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PURPOSE: To report a case of multiple sclerosis (MS) development in a patient with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) and bilateral intermediate uveitis (IU) treated with Adalimumab. CASE REPORT: A 21-year-old Colombian woman diagnosed with JIA and bilateral refractory IU treated with methotrexate and Adalimumab with difficult control of the disease and multiple ocular complications. Eight years after starting Adalimumab, the patient presented paresthesia in the left upper limb. Radiologic findings in the brain and cervical spine MRI confirmed the diagnosis of MS. CONCLUSIONS: We reported the first case of MS development in a patient with JIA treated with Adalimumab and the third in a patient with noninfectious uveitis treated with anti-TNFα. It remains uncertain whether MS is secondary to anti-TNFα therapy or is linked to a polyautoimmunity phenomenon.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the benefits and side effects of pars plana vitrectomy with those of systemic immune modulator therapy for patients with complicated intermediate uveitis. Methods: This prospective clinical trial enrolled patients with recurrent intermediate uveitis who exhibited minimal improvement of visual acuity, despite injections of periocular steroids. Twenty patients were randomized to the pars plana vitrectomy group or oral steroid and cyclosporine-A group (10 eyes of 10 patients per group). Follow-up was performed for 24 months to study changes in visual acuity, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy score, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography findings. Results: Visual acuity (logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution) significantly improved from 0.71 to 0.42 (p=0.001) in the surgical group, whereas it improved from 0.68 to 0.43 (p=0.001) in the immune modulator therapy group. Seven patients (70%) in the surgical group gained ≥2 lines, and six patients (60%) in the immune modulator therapy group gained ≥2 lines (p=0.970). Fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography studies showed that six of seven pars plana vitrectomy patients who had cystoid macular edema experienced improvement, whereas two patients with diffuse macular edema did not experience improvement. In the immune modulator therapy group, three of six patients with cystoid macular edema did not experience improvement, whereas two patients with diffuse macular edema experienced improvement. Conclusions: Pars plana vitrectomy and immune modulator therapy resulted in significant improvement in visual function in patients with persistent inflammation secondary to chronic intermediate uveitis. Despite this success, there remains a need for the determination of optimal indications for the use of each modality. Immune modulator therapy was successful for the treatment of diffuse macular edema associated with chronic intermediate uveitis, whereas pars plana vitrectomy was not.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os benefícios e efeitos co laterais da vitrectomia via pars plana com os da terapia imunomo duladora sistêmica em pacientes com uveíte intermediária complicada. Métodos: Estudo clínico prospectivo incluiu pacientes com uveíte intermediária recorrente que apresentaram melhora minima da acuidade visual, apesar das injeções perioculares de esteroides. Vinte pacientes foram randomizados para o grupo de vitrectomia via pars plana ou esteróide oral e ciclosporina A (10 olhos de 10 pacientes por grupo). O acompanhamento foi de 24 meses para estudar al te rações na acuidade visual, o escore da oftalmoscopia binocular indireta, a angiofluoresceinografia e achados na to mográfica de coerência óptica. Resultados: A acuidade visual (logaritmo do ângulo mínimo de resolução) melhorou significativamente de 0,71 para 0,42 (p=0,001) no grupo cirúrgico, enquanto melhorou de 0,68 para 0,43 (p=0,001) no grupo da terapia imunomoduladora. Sete pacientes (70%) no grupo cirúrgico ganharam ≥2 linhas e seis pacientes (60%) no grupo da terapia imunomoduladora ganharam ≥2 linhas (p=0,970). Os estudos de angiofluoresceinografia e tomografia de coerência óptica mostraram que seis dos sete pacientes da vitrectomia via pars plana que apresentaram edema macular cistóide melhoraram, enquanto dois pacientes com edema macular difuso não apresentaram melhora. No grupo da terapia imunomoduladora, três dos seis pacientes com edema macular cistoide não apresentaram melhora, enquanto dois pacientes com edema macular difuso melhoraram. Conclusões: A vitrectomia via pars plana e a terapia imunomoduladora resultaram em melhora significative da função visual dos pacientes com inflamação persistente secundária a uveíte intermediária crônica. Apesar desse sucesso, continua sendo necessário determinar as melhores indicações para o uso de cada modalidade. A terapia imunomoduladora foi bem sucedida no tratamento do edema macular difuso associado à uveíte intermediária crônica, enquanto a vitrectomia via pars plana não foi.

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Purpose: To describe two cases of anterior and intermediate uveitis following yellow fever vaccination with fractional dose. Methods: Case report. Results: Case 1: A 35 year-old healthy woman presented with unilateral anterior uveitis 10 days after the yellow fever vaccination. Testing excluded infectious and rheumatic diseases and the episode was fully recovered after a short course of topical treatment. Case 2: A 21 year-old previously healthy woman presented with blurred vision in the left eye (OS) 14 days after the yellow fever vaccination. The ophthalmic examination of the OS revealed intermediated uveitis. Testing excluded infectious and neurological diseases. After six weeks of treatment with oral prednisone, the ocular inflammation had resolved. Conclusion: Physicians should be aware of the possibility of eye inflammation following the yellow fever vaccination.

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Choroidal neovascularization is a very rare complication in intermediate uveitis. A 27-year-old female patient diagnosed with intermediate uveitis two years ago. She presented with 20/200 visual acuity, snowballs, snowbanks, and macular cystoid edema in the right eye observed by fluorescein and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Photocoagulation was performed in the inferior peripheral retina in both eyes. The patient refused to undergo the prescribed clinical treatment. She returned twelve months later presenting with count fingers visual acuity, dry retina and subretinal macular pigmented granuloma observed on OCT. A 15-year-old female patient with decreased visual acuity of 20/400 in the right eye for eight days. She presented with bilateral vasculitis and papilitis, in the right eye, hemorrhage and extramacular subretinal neovascular membrane were observed on fluorescein and OCT. She was treated with 40 mg prednisone and intravitreous injection of 1.25 mg bevacizumab. Five months later she presented with 20/50 visual acuity, and extramacular granuloma observed on OCT. The formation of subretinal granuloma in intermediate uveitis is a possibility when complicated by subretinal neovascular membrane.

Neovascularização de coróide é uma complicação muito rara na uveíte intermediária(1). Paciente feminino, 27 anos, com diagnóstico de uveíte intermediária dois anos atrás. Apresentava acuidade visual de 20/200, "snowballs", "snowbanks" e edema macular cistóide no olho direito observado na angiofluoresceinografia (AGF) e tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT). Fotocoagulação foi realizada na retina periférica inferior em ambos os olhos. A paciente recusou a submeter-se ao tratamento clínico prescrito. Ela retornou doze meses mais tarde apresentando acuidade visual de conta dedos, retina sem edema e granuloma sub-retiniano macular observado no OCT(2). Paciente feminino, 15 anos, com diminuição da acuidade visual no olho direito (20/400) há oito dias. Apresentava vasculite e papilite em ambos os olhos, no olho direito, hemorragia e membrana neovascular sub-retiniana observada na AGF e OCT. Foi tratada com 40 mg de prednisona e injeção intra-vítreo de bevacizumab (1,25 mg). Cinco meses depois, apresentou acuidade visual de 20/50 e granuloma extramacular observada no OCT. A formação de granuloma sub-retiniano na uveíte intermediária é uma possibilidade quando complicada por membrana neovascular sub-retiniana.

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