RESUMO
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed to obtain information on leakage of acute-phase proteins from the blood into the respiratory lumen and about local synthesis. Ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, α1-antitripsin, immunoglobulin G heavy, immunoglobulin G light, immunoglobulin A, haptoglobin, acidic glycoprotein, and P23 were measured in BALF from 30 horses without inflammatory disease by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In serum, the same proteins were identified except for α1-antitrypsin. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) can be used for the determination of acute-phase proteins in BALF samples from horses. In healthy horses, the values are very low, but they can be compared with reference values to assist in the diagnosis of animals with respiratory diseases.(AU)
O líquido obtido através da lavagem broncoalveolar (LBA) foi analisado para obter informações sobre as proteínas da fase aguda. Ceruloplasmina, transferrina, albumina, α1-antitripsina, imunoglobulina G pesada, imunoglobulina G leve, imunoglobulina A, haptoglobina, glicoproteína ácida e P23 foram medidas nos LBA de 30 cavalos sem doença inflamatória por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com dodecilsulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). No soro, as mesmas proteínas foram identificadas, exceto a α1-antitripsina. Em conclusão, este estudo demonstra que a eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) pode ser usada para a determinação de proteínas de fase aguda em amostras de LBA em cavalos. Em cavalos saudáveis, os valores são muito baixos, no entanto, podem ser comparados e auxiliar no diagnóstico de animais com doenças respiratórias.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Reação de Fase Aguda/diagnóstico , Lavagem Broncoalveolar/veterinária , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Cavalos , Ceruloplasmina , Haptoglobinas , Imunoglobulina A , Imunoglobulina G , GlicoproteínasRESUMO
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed to obtain information on leakage of acute-phase proteins from the blood into the respiratory lumen and about local synthesis. Ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, α1-antitripsin, immunoglobulin G heavy, immunoglobulin G light, immunoglobulin A, haptoglobin, acidic glycoprotein, and P23 were measured in BALF from 30 horses without inflammatory disease by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In serum, the same proteins were identified except for α1-antitrypsin. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) can be used for the determination of acute-phase proteins in BALF samples from horses. In healthy horses, the values are very low, but they can be compared with reference values to assist in the diagnosis of animals with respiratory diseases.(AU)
O líquido obtido através da lavagem broncoalveolar (LBA) foi analisado para obter informações sobre as proteínas da fase aguda. Ceruloplasmina, transferrina, albumina, α1-antitripsina, imunoglobulina G pesada, imunoglobulina G leve, imunoglobulina A, haptoglobina, glicoproteína ácida e P23 foram medidas nos LBA de 30 cavalos sem doença inflamatória por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com dodecilsulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). No soro, as mesmas proteínas foram identificadas, exceto a α1-antitripsina. Em conclusão, este estudo demonstra que a eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) pode ser usada para a determinação de proteínas de fase aguda em amostras de LBA em cavalos. Em cavalos saudáveis, os valores são muito baixos, no entanto, podem ser comparados e auxiliar no diagnóstico de animais com doenças respiratórias.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Reação de Fase Aguda/diagnóstico , Lavagem Broncoalveolar/veterinária , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Cavalos , Ceruloplasmina , Haptoglobinas , Imunoglobulina A , Imunoglobulina G , GlicoproteínasRESUMO
Background: Respiratory disease negatively affects the physiological performance of racehorses. Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD) is a typical respiratory disease that affects young horses. The pathogenesis of IAD remains incompletely defined but it is thought to be associated with the inhalation of irritants such as barn dust and air pollution. Although noninfectious agents are likely to be central to the development of IAD, infectious agents can be associated with the disease. The main objective of the present study was to determine the relationships between IAD and antioxidant capacity, ceruloplasmin levels and bacterial and fungal infection status, in racehorses. Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 25 thoroughbred race horses with exercise intolerance and respiratory system symptoms were evaluated as the study group and 10 healthy horses were included in the control group. Clinical examinations, endoscopic evaluation and tracheal lavage were administered to all horses. Mucus accumulation in the trachea was scored and the horses having a mucus score of ≥ 3 were included the study group. Tracheal lavage fluids were investigated to determine the microbiological status of all animals. In addition, blood samples were collected and total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) levels were determined with a spectroscopic method. Exercise intolerance and various respiratory system symptoms such as coughing, nasal discharge and noisy breathing, were the common findings from horses in the study group. Fungal culture was negative and only Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strain was isolated from 6 samples. No statistical difference was determined between the TOC, TAC and Cp levels of the groups (P > .05).[...]
Assuntos
Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Cavalos , Ceruloplasmina/análise , Doenças Respiratórias/veterinária , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Micoses/veterináriaRESUMO
Background: Respiratory disease negatively affects the physiological performance of racehorses. Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD) is a typical respiratory disease that affects young horses. The pathogenesis of IAD remains incompletely defined but it is thought to be associated with the inhalation of irritants such as barn dust and air pollution. Although noninfectious agents are likely to be central to the development of IAD, infectious agents can be associated with the disease. The main objective of the present study was to determine the relationships between IAD and antioxidant capacity, ceruloplasmin levels and bacterial and fungal infection status, in racehorses. Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 25 thoroughbred race horses with exercise intolerance and respiratory system symptoms were evaluated as the study group and 10 healthy horses were included in the control group. Clinical examinations, endoscopic evaluation and tracheal lavage were administered to all horses. Mucus accumulation in the trachea was scored and the horses having a mucus score of ≥ 3 were included the study group. Tracheal lavage fluids were investigated to determine the microbiological status of all animals. In addition, blood samples were collected and total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) levels were determined with a spectroscopic method. Exercise intolerance and various respiratory system symptoms such as coughing, nasal discharge and noisy breathing, were the common findings from horses in the study group. Fungal culture was negative and only Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strain was isolated from 6 samples. No statistical difference was determined between the TOC, TAC and Cp levels of the groups (P > .05).[...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ceruloplasmina/análise , Cavalos , Doenças Respiratórias/veterinária , Antioxidantes/análise , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Micoses/veterináriaRESUMO
Pulmonary inflammatory diseases have been observed in equine since their domestication. Non-infectious disease processes of the lower airways are amongst the most important diseases of the equine respiratory tract. This study aims to determine the cytology profile and effect of age on the evaluation of equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtained from healthy animals and from horses with asymptomatic inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Thirty two horses, including 20 males and 12 females, without clinical signs of pulmonary disease and with age varying from 4 to 21 years, were assigned to two groups: 15 animals in the control group and 17 in the asymptomatic group. Groups were divided according to physical examination and mucous accumulation observed during tracheal endoscopy. The BAL results from healthy and asymptomatic horses were, respectively: 56.9% and 48.0% macrophages, 37.2% and 40.0% lymphocytes, 3.3% and 7.1% neutrophils, 1.7% and 1.4% mast cells, 0.3% and 0.7% eosinophils; 0,5% and 0.4% epithelial cells. When horses in the two groups were analyzed according to their age range, no differences were found. In conclusion, IAD in the asymptomatic group was significantly different from the control group. The asymptomatic horses presented a discrete infiltrate of neutrophils, which does not influence cytological evaluation of BAL.
Doenças inflamatórias pulmonares são observadas na espécie equina desde sua domesticação. Dentre as enfermidades de maior importância do trato respiratório equino, estão os distúrbios não infecciosos de vias aéreas posteriores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o perfil citológico e o efeito da idade na avaliação do lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) de equinos sadios e com Doença Inflamatória das Vias Aéreas (DIVA) assintomática. Foram utilizados 32 equinos adultos, aparentemente sadios, de ambos os sexos (20 machos e 12 fêmeas), com faixa etária média semelhante, sendo 15 animais do grupo controle e 17 animais do grupo doente assintomático. Os grupos foram estabelecidos segundo os critérios de GERBER et al. (2004) para acúmulo de muco traqueal após a realização de exames físicos diretos e endoscopia traqueal. Foi realizado o LBA e o percentual dos valores médios obtidos na análise citológica dos cavalos sadios e com DIVA assintomática foram, respectivamente: 56,9% e 48,0% de macrófagos, 37,2% e 40,0% de linfócitos, 3,3% e 7,1% de neutrófilos, 1,7% e 1,4% de mastócitos, 0,3% e 0,7% de eosinófilos; e 0,5% e 0,4% de células epiteliais. Concluiu-se que a DIVA nos animais integrantes do grupo doente assintomático caracterizou- se por um discreto infiltrado de neutrófilos e que a idade não influencia na avaliação citológica do LBA.
RESUMO
Pulmonary inflammatory diseases have been observed in equine since their domestication. Non-infectious disease processes of the lower airways are amongst the most important diseases of the equine respiratory tract. This study aims to determine the cytology profile and effect of age on the evaluation of equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtained from healthy animals and from horses with asymptomatic inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Thirty two horses, including 20 males and 12 females, without clinical signs of pulmonary disease and with age varying from 4 to 21 years, were assigned to two groups: 15 animals in the control group and 17 in the asymptomatic group. Groups were divided according to physical examination and mucous accumulation observed during tracheal endoscopy. The BAL results from healthy and asymptomatic horses were, respectively: 56.9% and 48.0% macrophages, 37.2% and 40.0% lymphocytes, 3.3% and 7.1% neutrophils, 1.7% and 1.4% mast cells, 0.3% and 0.7% eosinophils; 0,5% and 0.4% epithelial cells. When horses in the two groups were analyzed according to their age range, no differences were found. In conclusion, IAD in the asymptomatic group was significantly different from the control group. The asymptomatic horses presented a discrete infiltrate of neutrophils, which does not influence cytological evaluation of BAL.
Doenças inflamatórias pulmonares são observadas na espécie equina desde sua domesticação. Dentre as enfermidades de maior importância do trato respiratório equino, estão os distúrbios não infecciosos de vias aéreas posteriores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o perfil citológico e o efeito da idade na avaliação do lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) de equinos sadios e com Doença Inflamatória das Vias Aéreas (DIVA) assintomática. Foram utilizados 32 equinos adultos, aparentemente sadios, de ambos os sexos (20 machos e 12 fêmeas), com faixa etária média semelhante, sendo 15 animais do grupo controle e 17 animais do grupo doente assintomático. Os grupos foram estabelecidos segundo os critérios de GERBER et al. (2004) para acúmulo de muco traqueal após a realização de exames físicos diretos e endoscopia traqueal. Foi realizado o LBA e o percentual dos valores médios obtidos na análise citológica dos cavalos sadios e com DIVA assintomática foram, respectivamente: 56,9% e 48,0% de macrófagos, 37,2% e 40,0% de linfócitos, 3,3% e 7,1% de neutrófilos, 1,7% e 1,4% de mastócitos, 0,3% e 0,7% de eosinófilos; e 0,5% e 0,4% de células epiteliais. Concluiu-se que a DIVA nos animais integrantes do grupo doente assintomático caracterizou- se por um discreto infiltrado de neutrófilos e que a idade não influencia na avaliação citológica do LBA.
RESUMO
Pulmonary inflammatory diseases have been observed in equine since their domestication. Non-infectious disease processes of the lower airways are amongst the most important diseases of the equine respiratory tract. This study aims to determine the cytology profile and effect of age on the evaluation of equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtained from healthy animals and from horses with asymptomatic inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Thirty two horses, including 20 males and 12 females, without clinical signs of pulmonary disease and with age varying from 4 to 21 years, were assigned to two groups: 15 animals in the control group and 17 in the asymptomatic group. Groups were divided according to physical examination and mucous accumulation observed during tracheal endoscopy. The BAL results from healthy and asymptomatic horses were, respectively: 56.9% and 48.0% macrophages, 37.2% and 40.0% lymphocytes, 3.3% and 7.1% neutrophils, 1.7% and 1.4% mast cells, 0.3% and 0.7% eosinophils; 0,5% and 0.4% epithelial cells. When horses in the two groups were analyzed according to their age range, no differences were found. In conclusion, IAD in the asymptomatic group was significantly different from the control group. The asymptomatic horses presented a discrete infiltrate of neutrophils, which does not influence cytological evaluation of BAL.
Doenças inflamatórias pulmonares são observadas na espécie equina desde sua domesticação. Dentre as enfermidades de maior importância do trato respiratório equino, estão os distúrbios não infecciosos de vias aéreas posteriores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o perfil citológico e o efeito da idade na avaliação do lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) de equinos sadios e com Doença Inflamatória das Vias Aéreas (DIVA) assintomática. Foram utilizados 32 equinos adultos, aparentemente sadios, de ambos os sexos (20 machos e 12 fêmeas), com faixa etária média semelhante, sendo 15 animais do grupo controle e 17 animais do grupo doente assintomático. Os grupos foram estabelecidos segundo os critérios de GERBER et al. (2004) para acúmulo de muco traqueal após a realização de exames físicos diretos e endoscopia traqueal. Foi realizado o LBA e o percentual dos valores médios obtidos na análise citológica dos cavalos sadios e com DIVA assintomática foram, respectivamente: 56,9% e 48,0% de macrófagos, 37,2% e 40,0% de linfócitos, 3,3% e 7,1% de neutrófilos, 1,7% e 1,4% de mastócitos, 0,3% e 0,7% de eosinófilos; e 0,5% e 0,4% de células epiteliais. Concluiu-se que a DIVA nos animais integrantes do grupo doente assintomático caracterizou- se por um discreto infiltrado de neutrófilos e que a idade não influencia na avaliação citológica do LBA.
RESUMO
Objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil citológico broncoalveoar de equinos de policiamento portadores assintomáticos deDoença Inflamatória de Vias Aéreas (DIVA). Utilizaram-se 17 equinos adultos, machos e fêmeas, com idade entre 11 e24 anos. Os animais que constituíram o grupo controle (oito) apresentaram-se normais ao exame físico, à endoscopia eà mensuração da diferença máxima de pressão intrapleural. No lavado broncoalveolar a contagem deveria ser de até 4%,0,7%, 3,3% para neutrófilos, eosinófilos e células epiteliais e entre 17,0 e 56,7%, 29 e 75,7%, 0,7 e 13,7% para linfócitos,macrófagos e mastócitos, respectivamente. O grupo considerado doente (nove animais) apresentou achados compatíveiscom afecções do trato respiratório posterior, pelo menos à endoscopia, além de uma contagem de neutrófilos maiorque 5% e menor que 25%. O quadro assintomático de doença inflamatória das vias aéreas caracterizou-se por infiltradoneutrofílico, discreta redução no número de macrófagos, aumento no número de macrófagos espumosos, discretoinfiltrado eosinofílico e aumento marcante no número de células epiteliais. Em face do caráter assintomático dessaenfermidade nos equinos de policiamento, a utilização do LBA como método de diagnóstico e acompanhamento éfundamental, pois permite reconhecer, tratar e determinar uma utilização mais racional desses animais, de modo amelhorar a qualidade de vida e prolongar a utilização dos mesmos em serviço.
The aim of this study was to characterize the cytology profile of bronchoalveolar lavage from police horses withasymptomatic Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD). Seventeen adult horses, males and females, with ages ranging from11 to 24 years old were utilized. The control group (eight horses) presented vital signs within the physiologic range,normal pulmonary percussion and auscultation, no abnormalities at respiratory endoscopy and at the measurement ofthe maximal intra-pleural pressure difference. The cell count of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) should be up to 4%, 0.7%,3.3% to neutrophil, eosinophil and epithelial cell, and ranging of 17.0 to 56.7%, 29 to 75.7%, 0.7 to 13.7% to lymphocytes,macrophages and mast cell, respectively. The diseased group (nine animals) presented findings compatible with lowerairway disease, at least during endoscopy and showed a neutrophil counts above 5% and below 25%. AsymptomaticIAD was characterized by neutrophilic infiltrate, discrete reduction in macrophage count with increased number offoamy macrophages and discrete eosinophilic infiltrate and marked increase in the number of epithelial cells. Due to theasymptomatic character of IAD in police horses, BAL is the preferred diagnostic and follow-up method since it allowsrecognition of the disease, evaluation of treatment and helps the implementation of a graded and rational work regimethat aims at improving welfare of those animals as well as extending their usage as patrolling horses.
Assuntos
Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Cavalos/fisiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/veterinária , Doenças AssintomáticasRESUMO
Objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil citológico broncoalveoar de equinos de policiamento portadores assintomáticos deDoença Inflamatória de Vias Aéreas (DIVA). Utilizaram-se 17 equinos adultos, machos e fêmeas, com idade entre 11 e24 anos. Os animais que constituíram o grupo controle (oito) apresentaram-se normais ao exame físico, à endoscopia eà mensuração da diferença máxima de pressão intrapleural. No lavado broncoalveolar a contagem deveria ser de até 4%,0,7%, 3,3% para neutrófilos, eosinófilos e células epiteliais e entre 17,0 e 56,7%, 29 e 75,7%, 0,7 e 13,7% para linfócitos,macrófagos e mastócitos, respectivamente. O grupo considerado doente (nove animais) apresentou achados compatíveiscom afecções do trato respiratório posterior, pelo menos à endoscopia, além de uma contagem de neutrófilos maiorque 5% e menor que 25%. O quadro assintomático de doença inflamatória das vias aéreas caracterizou-se por infiltradoneutrofílico, discreta redução no número de macrófagos, aumento no número de macrófagos espumosos, discretoinfiltrado eosinofílico e aumento marcante no número de células epiteliais. Em face do caráter assintomático dessaenfermidade nos equinos de policiamento, a utilização do LBA como método de diagnóstico e acompanhamento éfundamental, pois permite reconhecer, tratar e determinar uma utilização mais racional desses animais, de modo amelhorar a qualidade de vida e prolongar a utilização dos mesmos em serviço.(AU)
The aim of this study was to characterize the cytology profile of bronchoalveolar lavage from police horses withasymptomatic Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD). Seventeen adult horses, males and females, with ages ranging from11 to 24 years old were utilized. The control group (eight horses) presented vital signs within the physiologic range,normal pulmonary percussion and auscultation, no abnormalities at respiratory endoscopy and at the measurement ofthe maximal intra-pleural pressure difference. The cell count of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) should be up to 4%, 0.7%,3.3% to neutrophil, eosinophil and epithelial cell, and ranging of 17.0 to 56.7%, 29 to 75.7%, 0.7 to 13.7% to lymphocytes,macrophages and mast cell, respectively. The diseased group (nine animals) presented findings compatible with lowerairway disease, at least during endoscopy and showed a neutrophil counts above 5% and below 25%. AsymptomaticIAD was characterized by neutrophilic infiltrate, discrete reduction in macrophage count with increased number offoamy macrophages and discrete eosinophilic infiltrate and marked increase in the number of epithelial cells. Due to theasymptomatic character of IAD in police horses, BAL is the preferred diagnostic and follow-up method since it allowsrecognition of the disease, evaluation of treatment and helps the implementation of a graded and rational work regimethat aims at improving welfare of those animals as well as extending their usage as patrolling horses.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos/fisiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/veterinária , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Doenças AssintomáticasRESUMO
Objetivou-se caracterizar clinicamente a doença inflamatória de vias aéreas (DIVA) em eqüinos de policiamento aparentemente sadios. Utilizaram-se 17 eqüinos adultos machos e fêmeas, com idade entre 11 e 24 anos, sendo que oito constituíram o grupo controle e nove o grupo doente. Todos os animais apresentavam resultados de leucogramas e determinações de fibrinogênio plasmático dentro da normalidade. O grupo controle foi constituído por animais cuja média da contagem diferencial de células nucleadas do lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) apresentou-se dentro da normalidade de acordo com MCGorum et al.(1993) e o grupo doente, segundo Hoffman (2003), caracterizou-se por infiltrado de neutrófilos (>5% e <25%) e de eosinófilos (>1%). Realizaram-se exames físicos, endoscópicos e mensurações da diferença de pressão intrapleural máxima (Ventigrafia). A análise das funções vitais e das mensurações da diferença de pressão intrapleural máxima permitiram verificar, ainda que dentro de valores fisiológicos, diferenças significativas apenas para a temperatura corpórea e freqüência cardíaca. Para os achados do exame físico do trato respiratório, não foi detectada diferença significativa entre os grupos. Em função dos resultados obtidos, a DIVA nos animais de policiamento examinados apresentou manifestações clínicas discretas, podendo ser considerada como quiescente.(AU)
The objective of this study was the clinical characterization of Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD) in apparently healthy horses from the police force. Seventeen adult horses, 11 to 24 years old, of both genders, were used. The control group was formed by 8 animals, and the experimental group, by nine. Leukograms and plasma fibrinogen concentration were inside the normal range in all animals. The control group was formed by animals showing mean nucleated cell differential counts in their bronchoalvelar lavage (BAL) inside the normal range, according to MCGorum et al. (1993). The experimental group, according to Hoffman (2003), was characterized by neutrophil (>5% and <25%) and eosinophil (>1%) infiltrates. Horses were submitted to physical and endoscopic examinations, as well as measurement of maximum intrapleural pressure. Although results were in the normal range for the species, the analysis of vital functions and the difference in maximum intrapleural pressure showed significant differences only for body temperature and heart rates. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in the physical examination of the respiratory tract. Based on the results, IAD in animals from the police force showed discrete clinical signs, and the disease may be considered quiescent.(AU)