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Resumo Introdução: o mundo do trabalho apresenta profundas transformações que impactam no cotidiano e nos processos de subjetivação de trabalhadores, inclusive os informais, como os catadores de material reciclável. Seu trabalho tem uma constante importância socioambiental, produz múltiplos sentidos e, ao mesmo tempo, é atrelado a interdições e riscos. Objetivo: compreender os processos de aprendizado e inventividade no trabalho de catadores de material reciclável da região da Grande Florianópolis. Métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória-descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações do ambiente de trabalho. Foram utilizados mapas de associação de ideias como estratégia de análise das práticas discursivas, com a análise conjunta dos discursos, extraindo as similaridades entre as narrativas dos catadores. Resultados: foram entrevistados 14 catadores. Identificou-se que o processo de aprendizado das atividades laborais ocorreu no próprio cotidiano, principalmente com pessoas mais experientes, além do desenvolvimento de conhecimentos e habilidades com base na experiência. Quanto ao caráter inventivo dos trabalhadores, observou-se a utilização de regras, normas e princípios para os seus fazeres, que são compartilhados e renovados cotidianamente. Conclusão: evidenciou-se a relevância dos vínculos estabelecidos nas relações cotidianas, tanto para o aprendizado como para o compartilhamento de estratégias inventivas.

Abstract Introduction: the labor market brings profound transformations that impact workers' daily lives and subjectivation processes, including informal ones such as waste pickers. Waste picking has a reiterated socio-environmental importance, producing multiple meanings while being linked to interdictions and risks. Objective: understand the work learning processes and inventiveness of waste pickers in the metropolitan region of Florianópolis. Methods: this qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study used semi-structured interviews and fieldwork observations to collect the information necessary to answer the defined objective. Discursive practices were analyzed via maps of association of ideas and joint discourse analysis by extracting the similarities between the pickers' narratives. Results: a total of 14 waste pickers were interviewed. Learning took place in everyday relations, especially with more experienced pickers, with knowledge and skills being developed based on experience. As for the inventive axis, workers use rules, norms, and principles for their activities, which are shared and reiterated daily. Conclusion: results highlight the bonds established by waste pickers in everyday relations, both for learning and sharing inventive strategies.

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Resumen: Objetivo: determinar condiciones laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida relacionados con la inseguridad alimentaria de trabajadoras con empleos de subsistencia en Medellín, Colombia. Métodos: estudio transversal con fuente primaria de información, aplicando encuesta asistida, que incluyó la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Inseguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional, así como sus condiciones laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida. Resultados: 72,6 % tenía <60 años, 43,0 % sin permiso para trabajar, 63,0 % laboraba >8 horas/día y ocupaban viviendas en mal estado, 80,3 % eran sedentarias/poco activas, y la mitad consumía una o dos comidas diariamente. Explicaron mayor inseguridad alimentaria: ocupar viviendas en mal estado (RPA=2,08. IC=1,11;3,91), trabajar >8 horas/ día (RPA=3,55. IC=1,53;8,23), alimentarse en la sala de la casa (RPA=3,23. IC=1,22;8,50); en solitario (RPA=2,71. IC=1,19;6,16) y consumir carnes <5 veces/semana (RPA=1,70. IC=1,07;2,70). Conclusión: las condiciones y factores que aportan a explicar inseguridad alimentaria podrían revertirse con acciones de salud pública.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the working conditions, habits and lifestyles associated with food insecurityamong women with subsistencejobs in Medellín, Colombia. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized primary data obtained through an assisted survey, incorporating the Latin American and Caribbean Scale of Food and Nutritional Insecurity. Subsequently, this information was correlated with explored working conditions, habits and lifestyles. Results: 72,6% of participants were under 60 years old, 43,0% lacked work permits, 63,0% worked more than 8 hours per day, and resided in poorly conditioned houses. Additionally, 80,3% were sedentary or minimally active, and half reported consuming only one or two meals per day. Greater food insecurity was explained by actors such as occupying dwellings in poor condition (adjusted prevalence ratio [RPA] =2,08, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.11 - 3.91), working more than 8 hours per day (RPA=3.55, CI=1.53- 8.23), eating in the living room of the house (RPA=3.23, CI=1.22-8.50), dining alone (RPA=2.71, CI=1.19 -6.16), and consuming meat <5 times per week (RPA=1.70, CI=1.07- 2.70). Conclusion: The identified conditions and factors contributing to food insecurity could be addressed through public health interventions.

Resumo: Objetivo: determinar as condições de trabalho, hábitos e estilos de vida relacionados à insegurança alimentar de trabalhadoras com empregos de subsistência em Medellín, Colômbia. Métodos: estudo transversal com fonte primária de informação, aplicando uma pesquisa assistida que incluiu a Escala Latino-Americana e Caribenha de Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional, bem como informações sobre as condições de trabalho, hábitos e estilos de vida. Resultados: 72,6% tinham menos de 60 anos, 43,0% não tinham permissão para trabalhar, 63,0% trabalhavam mais de 8 horas por dia e viviam em moradias precárias, 80,3% eram sedentárias/pouco ativas, e metade consumia apenas uma ou duas refeições por dia. A insegurança alimentar foi explicada de forma mais significativa por ocupar habitações em más condições (RPA=2,08, IC=1,11;3,91), trabalhar mais de 8 horas por dia (RPA=3,55, IC=1,53;8,23), fazer refeições na sala de casa (RPA=3,23, IC=1,22;8,50); comer sozinha (RPA=2,71, IC=1,19;6,16) e consumir carne menos de 5 vezes por semana (RPA=1,70, IC=1,07;2,70). Conclusão: As condições e fatores que contribuem para explicar a insegurança alimentar podem ser revertidos por meio de ações de saúde pública.

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Introduction: Although studies about informal work have been carried out, there is still little evidence that explains, from the workers' perspective, what pressures they receive and generate due to the use of public space, and how these pressures affect their health. Objectives: To explore, from the point of view of a group of informal workers from the downtown Medellin, the environmental and social pressures that they receive and generate from the use of the territory, as well as the effects that these pressures may have on their life and health conditions. Methods: Ethnographic tools were used for field work and grounded theory for data analysis. Twelve informal street vendors workers were selected through theoretical sampling, with whom in-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted, after obtaining consent from the verbal and written process. Interviews and focus groups were transcribed verbatim, with the help of janitors and informants. The results were discussed and validated with the workers, and the information was triangulated with the researchers. Open and axial coding was used for data analysis. Results: The environmental and social pressures that these workers receive and generate in the streets and sidewalks of the city led them to experience critical situations in their working conditions, partly derived from the conflict that occurs over the use of the territory with the different actors in the downtown area, a situation that directly affects workers' physical and mental conditions, their life, and their work. Conclusions: The conflicts generated by the use of the territory as a workplace imply that workers have hostile relationships in their daily lives. However, these conflicts could be resolved with actions of the State and the participation of workers.

Introduction: Aunque se han realizado estudios acerca del trabajo informal, aun es escasa la evidencia que explique, desde la mirada de los trabajadores, qué presiones reciben y generan por el uso del espacio público y cómo estas presiones les afectan su salud. Objetivos: Explorar, desde la mirada de un grupo de trabajadores informales del centro de Medellin, las presiones ambientales y sociales que reciben y generan por el uso del territorio, así como los efectos que pueden tener estas presiones en sus condiciones de vida y salud. Métodos: Se utilizaron herramientas etnográficas para el trabajo de campo y de teoria fundamentada para el análisis de datos. Se tomaron mediante muestro teórico a 12 trabajadores informales "venteros", con quienes se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales, previa toma de consentimiento de proceso verbal y escrito. Se transcribieron las entrevistas y grupos focales de manera textual, se contó con porteros e informantes clave. Los resultados fueron discutidos y validados con los trabajadores, y se trianguló la información con los investigadores. Se utilizó codificación abierta y axial para el análisis de datos. Resultados: Las presiones ambientales y sociales que reciben y generan estos trabajadores en las calles y aceras de la ciudad los llevan a vivenciar situaciones críticas en sus condiciones laborales, derivadas, en parte, del conflicto que se da por el uso del territorio con los diferentes actores del centro de la ciudad, situación que afecta directamente las condiciones de salud física y mental de los trabajadores, su vida y su labor. Conclusiones: Los conflictos que se generan por el uso del territorio como lugar de trabajo implican que los trabajadores tengan relaciones hostiles en su cotidianidad. Sin embargo, estos conflictos podrían revertirse con acciones del Estado y la participación de los trabajadores.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of covid-19 symptoms between informal home-based workers and a control group and to assess the association of these cases with blood elements concentrations and other relevant risk factors for Sars-Cov-2 infection. METHODS Welders chemically exposed to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (n = 26) and control participants (n = 25) answered questionnaires on adherence to social distancing and signs and symptoms of the disease for five months during the covid-19 pandemic. After follow-up, covid-19 serology tests were performed on a subsample of 12 chemically exposed workers and 20 control participants. Before the pandemic, PTE concentrations in blood (As, Mn, Ni, Cd, Hg, Sb, Sn, Cu, Zn, and Pb) were measured by ICP-MS. RESULTS The chemically exposed group had higher lead and cadmium levels in blood (p < 0.01). The control group presented lower adherence to social distancing (p = 0.016). Although not significant, welders had a 74% greater chance of having at least one covid-19 symptom compared with control participants, but their adherence to social distancing decreased this chance by 20%. The use of taxis for transportation was a risk factor significantly associated with covid-19 symptoms. CONCLUSION The lower adherence to social distancing among the control group greatly influences the development of covid-19. The literature lacks data linking exposure to PTEs and Sars-Cov-2 infection and/or severity. In this study, despite chemical exposure, working from home may have protected welders against covid-19, considering that they maintained greater social distancing than control participants.

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Introducción: Este artículo de revisión sistemática describe el impacto medioambiental y socioeconómico en salud generado por la minería artesanal del oro en Colombia. Para el estudio se tuvieron en cuenta artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2019. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue describir el impacto medioambiental y socioeconómico en la salud generado por la minería artesanal del oro en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Trabajo construido mediante revisión sistemática, usando los siguientes descriptores: minería, sector informal, riesgo a la salud, condiciones de salud. Para esta búsqueda se utilizaron las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Publindex, así como la normatividad colombiana. Resultados: Se desarrollan las categorías ambientales, socioeconómico y salud. En la categoría ambiental se detalla información sobre sostenibilidad ambiental, manejo de vertimientos, pruebas fisicoquímicas y control gubernamental; En la categoría socioeconómica se describen los dilemas entre minería y medio ambiente, el dilema entre pequeña minería o artesanal y minería a gran escala o industrializada, y el conflicto social y económico. En la categoría salud se analizan las afectaciones y la percepción de la población sobre los daños en la salud, la protección laboral, la innovación social y las oportunidades de cambio para una producción más limpia y saludable. Conclusiones: Los estudios realizados se concentran principalmente en el departamento de Antioquia evidenciando la necesidad de realizar investigaciones en otras zonas del país. A pesar de que en Colombia existe legislación minera, se requiere que el gobierno establezca medidas efectivas de control, capacite y socialice a los mineros sobre métodos adecuados de procesamiento del oro, garantizado el desarrollo ambiental, social y protección laboral.

Introduction: This systematic review article describes the environmental and socioeconomic impact on health generated by handmade gold mining in Colombia. For this study articles published between 2010 and 2019 were considered. The objective of this bibliographic review is to describe the environmental and socioeconomic impact on health generated by gold mining in Colombia. Materials and methods: Work constructed through systematic review, using the following descriptors: mining, informal sector, health risk, health conditions. For this search, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Publindex databases were used, as well as Colombian regulations. Results: The environmental, socioeconomic, and health categories were developed. In the environmental category, information on environmental sustainability, management of discharges, physicochemical tests, and government control is detailed. In the socioeconomic category, the dilemmas between mining and the environment are described, the dilemma between small or artisanal mining and large-scale or industrialized mining, and the social and economic conflict. In the third category, health, the effects and perception of the population regarding health damage, labor protection, social innovation, and opportunities for change for cleaner and healthier production are analyzed. Conclusions: The studies carried out are mainly concentrated in the department of Antioquia, showing the need to carry out research in other areas of the country. Although there is mining legislation in Colombia, the government is required to establish effective control measures, train, and socialize the miners on adequate gold processing methods, guaranteeing the environmental and social development and protection of its miners.

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BACKGROUND: Maternity leave policies are designed to protect gender equality and the health of mothers in the workforce and their children. However, maternity leave schemes are often linked to jobs in the formal sector economy. In low- and middle-income countries a large share of women work in the informal sector, and are not eligible to such benefit. This is worrisome from a social justice and a policy perspective and suggests the need for intervening. Costing the implementation of potential interventions is needed for facilitating informed decisions by policy makers. METHODS: We developed and applied a costing methodology to assess the cost of a maternity leave cash transfer to be operated in the informal sector of the economy in Brazil and Ghana, two countries with very different employment structures and socioeconomic contexts. We conducted sensitivity analysis by modeling different numbers of weeks covered. RESULTS: In Brazil, the cost of the maternity cash transfer would be between 0.004% and 0.02% of the GDP, while in Ghana it would range between 0.076% and 0.28% of the GDP. The relative cost of rolling out a maternity intervention in Brazil is between 2.2 to 3.2 times the cost in Ghana depending on the benchmark used to assess the welfare measure. The differences in costs between countries was related to differences in labor market structure as well as demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Findings show how a standard methodology that relies on routinely available information is feasible and could assist policymakers in estimating the costs of supporting a maternity cash transfer for women employed in the informal sector, such intervention is expected to contribute to social justice, gender equity, and health trajectories.

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This article presents an approach to compensate waste pickers in the informal sector of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, via a Payment for Urban Environmental Services (PUES) instrument, called 'Recycling Exchange'. The aim is to evaluate the effects of this instrument on the amount of waste diverted from landfill and reintroduced into the production chain, and to increase recognition of waste pickers' contributions to the state's economy. It was found that the 'Recycling Exchange' met the fundamental objectives of a PUES: the double social and economic benefits of the social inclusion of waste pickers in the execution of the public policy for solid waste management, and inducing (in the case of glass), ensuring and stabilising (plastic and paper) continuity of the activity of selling recyclables in times of wide price fluctuations for these recyclables. The instrument enhanced the provision of this environmental service and the positive externalities associated with recycling.

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Resumo Introdução Diante do crescente número de trabalhadores informais no Brasil e com a implementação da "Reforma Trabalhista", é importante compreender a questão do trabalho informal, apontando desafios para profissões que se dedicam ao cuidado e atenção ao trabalhador, como a Terapia Ocupacional. Objetivo Discutir a questão do trabalho informal na contemporaneidade e indicar possíveis desdobramentos para a prática da Terapia Ocupacional. Método Trata-se de um artigo teórico que realizou discussões a partir de documentos legais, dados estatísticos atuais sobre o assunto, estudos que traçaram o panorama histórico da economia informal e estudos clássicos da Terapia Ocupacional no campo do trabalho. Resultados Apesar das intervenções em Terapia Ocupacional e trabalho terem caminhado para a superação de abordagens estritamente voltadas ao retorno das funções motoras, ainda existem desafios práticos colocados para a profissão. Para além das práticas tradicionalmente realizadas, aponta-se a necessidade de se atuar considerando que a desregulamentação do trabalho acarreta desdobramento para os diversos âmbitos da vida dos trabalhadores. Para que as atuações alcancem o trabalhador informal, é necessário o comprometimento dos profissionais inseridos em dispositivos de todos os pilares da seguridade social (saúde, previdência e assistência social) e do setor da educação. Aponta-se a importância das práticas voltadas ao exercício da sociabilidade, conscientização e informação sobre direitos no sentido da transformação social. Conclusão Diante da atual conjuntura, é necessário ampliar a atuação da profissão no campo do trabalho para contemplar os trabalhadores informais. Deve-se compreender a realidade desses trabalhadores, os diversos dispositivos que os recebem e as questões econômicas/sociais envolvidas no desenvolvimento desse tipo de trabalho.

Abstract Introduction Because of the growing number of informal workers in Brazil and with the implementation of the "Labor Reform", it is important to understand the issue of informal work, pointing out challenges for professions dedicated to the care/attention to workers, such as Occupational Therapy. Objective To discuss the issue of informal work in contemporary times and to indicate possible consequences for the practice of Occupational Therapy. Method This is a theoretical article that conducts discussions based on legal documents, current statistical data, studies that trace the historical panorama of the informal economy, and classic studies of Occupational Therapy in the work field. Results Although interventions in Occupational Therapy and work have moved towards overcoming approaches strictly aimed at the return of motor functions, there are still practical challenges. In addition to the practices traditionally carried out, it is necessary to act considering that the deregulation of work results in consequences for the various areas of the workers' lives. It is necessary for professionals from the different pillars of social security to be committed, in addition to the health and social security network. The importance of practices aimed at exercising sociability, awareness, and information about rights in the sense of social transformation is pointed out. Conclusion Given the current situation, it is necessary to expand the performance of the profession in the field of work to include informal workers. One must understand the reality of these workers in the different devices that receive them and the economic/social issues involved in the development of this type of work.

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Abstract Introduction: Quality of work life (QWL) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) determine health, social participation and productivity indices of women working in the informal economy. Objectives: To establish the relationship between QWL and HRQOL in women workers in informal economies from the commune 9 of Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: Analytical and correlational cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 in 48 in women working in the informal economy who were administered the Quality of Life at Work (CVT-GOHISALO)" and the Health-Related Quality of Life-HRQOL (SF-36) questionnaires. The correlation between the dimensions of both instruments was established using the Spearman's correlation coefficient (weak: rho=0.1-0.3; moderate: rho=0.31-0.6; strong: rho=0.61-0.9, and perfect: rho=09.-1.0), considering a significance level of p<0.05. Results: There is dissatisfaction in 5 dimensions of the CVT-GOHISALO questionnaire, with the highest levels of dissatisfaction found in personal development (97.91%) and well-being achieved through work (95.83%). In the SF-36 questionnaire, the mean score was low in both the physical and mental summary components (45.89.3 and 44.712.9, respectively). A moderate positive and statistically significant correlation was observed between the overall score of the CVT-GOHISALO scale and the physical summary component of the SF-36 questionnaire (rho=o.4i9; p=0.004) and the four dimensions of this component (p<0.05). Conclusion: The lower the QWL, the lower the HRQOL. Therefore, it is necessary to implement comprehensive public health programs in Cali considering work-related and social aspects that impact the personal development and well-being of the people working in the informal economy.

Resumen Introducción. La calidad de vida en el trabajo (CVT) y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) determinan los índices de salud, participación social y productividad en trabajadoras del sector informal. Objetivo. Establecer la relación entre CVT y CVRS en trabajadoras del sector informal de la comuna 9 de Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico y correlacional realizado en 2019 en 48 trabajadoras informales a las que se les aplicaron los cuestionarios CVT-GOHISALO y SF-36 para medir la CVT y la CVRT, respectivamente. La correlación entre las dimensiones de ambos instrumentos se estableció mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (débil: rho=0.1-0.3; moderada: rho=0.31-0.6; fuerte: rho=0.61-0.9, y perfecta: rho=0.9-1.0), considerando un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados. Existe insatisfacción en 5 dimensiones del CVT-GOHISALO, con los niveles más altos de insatisfacción en desarrollo personal (97.91%) y bienestar logrado a través del trabajo (95.83%). En el cuestionario SF-36, según la combinación de las puntuaciones de cada dimensión, el promedio obtenido en los componentes físico y mental fue bajo (45.819.3 y 44.7112.9, respectivamente). Se observó una correlación moderada positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre el puntaje global del cuestionario CVT-GOHISALO y el componente físico del cuestionario SF-36 (rho=0.419; p=0.004) y las cuatro dimensiones de este componente (p<0.05). Conclusión. A menor CVT, menor CVRS. Por lo tanto, es necesario implementar programas integrales de salud pública en Cali que consideren aspectos laborales y sociales que impacten el desarrollo personal y el bienestar de la población trabajadora del sector informal.

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Introduction. COVID-19 is a pathology caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported more than 225 million cases and 4.5 million deaths worldwide. Objective: To describe the seropositivity, spatial distribution, and clinical and sociodemographic variables of SARS-CoV-2 in a community of the Colombian Amazon region. Methods. In December 2020, a cross-sectional observational study was carried out in a population located in the Colombian Amazon in the municipality of Mitú. Sociodemographic and clinical data were taken. Besides, 589 blood samples were taken, and an antibody detection was carried out with an ELISA and a recombinant protein N antigen of SARS-CoV-2. Results. A seropositivity of 57.6% was observed. The highest proportion of the infection is located in inter-municipal transport zones. The bivariate analysis did not show differences in the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate concerning the variables sex, age range, and the presence of comorbidities (p > 0.05). The bivariate and multivariate analysis showed that being symptomatic and presenting neurological manifestations of the upper respiratory tract are clinical variables associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (p < 0.05). One of the causes of this virus's high spread in this community could be that 53.3% of the people were asymptomatic. Conclusions. Our data showed a high burden and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the indigenous community. This could be linked to cultural behaviors and the high infection rate in asymptomatic patients.

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Abstract: The 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic imposed unprecedented challenges in Brazilian governance sectors, mostly in the waste management system. Herein, we analyse the main challenges of the recycling sector in Brazil to cope with this scenario. Understanding difficulties during the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 can help improve waste recycling in the post-pandemic period in Brazil and other developing nations that face similar issues. The current pandemic exposed the deficiencies of this system, and some important lessons can be learned. Recommendations are drawn to advance the proper management of recyclables in the country. The Government must increase total investments in the recycling industry's infrastructure and support local recycling initiatives during a public health crisis and beyond. In sum, this paper strengthens the idea that waste segregation at the source and selective collection will not be sufficient without massive investments in the recycling sector's infrastructure. The future challenge includes strengthening the economic markets for recycled materials.

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Knowledge about professional diving-related risk factors for reduced executive function is limited. We therefore evaluated the association between decompression illness and executive functioning among artisanal divers in southern Chile. The cross-sectional study included 104 male divers and 58 male non-diving fishermen from two fishing communities. Divers self-reported frequency and severity of symptoms of decompression illness. Executive function was evaluated by perseverative responses and perseverative errors in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Age, alcohol consumption, and symptoms of depression were a-priori defined as potential confounders and included in linear regression models. Comparing divers and non-divers, no differences in the executive function were found. Among divers, 75% reported a history of at least mild decompression sickness. Higher frequency and severity of symptoms of decompression illness were associated with reduced executive function. Therefore, intervention strategies for artisanal divers should focus on prevention of decompression illness.

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In low- and middle-income countries, almost three-fourths of women in the labour force lack maternity protection. In the Philippines, current laws do not guarantee paid maternity leave to workers in the informal economy. A non-contributory maternity cash transfer to informal sector workers could be used to promote social equity and economic productivity and could provide health benefits by helping mothers meet their breastfeeding goals. The objective of the study is to provide a realistic cost estimate and to assess the financial feasibility of implementing a publicly financed, non-contributory maternity cash transfer programme to the informal sector in the Philippines. Using a costing framework developed in Mexico, the study estimated the annual cost of a maternity cash transfer programme. The methodology estimated the unit cost of the programme, the incremental coverage of maternity leave and expected number of enrollees. Different unit and incremental costs assumptions were used to provide a range of scenarios. Administrative costs for running the programme were included in the analysis. The annual financing need of implementing maternity cash transfer programme in the Philippines ranges from a minimum scenario of USD42 million (14-week maternity cash transfer) to a more ideal scenario of USD309 million (26-week maternity cash transfer). The latter is financially feasible as it is equivalent to less than 0.1% of the country's gross domestic product substantially lower than the share cost of not breastfeeding (0.7%). The annual cost of the programme is only 10% of the total cost of the largest conditional cash transfer programme.

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Resumo: Na luta pela sobrevivência milhões de pessoas se submetem ao trabalho desregulamentado e informal. Servindo-se disso, as empresas por aplicativos atraem cada vez mais trabalhadores sob a falácia do empreendedorismo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o perfil biossocial destes trabalhadores, o processo de trabalho, as formas de controle das empresas e analisar os aspectos principais e emergentes entre as partes envolvidas. Trata-se de um estudo de escopo cujo processo de coleta do material foi norteado pelo questionamento: "O que se tem produzido na literatura científica sobre o perfil e os riscos no trabalho de aplicativos?", entre os anos de 2014 e 2020. A análise dos conteúdos deu origem a três eixos temáticos: O crescimento dos aplicativos no Brasil e a relação com o trabalhador; o perfil dos trabalhadores de aplicativos e sua exposição laboral, além de suas reivindicações de condições de trabalho diante da pandemia da COVID-19. A dinâmica profissional dos trabalhadores por aplicativo é marcada pela sujeição, dominação e desgaste. A falta de reconhecimento do vínculo empregatício não os faz sujeitos desprovidos de direitos, dignidade e qualidade de vida no ambiente de trabalho. A organização espontânea e sem intermediação sindical desta categoria de trabalhadores, em torno de uma pauta comum de reivindicações a ser discutida com os demais representantes da sociedade, denota o elevado grau de exploração e precarização, e poderá ser o caminho para que as empresas de aplicativos adotem premissas do trabalho digno e decente.

Abstract: In the struggle for survival, millions of people submit to deregulated and informal work. Taking advantage of this, app-based companies have attracted growing numbers of workers under the fallacy of entrepreneurship. The current study aimed to describe the biosocial profile of these workers, the work process, and forms of company control, besides analyzing the principal and emerging aspects in the respective participants. This is a scoping study in which data collection was oriented by the question, "What has been produced in the scientific literature on the profile and risks of app-based work?" from 2014 to 2020. Content analysis revealed thematic dimensions: the growth of apps in Brazil and worker relations; the profile of app-based workers; and their work exposure and demands for working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The professional dynamic of app-based workers is marked by subordination, domination, and exhaustion. The fact that their employment relationship is not acknowledged does not deprive them of rights, dignity, and quality of life in the workplace. Spontaneous organization without trade union intermediation in this category of workers, backing a common agenda of demands to be discussed with other representatives of society, denotes the high degree of exploitation and precariousness and could suggest the path for app companies to adopt the principles of dignified, decent work.

Resumen: En su lucha por sobrevivir millones de personas están sometidas al trabajo irregular e informal. Sirviéndose de esto, las empresas mediante aplicaciones atraen cada vez más trabajadores bajo la falacia del emprendimiento. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir el perfil biosocial de estos trabajadores, su proceso laboral, formas de control de las empresas, así como analizar los aspectos principales y emergentes entre las partes implicadas. Se trata de un estudio de alcance, cuyo proceso de recogida de material se guio por la pregunta: "¿qué se ha producido en la literatura científica sobre el perfil y riesgos en el trabajo de aplicacciones?" entre los años 2014 y 2020. El análisis de los contenidos dio origen a tres ejes temáticos: crecimiento de las aplicaciones en Brasil y su relación con el trabajador; perfil de los trabajadores de aplicaciones y su exposición laboral, y sus reivindicaciones de condiciones de trabajo ante la pandemia de COVID-19. La dinámica profesional de los trabajadores por aplicaciones está marcada por la subordinación, dominación y desgaste. La falta de reconocimiento del vínculo laboral no se debe traducir en convertirlos en sujetos desprovistos de derechos, dignidad y calidad de vida en el ambiente de trabajo. La organización espontánea y sin intermediación sindical de esta categoría de trabajadores gira en torno a una pauta común de reivindicaciones, que debe ser discutida con los demás representantes de la sociedad. Esto denota su elevado grado de explotación y precarización, además podrá ser el camino para que las empresas de aplicaciones adopten premisas de trabajo digno y decente.

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Esta nota expõe um breve balanço da história da pandemia de Covid após sete meses de crise. Com esse objetivo, apreendemos três grandes tendências: o impacto letal do negacionismo em países como os Estados Unidos e o Brasil; a chegada da segunda onda na Europa e, enfim, a catástrofe nos países latinoamericanos onde os indicadores pioram em todos eles independentemente das políticas de contenção que foram implementadas desde o mês de março de 2020. Para a discussão dessas três tendências, elaboramos três momentos de reflexão de maior fôlego: a clivagem que separa os modelos de gestão da pandemia na Ásia no Ocidente; a necessidade de uma política social (como o auxílio emergencial) para tornar viáveis as políticas sanitárias na América Latina; e, enfim, uma reflexão mais geral sobre a relação entre as catástrofes e a imaginação.

This paper presents a brief analysis of the history concerning Covid pandemic after its beginning seven months ago. In pursuing this purpose we realised three major trends: the lethal impact of denialism in countries such as United States and Brazil; the arrival of the second wave of coronavirus in Europe; and finally, the Latin American catastrophe where the indicators of people affected by disease worsen in all their countries regardless of the policies to restrain it implemented since March 2020. To discuss these three trends, we have deepened three reflections: the cleavage between the management model of the pandemic in Asia and the Western management model; the need for a social policy (such as an emergency financial aid) to make health policies viable in Latin America; and at last a general reflection on the relationship between the catastrophes and the imagination.

Esta nota expone un breve análisis de la historia de la pandemia de Covid después de siete meses de crisis. Intentando alcanzar este propósito, hemos distinguido tres grandes tendencias: el impacto letal del negacionismo en países como Estados Unidos y Brasil; la llegada de la segunda ola a Europa; y finalmente la catástrofe latinoamericana donde los indicadores del contagio empeoraron en todos los países independiente de las políticas de contención implementadas desde marzo de 2020. Para discutir estas tres tendencias, hemos profundizado tres reflexiones: la diferencia entre el modelo de gestión de la pandemia en Asia y el modelo implementado en Occidente; la necesidad de una política social (como lo auxilio financiero de emergencia) para hacer viables las políticas de salud en Latinoamérica; y por último una reflexión de forma más general sobre la relación entre las catástrofes y la imaginación.

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Integrating basic occupational health services into primary care is encouraged by the Pan American Health Organization. However, concrete initiatives are still scarce. We aimed to develop a training program focusing on prevention of occupational risks for primary healthcare professionals. This train-the-trainer program was piloted at four universities in Chile and Peru. Occupational health or primary healthcare lecturers formed a team with representative(s) of one rural primary healthcare center connected to their university (Nparticipants = 15). Training started with a workshop on participatory diagnosis of working conditions. Once teams had conducted the participatory diagnosis in the rural communities, they designed in a second course an active teaching intervention. The intervention was targeted at the main occupational health problem of the community. After implementation of the intervention, teams evaluated the program. Evaluation results were very positive with an overall score of 9.7 out of 10. Teams reported that the methodology enabled them to visualize hazardous working conditions. They also stated that the training improved their abilities for problem analysis and preventive actions. Aspects like time constraints and difficult geographical access were mentioned as challenges. In summary, addressing occupational health in primary care through targeted training modules is feasible, but long-term health outcomes need to be evaluated.

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RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados às alterações do padrão glicêmico em trabalhadores feirantes. Método: estudo epidemiológico, do tipo inquérito com 399 trabalhadores. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre janeiro e março de 2018, com aplicação de questionário sociodemográfico, de estilo de vida, trabalho e saúde, condições de trabalho e de saúde, testes sanguíneos de dosagem de glicemia e aferição de peso e altura. A análise envolveu cálculos de frequências e teste do Qui-quadrado (nível de significância de 95%). Resultados: a frequência encontrada de alterações glicêmicas foi de 9,8%. Faixa etária (p<0,001), escolaridade (p<0,001), prática de atividade física (p=0,033), índice de massa corporal (p=0,050), uso de medicações (p<0,001) e multimorbidade (p<0,001) apresentaram associação com alterações glicêmicas. Conclusão: Faixa etária, escolaridade, prática de atividade física, índice de massa corporal, fazer uso de medicações periodicamente e relatar multimorbidade são variáveis que possuem fatores associados para desenvolvimento de alterações glicêmicas em feirantes.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados con las alteraciones del patrón glucémico en trabajadores de mercados comunitarios. Método: estudio epidemiológico, del tipo encuesta, realizado con 399 trabajadores. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar entre enero y marzo de 2018, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario sociodemográfico, de estilo de vida, trabajo y salud, condiciones de trabajo y de salud, análisis de sangre para medir la glucemia, y mediciones de peso y altura. El análisis implicó cálculos de frecuencias y la prueba de chi-cuadrado (nivel de significancia del 95%). Resultados: la frecuencia de alteraciones glucémicas encontrada fue del 9,8%. Las variables de grupo etario (p<0,001), nivel de estudios (p<0,001), práctica de actividad física (p=0,033), índice de masa corporal (p=0,050), uso de medicamentos (p<0,001) y multimorbilidad (p<0,001) presentaron asociaciones con alteraciones glucémicas. Conclusión: el grupo etario, el nivel de estudios, la práctica de actividad física, el índice de masa corporal, consumir medicamentos periódicamente y reportar multimorbilidad son variables que poseen factores asociados para el desarrollo de alteraciones glucémicas en trabajadores de mercados comunitarios.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the factors associated with glycemic variability in market vendors. Method: epidemiological survey with 399 workers. Data was collected between January and March 2018 through the administration of a sociodemographic, lifestyle, work and health, working and health conditions questionnaire, blood glucose dosage tests and weight and height measurement. The analysis involved frequency calculations and the Chi-square test (95% significance level). Results: the frequency of glycemic variability found was 9.8%. Age group (p <0.001), education (p <0.001), physical activity (p = 0.033), body mass index (p = 0.050), use of medications (p <0.001) and multimorbidity (p <0.001) showed association with glycemic variability. Conclusion: age group, education, physical activity, body mass index, periodical use of medications and reporting multimorbidity are variables that have factors associated to the development of glycemic variability in market vendors.

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Resumen Objetivo: La investigación tuvo como objetivo construir de manera participativa un programa de promoción de la salud en un lugar de trabajo informal en Corabastos, Bogotá, durante 2016 y 2017. Metodología: Se desarrolló en cuatro etapas: 1) movilizar, que se fundamentó en lograr el compromiso de las principales partes interesadas; 2) organizar, con el fin de establecer un grupo dedicado a la transformación y el mejoramiento de las condiciones de salud y trabajo; 3) construir, donde se elaboró un plan de salud como una hoja de ruta para actuar y transformar la las condiciones del trabajo informal; y 4) actuar, o sea, contribuir a la promoción de la salud en lugares de trabajo informal. Resultados: se conformó un grupo de diez trabajadores informales y un investigador externo; se impulsó la participación colectiva y la validación consensuada de todo el proceso. Se identificaron y priorizaron problemáticas, y se construyó el plan de salud, con los objetivos de hacer un manejo adecuado de las basuras, defender los lugares de trabajo informal de las acciones represivas de la fuerza pública, mejorar la calidad de los productos a vender, fortalecer la asistencia a los servicios de salud y establecer alternativas económicas de trabajo. El estudio permitió el diálogo y la participación colectiva de los trabajadores en todas las etapas y la apropiación de la investigación por parte de la comunidad. La metodología brindó herramientas para empoderar a los trabajadores involucrados, al reconocer sus propias capacidades y posibilitar su acción para obtener trasformaciones locales.

Abstract Objective: The objective of the research was to create a participatory health promotion program in an informal workplace in Corabastos, Bogotá, during 2016 and 2017. Methodology: It was developed in four stages: 1) mobilizing, which involved achieving the commitment of the main stakeholders; 2) organizing, in order to establish a group devoted to the transformation and improvement of health and working conditions; 3) building, which involved creating a health plan as a roadmap to act upon and transform informal working conditions; and 4) acting, that is, contributing to the promotion of health in informal workplaces. Results: a group of ten informal workers and an external researcher was created; collective participation and consensual validation of the entire process was promoted. Problems were identified and prioritized and the health plan was built considering the objectives of achieving an adequate waste management, defending informal workplaces from the repressive actions of the public force, improving the quality of the products to be sold, strengthening access to health services and establishing economic work alternatives. The study enabled dialogue and collective participation of workers in all stages as well as the community's appropriation of the research. The methodology provided tools to empower workers by recognizing their own capabilities and enabling them to put them into action in order to obtain local transformations.

Resumo Objetivo: A pesquisa teve como objetivo construir de forma participativa um programa de promoção da saúde no local de trabalho informal em Corabastos, Bogotá, durante 2016 e 2017. Metodologia: Foi desenvolvida em quatro etapas: 1) mobilizar, que foi baseado em alcançar o comprometimento das principais partes interessadas; 2) organizar, a fim de estabelecer um grupo dedicado à transformação e melhoria das condições de saúde e trabalho; 3) construir, onde um plano de saúde foi desenvolvido como um roteiro para atuar e transformar as condições do trabalho informal; e 4) agir, isto é, contribuir para a promoção da saúde em locais de trabalho informais. Resultados: foi formado um grupo de dez trabalhadores informais e um pesquisador externo; foi promovida a participação coletiva e a validação consensual de todo o processo. Os problemas foram identificados e priorizados, e o plano de saúde foi construído, com os objetivos de fazer uma gestão adequada do lixo, defender locais de trabalho informais a partir das ações repressivas da força pública, melhorar a qualidade dos produtos a serem vendidos, fortalecer a assistência aos serviços de saúde e estabelecer alternativas econômicas de trabalho. O estudo permitiu o diálogo e a participação coletiva dos trabalhadores em todas as etapas e a apropriação da pesquisa pela comunidade. A metodologia forneceu ferramentas para capacitar os trabalhadores envolvidos, reconhecendo suas próprias capacidades e possibilitando sua ação para obter transformações locais.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A dor lombar atinge níveis epidêmicos na população em geral, sendo uma das causas de incapacidade funcional e motivo mais comum para a consulta médica. Sua etiologia é multifatorial e os fatores mais comuns para esta sintomatologia envolvem os elementos biomecânicos, ocupacionais e as características individuais. OBJETIVO: investigar a ocorrência das lombalgias e as repercussões funcionais entre os feirantes do setor de hortifruti (varejo). METODOLOGIA: Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, de natureza descritiva, com desenho de estudo transversal. Para tanto, aplicou-se o formulário de incapacidades Oswestry (modificado) e para a mensuração da dor, a Escala Visual Analógica. Os dados foram avaliados descritivamente, por meio de frequência absoluta e relativa. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistados 100 feirantes, com a idade média de 43 anos. Destes, 73% apresentam alguma dor ou desconforto na região lombar e para minimizar tal ocorrência, 39,7% faziam uso de remédio oral/tópico sem orientação médica. Com relação às alterações funcionais, 14% apresentam incapacidade intensa. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo permitiu identificar, que os indivíduos com lombalgia, possuíam algum grau de incapacidade que repercutiam no seu contexto de vida.

INTRODUCTION: Back pain affects epidemic levels in the general population, one of the causes of disability and the most common reason for medical consultation. Its etiology is multifactorial and the most common factors for these symptoms involve biomechanical elements, occupational and individual characteristics. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence of low back pain and the functional consequences of the fairground's grocery sector (retail). METHODS: a quantitative study was conducted descriptive, cross-sectional study design. Therefore, the form applied Oswestry disability (modified) and pain measurement, the Visual Analogue Scale. The data were analyzed descriptively, through absolute and relative frequency. RESULTS: We interviewed 100 stallholders, with a mean age of 43 years. Of these, 73% have some pain or discomfort in the lower back and minimize such an occurrence, 39.7% were using oral medicine/topic without medical advice. With regard to functional alterations, 14% have a severe disability. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that individuals with low back pain, had some degree of disability that had repercussions in the context of his life.

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