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Antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide problem due to its excessive increase in recent years. The aim of the present review was to bring together data from different articles describing the levels of antimicrobial resistance in the most common gastrointestinal infections reported across the globe. The literature search was carried out in Google Scholar, Medline, Embase, and Pubmed, with the terms "antimicrobial resistance", "resistance in gastrointestinal disorders", and "resistance in amoebiasis", in Spanish and English. Mexican treatment guidelines and consensuses from 2017 to the present were utilized. Publications from the last ten years were chosen to describe the level of resistance. They had adequate sample sizes, the Material and Methods sections were precise, and they included multicenter studies, national and international consensuses, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and extensive texts. The final number of articles was 51. The microorganisms that demonstrated the highest percentage of resistance were Helicobacter pylori (metronidazole 50%-80%, clarithromycin 20%-40%, and levofloxacin 30%-35%), Clostridioides difficile (clindamycin 8.3%-100%, cephalosporines 51%), Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli (fluoroquinolones 85%), Escherichia coli (ampicillin 76.5%), Entamoeba histolytica (metronidazole 50%), and bacterial peritonitis (third-generation cephalosporines 40%, methicillin 85%). Antimicrobial resistance is reaching elevated percentages, making it necessary to evaluate the situation of each patient, to successfully treat gastrointestinal infections.

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Abstract: Objective: Determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal infections in children from 0 to 14 years old at Hospital Metropolitano of Quito from August 2017 to May 2018. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal infections in children from 0 to 14 years old at Hospital Metropolitano of Quito. There were 58 patients with gastrointestinal infection from August 2017 to May 2018. We used the results from PCR gastrointestinal panel to determine the etiology of the disease. Results: We studied 58 patients with gastrointestinal infection between 0 to 14 years old. We found 79% of bacterial and 21% viral etiology. The most frequent agent was Clostridium difficile (15%) followed by enteropathogenic E. coli (14%), enteroagregative E. coli (12%). The most important virus was norovirus followed by rotavirus, and Giardia lamblia as a parasite. The most frequent coinfections were Clostridium difficile-Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile-enteropathogenic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli-enterotoxigenic E. coli. The months of the year where the greatest number of infections occurred were April and May. Conclusions: The etiology of gastrointestinal infections is a very important issue to study and manage because of its high incidence at the pediatric population, so a timely diagnosis and comprehensive management must be made.

Resumen: Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de infecciones gastrointestinales en niños de 0 a 14 años que acudieron al Hospital Metropolitano de Quito durante el período comprendido entre agosto de 2017 y mayo de 2018. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal para determinar la prevalencia de infecciones gastrointestinales en niños de 0 a 14 años de edad en el Hospital Metropolitano de Quito. Se presentaron 58 casos de niños diagnosticados de infección gastrointestinal o gastroenteritis, durante un lapso de 10 meses desde agosto de 2017 hasta mayo de 2018. Para el diagnóstico etiológico se utilizaron los resultados del panel gastrointestinal por PCR. Resultados: se obtuvo 79% de infecciones bacterianas y 21% virales. La bacteria más frecuente fue el Clostridium difficile (15%) seguido por E. coli enteropatógena (14%) y E. coli enteroagregativa (12%). De los virus, el más frecuente fue el norovirus seguido por el rotavirus. De los parásitos, la Giardia lamblia. Las coinfecciones más frecuentes fueron causadas por Clostridium difficile-Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile-E. coli enteropatógena, E. coli enteropatógena-E. coli enterotoxigénica. La época del año de mayor incidencia de infecciones gastrointestinales abarcó abril y mayo. Conclusiones: la etiología de las infecciones gastrointestinales es un tema muy importante por su elevada incidencia en la población pediátrica, lo que motiva a realizar el diagnóstico y manejo integral oportunos

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The human bocavirus (HBoV), virus of the Parvoviridae family, discovered by molecular methods in 2005,has been reported in respiratory samples, stool, urine and blood, both in children and adults. Prevalence ratesrange from 0.8% in fecal samples of individuals with acute diarrhea, up to 19% in respiratory samples and blood.HBoV has been detected in up to 43% of nasopharyngeal samples in asymptomatic children. In Chile, HBoV wasdetected in 24.2% of nasopharyngeal swabs in children under 5 years of age with respiratory symptoms of which74% had coinfection with other viruses. In asymptomatic children under 5 years of age, 37.5% of NP sampleswere positive for HBoV. We discuss the role of HBoV as a causal agent of respiratory and/or enteric disease inlight of the high rates of coinfection and asymptomatic infections.

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