno y la disminución de las complicaciones.

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La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) causada por la infección por SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) se ha extendido por todo el mundo desde diciembre de 2019. Luego de la primera ola de COVID-19, se reporta por primera vez en mayo de 2020 en el Reino Unido un estado hiperinflamatorio asociado temporalmente a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en un grupo de niños ingresados a unidades de cuidado intensivo pediátrico. Este nuevo fenotipo, con características similares a la enfermedad de Kawasaki y al síndrome del shock tóxico, se ha denominado síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en niños (MIS-C). Es fundamental la sospecha y el reconocimiento tempranos de esta entidad, con el fin de ofrecer un tratamiento médico oportuno, para prevenir la muerte y el desarrollo de secuelas. Presentamos el caso de una preescolar de 5 años, en la que se realizó diagnóstico de MIS-C con un fenotipo shock e íleo paralítico.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the infection by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has spread worldwide since December 2019. After the first wave of COVID-19, a hyperinflammatory condition temporarily associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared in a group of children admitted to pediatric intensive care units and reported for the first time in May 2020 in the United Kingdom. This new phenotype shared characteristics with the Kawasaki disease and toxic shock syndrome and has been called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Early suspicion and recognition of this condition is key in order to offer timely medical treatment to prevent death and the development of sequelae. We present the case of a 5-year-old child, in which diagnosis of MIS-C with a shock phenotype and paralytic ileus.

A doença de coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) causada pela infecção por SARS-CoV-2 (síndrome respiratória aguda grave coronavírus 2) se espalhou pelo mundo desde dezembro de 2019. Após a primeira onda de COVID-19, houve relatos pela primeira vez em maio de 2020 no Reino Unido duma doença hiperinflamatória temporariamente associada à infecção por SARS-CoV-2 num grupo de crianças internadas em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Esse novo fenótipo com características semelhantes à doença de Kawasaki e a síndrome do choque tóxico foi chamado de síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica em crianças (MIS-C). A suspeita precoce e o reconhecimento dessa entidade são essenciais, a fim de oferecer tratamento médico oportuno, para prevenir a morte e o desenvolvimento de sequelas. Apresentamos o caso de uma menina pré-escolar de 5 anos que foi diagnosticada com MIS-C com fenótipo de choque e íleo paralítico.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn`s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic conditions associated with high morbidity and healthcare costs. The natural history of IBD is variable and marked by alternating periods of flare and remission. Even though the use of newer therapeutic targets has been associated with higher rates of mucosal healing, a great proportion of IBD patients remain symptomatic despite effective control of inflammation. These symptoms may include but not limited to abdominal pain, dyspepsia, diarrhea, urgency, fecal incontinence, constipation or bloating. In this setting, commonly there is an overlap with gastrointestinal (GI) motility and absorptive disorders. Early recognition of these conditions greatly improves patient care and may decrease the risk of mistreatment. Therefore, in this review we describe the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of GI motility and absorptive disorders that commonly affect patients with IBD.

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OBJECTIVES: To describe a case of Kawasaki disease with intestinal involvement and to analyze other published reports to define clinical characteristics, diagnostic issues, and therapeutic approaches of gastrointestinal involvement in Kawasaki disease. STUDY DESIGN: A computerized search without language restriction was conducted using PubMed and SCOPUS. An article was considered eligible for inclusion in the systematic review if it reported data on patient(s) with intestinal involvement in Kawasaki disease. Our case was also included in the analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-three articles reporting 48 cases of Kawasaki disease with intestinal involvement were considered. Fever, abdominal pain, and vomiting were the most frequent symptoms observed and typical Kawasaki disease signs and symptoms appeared after intestinal complaints in all cases. Plain radiographs, ultrasonography, and computed tomography showed pseudo-obstruction as the most frequent sign of gastrointestinal involvement; 25 patients underwent surgery. Cardiac involvement was documented in 21 cases. All but three patients received medical treatment with immunoglobulin intravenous or aspirin. The outcome was good in 28 patients; 7 patients showed persistence of coronary artery abnormalities; 1 patient developed cyanosis, and later, left hand and forefoot gangrene; 3 patients died. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease might be delayed if intestinal symptoms appear before the characteristic clinical features of Kawasaki disease, thus, increasing the risk of cardiac complications. Furthermore, patients may undergo unnecessary invasive procedures. Pediatricians and pediatric surgeons, therefore, should consider Kawasaki disease among diagnoses in children with fever, abdominal symptoms, and radiologic findings of pseudo-obstruction.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of the study was to evaluate the applicability of the ESPEN 16-category clinical classification of chronic intestinal failure, based on patients' intravenous supplementation (IVS) requirements for energy and fluids, and to evaluate factors associated with those requirements. METHODS: ESPEN members were invited to participate through ESPEN Council representatives. Participating centers enrolled adult patients requiring home parenteral nutrition for chronic intestinal failure on March 1st 2015. The following patient data were recorded though a structured database: sex, age, body weight and height, intestinal failure mechanism, underlying disease, IVS volume and energy need. RESULTS: Sixty-five centers from 22 countries enrolled 2919 patients with benign disease. One half of the patients were distributed in 3 categories of the ESPEN clinical classification. 9% of patients required only fluid and electrolyte supplementation. IVS requirement varied considerably according to the pathophysiological mechanism of intestinal failure. Notably, IVS volume requirement represented loss of intestinal function better than IVS energy requirement. A simplified 8 category classification of chronic intestinal failure was devised, based on two types of IVS (either fluid and electrolyte alone or parenteral nutrition admixture containing energy) and four categories of volume. CONCLUSIONS: Patients' IVS requirements varied widely, supporting the need for a tool to homogenize patient categorization. This study has devised a novel, simplified eight category IVS classification for chronic intestinal failure that will prove useful in both the clinical and research setting when applied together with the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of the patient's intestinal failure.

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Resumen El compromiso gastrointestinal en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es muy diverso. Su frecuencia y ubicación a lo largo del tracto digestivo varían ampliamente. Los procesos inflamatorios secundarios a los depósitos de complejos inmunes o eventos vasculares pueden ser los causantes de este compromiso. Una de las manifestaciones gastrointestinales características en los pacientes con LES es la pseudoobstrucción intestinal, que se define como la propulsión intestinal ineficaz que se produce en ausencia de factores mecánicos u obstructivos. Esta es, sin embargo, una complicación rara y poco entendida del LES. En este artículo, reportamos el caso de un paciente masculino con diagnóstico de LES y pseudoobstrucción intestinal, que fue tratado exitosamente con esteroides e inmunoglobulinas intravenosas. Se presenta una revisión completa de la literatura y una propuesta de la fisiopatología de la manifestación.

Abstract Gastrointestinal involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is very diverse, and the frequency of occurrence and location along the digestive tract varies widely. Inflammatory processes secondary to immune complex deposits or vascular events may cause this involvement. One of the most characteristic gastrointestinal manifestations in these patients is the intestinal pseudo-obstruction, which is defined as the ineffective intestinal propulsion that occurs in the absence of mechanical or obstructive factors. This is, however, a rare and poorly understood complication of SLE. The case is presented of a male SLE patient presenting with intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and was successfully treated with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin. A complete review of the literature and a proposal for the pathophysiology of intestinal pseudo-obstruction are presented.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a rare syndrome characterized by a failure of the propulsion of intraluminal contents and recurrent symptoms of partial bowel obstruction in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Regional variations of the intestinal compromise have been described. Intestinal manometry can indicate the pathophysiology and prognosis. Our objective is to establish the demographic and clinical characteristics of group Chilean patients and analyze the motility of the small intestine and its prognostic value. METHODS: Patients with symptoms of intestinal pseudo-obstruction with dilated bowel loops were included, in all of whom a manometry of the small intestine was performed using perfused catheters. RESULTS: Of the 64 patients included, 51 women (average age 41.5 ± 17.6 years), 54 primary and 10 secondary CIPO were included. Dilatation of the small intestine was the only finding in 38 patients; in the remaining, the compromise was associated with other segments, primarily the colon. Forty-nine patients underwent 65 surgeries, mainly exploratory laparotomies and colectomies. Intestinal manometry was performed on all patients; 4 "patterns" were observed: neuropathic (n = 26), myopathic (n = 3), mixed (n = 24), and a group without motor activity (n = 11). The most relevant findings were the complex migrating motor disorders and decreased frequency and propagation of contractions. The 9 patients who died had a severe myopathic compromise. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, isolated small bowel compromise was the most common disorder. Neuropathic motor compromise was observed in most of the patients. Mortality was associated with severe myopathic compromise.

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Background: In patients suffering intestinal failure due to short bowel, the goal of an Intestinal Rehabilitation Program is to optimize and tailor all aspects of clinical management, and eventually, wean patients off lifelong parenteral nutrition. Aim: To report the results of our program in patients suffering intestinal failure. Patients and Methods: A registry of all patients referred to the Intestinal Failure unit between January 2009 and December 2015 was constructed. Initial work up included prior intestinal surgery, blood tests, endoscopic and imaging studies. Also demographic data, medical and surgical management as well as clinical follow-up, were registered. Results: Data from 14 consecutive patients aged 26 to 84 years (13 women) was reviewed. Mean length of remnant small bowel was 100 cm and they were on parenteral nutrition for a median of eight months. Seven of 14 patients had short bowel secondary to mesenteric vascular events (embolism/thrombosis). Medical management and autologous reconstruction of the bowel included jejuno-colic anastomosis in six, enterorraphies in three, entero-rectal anastomosis in two, lengthening procedures in two, ileo-colic anastomosis in one and reversal Roux-Y gastric bypass in one. Thirteen of 14 patients were weaned off parenteral nutrition. Conclusions: Our Multidisciplinary Intestinal Rehabilitation Program, allowed weaning most of the studied patients off parenteral nutrition.

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La ascariosis es una geohelmintosis, ya que el agente causal requiere de la tierra para que se forme la fase infectiva para el hombre, que en este caso la fase es el huevo larvado conteniendo la larva de segundo estadio. Es una infección producida por el nematodo Ascaris lumbricoides, uno de los parásitos descritos desde la antigüedad (Becerril, 2008). Esta parasitosis tiene gran importancia epidemiológica, pues las zonas donde se presenta con mayor frecuencia son las de gran pobreza; aquellas donde la gente acostumbra a defecar a ras del suelo, pues no tiene el recurso económico necesario para construir baños, ni dispone de agua potable. Esta parasitosis afecta a 25 a 35% de la población mundial (Biagi, 2004) (Becerril, 2008). Generalmente los pacientes infectados por este nematodo cursan asintómaticos, pero en caso contrario la sintomatología dependerá de la fase del ciclo vital en la que el parásito se encuentre pudiendo existir síntomas pulmonares o gastrointestinales, incluso en ciertas poblaciones como la pediátrica podría incluso ocasionar la muerte por múltiples mecanismos dentro de los cuales se incluyen la migración errática y/o la obstrucción intestinal (MS., 1996).

Ascariasis is a geohelmintosis as the causal agent requires the land for transformate into the infective stage for man, which in this case is the larval stage egg containing second stage larvae. It is an infection caused by the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides, one of the parasites described since antiquity. This parasitosis has great epidemiological importance, since the areas where it is most often are of great poverty; those where people tend to defecate storey, as it has needed to build toilets, drinking water and has economic resource. This parasitic disease affects 25-35% of the world population. Usually the patients infected with this nematode are asymptomatic, but otherwise the symptoms depend on the life cycle phase in which the parasite is found, there may be lung or gastrointestinal symptoms even in certain populations such as pediatric can cause death by multiple mechanisms including erratic migration and / or bowel obstruction.

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Intestinal pseudo-obstruction secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rare syndrome described in recent decades. There are slightly over 30 published cases in the English language literature, primarily associated with renal and hematological disease activity. Its presentation and evolution are a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. We present four cases of intestinal pseudo-obstruction due to lupus in young Mexican females. One patient had a previous diagnosis of SLE and all presented with a urinary tract infection of varying degrees of severity during their evolution. We consider that recognition of the disease is of vital importance because it allows for establishing appropriate management, leading to a better prognosis and avoiding unnecessary surgery and complications.

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Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP) is the most severe intestinal motility disorder. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is frequently associated to dysmotility. In spite of this association, there is scare data on the relation between CIP and SIBO. To establish occurrence of CIP in SIBO patients in inter-crisis periods. To compare clinical and manometric characteristics of SIBO and non-SIBO patients. Retrospective analysis of 40 CIP patients (average age: 41 years; range: 18-76 years; 75 percent women). The following elements were registered: symptoms (such as pain, distention, vomit, constipation, diarrhea and weight loss); findings of the intestinal manometry (neuropathic, miopatic and mix pattern; intestinal motility index); and SIBO using lactulose H2 breath test, defined as an increase > 20 ppm in 2 or more figures in the first 60 minutes. Statistical analysis: t-test y and comparison of two ratios. SIBO was observed in 60 percent of the patients with CIP. Three or more symptoms were observed in 70.8 percent of the patients with SIBO 50 percentwithout SIBO (p = NS). In patients with SIBO, the most frequent symptom was abdominal pain (70.8 percent p= 0.032). There were no differences between SIBO patients and the different motility patterns, however, the intestinal motility index was lower for the SIBO group (9.7 +/- 44 12.3 +/-7; p < 0.001). : There is a high prevalence of SIBO in CIP patients. This is associated to a major compromise of intestinal motility assessed by the intestinal motility index...

Introducción: La pseudoobstrucción intestinal crónica (POIC) es el trastorno más grave de la motilidad intestinal. El sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal (SBI) se asocia frecuentemente a estados de dismotilidad. A pesar de esta asociación existen escasos datos sobre la relación entre POIC y SBI. Objetivo: Determinar SBI en pacientes con POIC en período inter-crisis. Comparar características clínicas y manométricas de pacientes con y sin SBI. Material y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de 40 pacientes con POIC (edad promedio: 41 años, rango: 18-76 años; 75 por ciento mujeres). Se registraron síntomas (dolor, distensión, vómitos, constipación, diarrea, baja de peso), hallazgos en manometría intestinal (patrón neuropático, miopático o mixto, índice de motilidad intestinal (IMI)) y SBI con test de H2 con lactulosa, definido como la elevación > 20 ppm en 2 o más cifras en los primeros 60 min. Análisis estadístico: t-test y comparación de 2 proporciones. Resultados: Se observó SBI en 60 por ciento de los pacientes con POIC. Tres o más síntomas se presentaron en 70,8 por ciento de los pacientes con SBI vs 50 por ciento en POIC sin SBI (p = NS). El síntoma dolor abdominal fue más frecuente en pacientes con SBI (70,8 por ciento vs 31,2 por ciento, p = 0,032). No hubo diferencias entre pacientes con SBI y los distintos patrones de motilidad, sin embargo, el IMI fue menor para el grupo con SBI (9,7 +/- 1,44 vs 12,3 +/- 1,7, p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de SBI en pacientes con POIC. Esto se relaciona con mayor compromiso de la motilidad intestinal evaluado por el IMI.

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La cirugía de trasplantes se desarrolla cada día más en Colombia y en el mundo; este artículo presenta la experiencia mundial y la primera en Latinoamérica del trasplante multivisceral modificado con preservación del bazo, el duodeno y el páncreas del receptor. Las indicaciones para este trasplante son la insuficiencia gastrointestinal irreversible sin insuficiencia hepática (con dependencia completa de nutrición parenteral total para vivir) secundaria a neuropatías o miopatías generalizadas del tubo digestivo (pseudoobstrucción intestinal crónica), y la enfermedad de Crohn con compromiso extenso del estómago, el duodeno y el intestino delgado. La técnica quirúrgica para este tipo de trasplante fue desarrollada por Kareem Abu-Elmagd en la Universidad de Pittsburgh (Pensilvania, Estados Unidos), quien ha reportado ya 24 pacientes, con una supervivencia del injerto del 96 % a un año, 85 % a dos años, 70 % a tres años y 63 % a cuatro años, con una completa autonomía nutricional en más del 90 % de los casos. En Latinoamérica, solamente se han realizado dos trasplantes de este tipo en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe (Medellín, Colombia), de los cuales, uno ya cumplió tres años con total autonomía nutricional y retorno completo a sus actividades sociales y laborales. Con esta revisión se desea mostrar que el trasplante multivisceral modificado con preservación del bazo, el duodeno y el páncreas del receptor, ya es una realidad en el mundo y en nuestro país, con resultados cada vez más cercanos a los obtenidos con los órganos sólidos intraabdominales (hígado y riñón).

Transplant surgery takes place every day in Colombia and in the world; this paper shows the global and the first Latin American experience of modified multivisceral transplant with preserved native spleen, duodenum and pancreas. The indications for this transplant are the irreversible gastrointestinal failure without hepatic insufficiency (with complete reliance of total parenteral nutrition to live) secondary to generalized gastrointestinal tract neuropathies or myopathies (chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction), and Crohn's disease with extensive stomach, duodenum and small intestine involvement. The surgical technique for this type of transplant was developed by Dr. Kareem Abu-Elmagd, at the University of Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania - United States), who has already reported 24 patients, with a 96% 1 year graft survival, 85% at 2 years, 70% at 3 years and 63% at 4 years, with complete nutritional autonomy in more than 90% of patients. In Latin America only 2 transplants of this type have been done, both at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital (Medellin - Colombia), of which one already completed 3 years with a complete nutritional autonomy and full return to their occupational and social activities. With this paper we want to show that the modified multivisceral transplant with preservation of native spleen, duodenum and pancreas is already a reality in the world and in our country, with results increasingly closer to those obtained with the solid intra-abdominal organ (liver and kidney).

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Embora a síndrome de Ogilvie ou pseudo-obstrução intestinaltenha sido poucas vezes relatada, não se trata decondição muito rara. Relata-se o estudo de caso de umamulher de 85 anos com hipocalemia em que os principaisaspectos são enfatizados, com o objetivo de aumentar oíndice de suspeita sobre essa entidade. O diagnóstico diferencialentre as síndromes de Ogilvie e de Chilaiditi érealçado, em virtude dos aspectos comuns a essas duascondições. A paciente recebeu suporte clínico geral e reposiçãohidroeletrolítica com bom resultado, após quatrodias de tratamento conservador. O diagnóstico precoce e a pronta correção de fatores predisponentes contribuírampara o sucesso do manuseio clínico da síndrome deOgilvie que afetou essa frágil paciente.

Although Ogilvie?s syndrome, or intestinal pseudoobstruction,has been scarcely reported, it is not arare condition. With the objective of raising awarenessabout this entity, the case study of an 85-yearoldwoman with hypokalaemia is reported and themain findings are emphasised. The differential diagnosisbetween Ogilvie?s and Chilaiditi syndromeis highlighted because of the features shared bythese conditions. The patient received general clinicalsupport and her hydro-electrolyte balance wasmaintained, with a good outcome after four days ofconservative treatment. Early diagnosis and promptcorrection of predisposing factors contributed tothe successful clinical management of the Ogilvie?ssyndrome affecting this fragile elderly patient.

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CONTEXT: Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a very rare condition. CASE REPORT: This study describes a male patient who had presented obstructive symptoms for 24 years. He had been treated clinically and had undergone two previous operations in different services, with no clinical improvement or correct diagnosis. He was diagnosed with intestinal obstruction without mechanical factors in our service and underwent jejunostomy, which had a significant decompressive effect. The patient was able to gain weight and presented improvements in laboratory tests. Jejunostomy is a relatively simple surgical procedure that is considered palliative but, in this case, it was resolutive.

CONTEXTO: A pseudo-obstrução intestinal crônica idiopática é uma causa rara de obstrução intestinal. RELATO DE CASO: O presente estudo relata o caso de um paciente com queixas obstrutivas há longa data (24 anos); sendo já submetido a tratamentos clínicos e a duas laparotomias em outro serviço, não houve melhora dos sintomas e nem elucidação do diagnóstico. Foi diagnosticada obstrução intestinal sem fator mecânico e o paciente foi submetido a jejunostomia em nosso serviço, tendo apresentado importante efeito descompressivo. Houve ganho de peso ponderal e melhora nos exames laboratoriais. A jejunostomia é um procedimento cirúrgico relativamente simples, considerada paliativa, mas nesse caso, teve caráter definitivo e resolutivo.

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