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Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la proximidad a fuentes industriales de contaminación del aire sobre la aparición de clústeres de casos de cáncer infantil en el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá, del departamento de Antioquia, durante el período 2000-2015. Metodología: La información de casos de cáncer infantil en menores de 15 años residentes del área metropolitana se obtuvo del Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Antioquia, de dicho periodo. Se identificaron 32 conglomerados industriales, a partir del inventario de la autoridad ambiental local. Se realizaron pruebas de escaneo circular de Kulldorf locales y focalizadas, para detectar clústeres de cáncer infantil en los municipios y alrededor de los conglomerados industriales respectivamente. Se usó un modelo de regresión multivariable ajustado por estrato socioeconómico, para evaluar el efecto de las variables espaciales. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia específica en el Valle de Aburrá para el periodo evaluado fue de 117,13 casos por millón de niños menores de 15 años. Las tasas de incidencia más altas se presentaron en los municipios de Medellín y Sabaneta. La prueba de Kulldorf identificó 12 clústeres espaciales y 8 espacio-temporales con significación estadística en 7 de los municipios, particularmente en Bello y Medellín. Las pruebas focalizadas identificaron clústeres alrededor de 20 conglomerados industriales. En los modelos multivariables, un conglomerado en Bello evidenció asociación estadísticamente significativa e inversa entre la incidencia y la distancia al conglomerado con direccionalidad sureste. Conclusión: Algunos conglomerados espacio-temporales de cáncer infantil en el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá entre 2000 y 2015 están relacionados con proximidad a fuentes industriales de contaminación del aire.

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of proximity to industrial sources of air pollution on the occurrence of clusters of childhood cancer cases in the Aburrá Valley Metropolitan Area, Department of Antioquia, during the 2000-2015 period. Methodology: The information on childhood cancer cases in children under 15 years of age residing in the metropolitan area was obtained from the Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Antioquia (Antioquia Cancer Population Registry) for that period. 32 industrial clusters were identified based on the local environmental authority's inventory. Local and targeted Kulldorff's circular scan tests were performed to detect childhood cancer clusters in the municipalities and surrounding the industrial clusters, respectively. We used a multivariate regression model adjusted for socioeconomic strata to assess the effect of spatial variables. Results: The specific incidence rate in the Aburrá Valley for the evaluated period was 117.13 cases per million children under 15 years of age. The highest incidence rates occurred in the municipalities of Medellín and Sabaneta. The Kulldorff test identified 12 spatial clusters and 8 space-time clusters that were statistically significant in 7 municipalities, particularly in Bello and Medellín. The targeted tests identified childhood cancer clusters surrounding 20 industrial clusters. In multivariate models, an industrial cluster in Bello showed a statistically significant inverse association between incidence and distance from the industrial cluster toward the southeast. Conclusion: Some space-time childhood cancer clusters in the Aburrá Valley Metropolitan Area between 2000 and 2015 are related to proximity to industrial sources of air pollution.

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito da proximidade a fontes industriais de poluição do ar sobre a aparição de agrupações de casos de câncer infantil na Área Metropolitana do Valle de Aburrá, do departamento de Antioquia, durante o período 2000-2015. Metodología: A informação de casos de câncer infantil em menores de 15 anos residentes da área metropolitana foi obtida do Registro Populacional de Câncer de Antioquia, de tal período. Foram identificados 32 conglomerados industriais, a partir do inventário da autoridade ambiental local. Foram realizados testes de varredura circular de Kulldorf locais e focalizados, para detectar agrupações de casos de câncer infantil nos municípios e ao redor dos conglomerados industriais, respectivamente. Foi usado um modelo de regressão multivariável ajustado por nivel socioeconômico, para avaliar o efeito das variáveis espaciais. Resultados: A taxa de incidência específica no Valle de Aburrá para o período avaliado foi de 117,13 casos por milhão de crianças menores de 15 anos. As maiores taxas de incidencia apresentaram-se nos municípios de Medellín e Sabaneta. O teste de Kulldorf identificou 12 agrupações de casos espaciais e 8 espaço-temporais com significação estatística em 7 dos municípios, particularmente em Bello e Medellín. As provas focalizadas identificaram agrupações de casos ao redor de 20 conglomerados industriais. Nos modelos multivariáveis, um conglomerado em Bello evidenciou associação estatisticamente significativa e inversa entre a incidência e a distância com o conglomerado orientado ao sudeste. Conclusão: Algumas agrupações de casos espaço-temporais de câncer infantil na Área Metropolitana do Valle del Aburrá entre 2000 e 2015 estão relacionadas com a proximidade a fontes industriais de poluição do ar.

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Resumo Este artigo objetivou revisar os estudos de biomonitoramento humano (BMH) que avaliaram a exposição a chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), mercúrio (Hg), níquel (Ni), arsênio (As) e manganês (Mn) em adultos residentes próximo a áreas industriais. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática, sem limite de data inicial até dezembro de 2017, utilizando a base de dados da MEDLINE e a BVS. Foram incluídos estudos originais em inglês, português ou espanhol, com uso de sangue e/ou urina como biomarcador. Os artigos foram avaliados pelos critérios metodológicos, incluindo-se estudos com grupo de comparação e/ou amostragem probabilística. Dos 28 estudos incluídos, 54% foram realizados na Europa, 36% na Ásia, 7% na América do Norte e 4% na África. Fundições, metalúrgicas e siderúrgicas foram as indústrias mais estudadas. Urina e sangue foram usados em 82% e 50% dos estudos, respectivamente. Os elementos mais investigados foram Cd, Pb e As. Embora com metodologias heterogêneas, em geral, os estudos observaram maiores concentrações de metais em expostos, especialmente As e Hg, do que nos grupos de comparação. Esta revisão evidencia a necessidade de estudos de BMH com maior rigor metodológico, reforçando a importância da vigilância em saúde de populações expostas a metais tóxicos, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento.

Abstract This study aimed to review studies of human biomonitoring (HBM) that evaluated exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) in adults living close to industrial areas. A systematic review of studies was selected, without initial date limit through to December 2017, from the MEDLINE and BVS databases. Original studies in English, Portuguese or Spanish conducted among the adult population using blood and/or urine as biomarkers were included. The articles were evaluated according to methodological criteria, including studies with comparison groups and/or probabilistic sampling. Of the 28 studies selected, 54% were conducted in Europe, 36% in Asia, 7% in North America and 4% in Africa. Foundries, metal works and steel mills were the most frequently studied. Urine and blood were used in 82% and 50% of studies, respectively. The elements most investigated were Cd, Pb and As. Despite using heterogeneous methodologies, the results revealed higher metal concentrations, especially from As and Hg in general, than in the comparison group. This review highlights the need for more rigorous methodological studies of HBM, stressing the importance of public health vigilance among populations exposed to toxic metals, especially in developing countries.

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Acute leukemia is the most common childhood cancer and has been associated with exposure to environmental carcinogens. This study aimed to identify clusters of acute childhood leukemia (ACL) cases and analyze their relationship with proximity to industrial sources of air pollution in three capital cities in Colombia during 2000-2015. Incident ACL cases were obtained from the population cancer registries for the cities of Bucaramanga, Cali, and Medellín. The inventory of industrial sources of emissions to the air was obtained from the regional environmental authorities and industrial conglomerates were identified. The Kulldorf's circular scan test was used to detect city clusters and to identify clusters around industrial conglomerates. Multivariable spatial modeling assessed the effect of distance and direction from the industrial conglomerates controlling for socioeconomic status. We identified industrials sectors within a buffer of 1 km around industrial conglomerates related to the ACL clusters. Incidence rates showed geographical heterogeneity with low spatial autocorrelation within cities. The spatio-temporal tests identified one cluster in each city. The industries located within 1 km around the ACL clusters identified in the three cities represent different sectors. Exposure to air pollution from industrial sources might be contributing to the incidence of ACL cases in urban settings in Colombia.

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Modern microscopy studies are capable of revealing ultra-fine particles (UFPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) that are produced in the processes related to traffic vehicular, industrial, metropolitan, and marine aerosol dry deposition in the coastal zones. Especially, secondary aerosol passages complexes categories of NPs and UFPs, which can be accumulated on construction compounds and by dry deposition, encourages multiples monuments deterioration routes. The advanced electron microscopies method is one of the most utilized in environmental studies. Between the different industrial areas in the world, the Caribbean area is the most relevant symbols of air quality due to climatic conditions with strong winds, but this study shows that regionally the most industrialized region does not have an adequate air quality. In the present work, electron microscopy analyses are used to describe of the extent of ultra-fine particle and nanoparticles in walls in contact to weathering. Numerous phases were recognized by advanced mineralogy methods. Thanks to the new analytical procedure it was feasible to understand NPs and UFPs; the occurrence of potential hazardous elements (PHEs), most of them as minerals but also combined in multiple accumulations with Al-Cr-Fe-K-Mg-Pb-Si-Ti-Zn amorphous; and carbonaceous phases.

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One of the most polluted areas in Chile is the Ventanas Industrial Area (VIA; 32.74°S / 71.48°W), which started in 1958 and today comprises around 16 industries in an area of ca. 4 km2. A lack of consistent long-term instrumental records precludes assessing the history of contamination in the area and also limits the evaluation of mitigation actions taken since the late 1980s. Here, we use dendrochemistry as an environmental proxy to analyze environmental changes over several decades at the VIA. We present chemical measurements of tree rings from planted, exotic Cupressus macrocarpa growing near the VIA with 4-year resolution over a period of 52 years (1960-2011). These data provide unprecedented information on regional anthropogenic pollution and are compared with a tree-ring elemental record of 48 years (1964-2011) from the Isla Negra (INE) control site not exposed to VIA emissions. For the 48 years of overlap between both sites, higher concentrations of Zn, V, Co, Cd, Ag, Fe, Cr, and Al were especially registered after the year 2000 at VIA compared to INE for the periods under study. Concentrations of Pb, Cu, As, Fe, Mo, Cr, and Zn increased through time, particularly over the period 1980-1990. Decontamination plans activated in 1992 appear to have had a positive effect on the amount of some elements, but the chemical concentration in the tree rings suggest continued accumulation of pollutants in the environment. Only after several years of implementation of the mitigation measures have some elements tended to decrease in concentration, especially at the end of the evaluated period. Dendrochemistry is a useful tool to provide a long-term perspective of the dynamics of trace metal pollution and represents a powerful approach to monitor air quality variability to extend the instrumental records back in time.

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This study examines the spatial structure of children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and its association with polluted areas in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA). The Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI) and the Spatial Statistical Scan (SaTScan) determined that the CLP cases are agglomerated in spatial clusters distributed in different areas of the city, some of them grouping up to 12 cases of CLP in a radius of 1.2 km. The application of the interpolation by empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) and the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method showed that 95% of the cases have a spatial interaction with values of particulate matter (PM10) of more than 50 points. The study also shows that 83% of the cases interacted with around 2000 annual tons of greenhouse gases. This study may contribute to other investigations applying techniques for the identification of environmental and genetic factors possibly associated with congenital malformations and for determining the influence of contaminating substances in the incidence of these diseases, particularly CLP.

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The use of lichens as ecological surrogates has been an important tool to evaluate the impact of air pollution in both ecosystem and human health but remains underused in the subtropics due to lack of knowledge. Aiming to support the application of lichen as ecological surrogates of the effects of air pollution in the subtropics, we hypothesized that urbanization was an important driver of changes on lichen diversity, composition, and vitality. For that, we quantified several lichen diversity metrics (richness, cover, and community composition) and photobiont vitality in relation to atmospheric pollution or its surrogates (modeled pollutant gases, pollutants in lichen thallus, and land cover). We confirmed that air pollution was a key driver for lichen diversity. Changes in lichen community composition and vitality were very significantly related to air pollution and integrated the effect of multiple stressors (particulate matter, NOx, and Cu), thus being powerful ecological indicators of air pollution in the subtropics.

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The Punchuncaví Valley in central Chile, heavily affected by a range of anthropogenic emissions from a localized industrial complex, has been studied as a model environment for evaluating the spatial gradient of human health risk, which are mainly caused by trace elemental pollutants in soil. Soil elemental profiles in 121 samples from five selected locations representing different degrees of impact from the industrial source were used for human risk estimation. Distance to source dependent cumulative non-carcinogenic hazard indexes above 1 for children (max 4.4 - min 1.5) were found in the study area, ingestion being the most relevant risk pathway. The significance of health risk differences within the study area was confirmed by statistical analysis (ANOVA and HCA) of individual hazard index values at the five sampling locations. As was the dominant factor causing unacceptable carcinogenic risk levels for children (<10-4) at the two sampling locations which are closer to the industrial complex, whereas the risk was just in the tolerable range (10-6 - 10-4) for children and adults in the rest of the sampling locations at the study area. Furthermore, we assessed gamma ray radiation external hazard indexes and annual effective dose rate from the natural radioactivity elements (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) levels in the surface soils of the study area. The highest average values for the specific activity of 232Th (31 Bq kg-1), 40K (615 Bq kg- 1), and 226Ra (25 Bq kg-1) are lower than limit recommended by OECD, so no significant radioactive risk was detected within the study area. In addition, no significant variability of radioactive risk was observed among sampling locations.

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The present work investigates soil pollution by elemental contaminants and compares ecological risk indexes related to industrial activities for the case study of Puchuncaví-Ventanas: a relevant industrial zone located in central Chile. Selected elements (As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg, V, Mn, Zn, Sr, Sb, Cr, Co, Cu, K, and Ba) were analyzed during a long-term period (yearly sampling campaigns during 2007-2011), at 5 sampling stations representing different degrees of impact. PCA and cluster analysis allowed identifying a copper smelter and a coal-fired power plant complex as major pollution sources. Geoaccumulation index (I geo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (Cf), contamination degree (C deg), and integrated pollution index (IPI) are critically discussed for quantitative ecological risk assessment. I geo, EF and Cf indexes are producing comparable environmental information, showing moderate to high pollution risks in the area that demands further monitoring and adoption of prevention and remediation measures. CAPSULE: Long term assessment of elemental pollution around an industrial area. New insight on ecological risk indexes for trace element pollution in soils, by critical comparison among them.

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A sensibilidade para as questões ambientais provocaram crescente pressão da comunidade, grupos sociais, organizações ambientais e órgãos reguladores do governo, sobre as indústrias para redução de suas emissões poluentes. Neste estudo, o Sistema de Projeção de Poluição Industrial (IPPS, do inglês Industrial Pollution Projection System), que foi desenvolvido pela equipe de Meio Ambiente e Infraestrutura do Banco Mundial, foi usado para estimar a carga de poluição em tonelada/ano dos setores industriais na bacia hidrográfica da baía de Sepetiba. Os dados disponíveis, da Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro para o ano 2005-2006, foram utilizados para a estimativa. Foram calculadas as estimativas de potencial poluidor para 261 empresas da região de estudo em que foram identificados os municípios de maior potencial poluidor, tanto por tipologia industrial quanto por poluentes emitidos. Esse método mostrou-se adequado para estudos e diagnósticos rápidos da situação ambiental industrial, principalmente onde há falta de dados para o diagnóstico da poluição como no caso analisado.

The sensibility to environmental issues brought about increasing pressure from local community, groups, environmental organizations and government regulators on industries to reduce their pollutant emissions. In this study, Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS), which was developed by the Infrastructure and Environment Team of the World Bank, was used to estimate pollution load in ton/yr (with respect to employment) of industrial sectors in hydrographic basin of Sepetiba bay. The available data, of Federation of Industries of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the year 2005-2006, were used to estimate. We calculated estimates of pollution to 261 companies in the region of study. The study identified the municipalities of greater pollution potential, both by type and by industrial pollutants. This method was suitable for studies and rapid assessments of the environmental industry, especially where data are lacking for the diagnosis of pollution as the case analyzed.

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O artigo relata a ocorrência de um acidente químico maior em um distrito populoso de uma grande metrópole, envolvendo a emissão de dióxido de enxofre de uma planta de produção de ácido sulfúrico. Discutem-se alguns cenários possíveis de exposição da população do entorno, cotejando-se valores estimados da concentração de dióxido de enxofre com valores referenciais da legislação vigente. O artigo conclui que a construção de tais cenários pode ajudar na análise do risco a que essas populações estão expostas e na tomada de decisões que objetive seu controle.

The article reports a major chemical accident occurred in a densely populated metropolitan district involving sulfur dioxide emissions of sulfuric acid plants. Possible scenarios for the exposure of neighborhood population are discussed and sulfur dioxide concentration estimates are compared with current legal reference values. The article concludes that building such scenarios can be helpful to analyze the risk of population exposure and it may become a useful decision-making tool on risk control.

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