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Introduction: Income inequality is often tolerated and justified, but when it brings about disparities in other domains of life (e.g., health or education), it may be seen with different eyes. In this research, we aimed to explore concerns regarding economic inequality in health, education, and income, and its relationship to supporting collective actions to reduce inequality. Method: We used survey data (N = 20,204, 18 countries) from the Latinobarometer 2020. We conducted descriptive analyses, latent class analyses, and analyses of multilevel linear regression to test our hypothesis. Results: We found that people were more concerned about health access and education opportunities than income inequality. We also identified two classes of people: one class concerned about education and health and the other unconcerned about inequality in any domain. In addition, results showed that all concerns and class membership predicted greater support of collective actions to reduce inequality. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that concerns about education and health disparities may serve to increase awareness of overall inequality and mobilise the public.
Introducción: La desigualdad de ingresos a menudo se tolera y justifica, pero cuando esta conlleva desigualdades en otros ámbitos de la vida (e.g., salud o educación), puede que se vea con ojos diferentes. En este artículo tratamos de explorar la preocupación por la desigualdad económica en salud, educación e ingresos, así como su relación con el apoyo a acciones colectivas para reducir la desigualdad. Método: Usamos datos secundarios (N = 20 204, 18 países) del Latinobarómetro 2020. Llevamos a cabo análisis descriptivos, análisis de clases latentes y análisis de regresión multinivel. Resultados: Encontramos que la gente estaba más preocupada por el acceso a la salud y las oportunidades en educación que por la desigualdad en el ingreso. También identificamos dos perfiles de personas: unas preocupadas por la educación y la salud, y otras poco preocupadas por la desigualdad en ninguno de los ámbitos. Además, los resultados mostraron que todas las preocupaciones y los distintos perfiles predecían un mayor apoyo a las acciones colectivas para reducir la desigualdad. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos preliminares sugieren que la preocupación por las desigualdades en salud y educación podrían servir para aumentar la conciencia sobre la desigualdad general y movilizar al público.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Renda , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The negative association between income inequality and health has been known in the literature as the Income Inequality Hypothesis (IIH). Despite the multiple studies examining the validity of this hypothesis, evidence is still inconclusive, and the debate remains unsolved. In addition, relatively few studies have focused their attention on developing or emerging economies, where levels of inequality tend to be the highest in the world. This work examines the statistical association between income inequality and self-rated health status in Colombia, a highly unequal Latin American country. METHODS: To explore whether this association is present in the general population or whether it is only confined to the bottom of the income distribution, we use data from the 2011-2019 National Quality of Life Survey. Multiple probit estimations are considered for testing the robustness of the IIH. RESULTS: Evidence favouring the IIH was found, even after controlling for individual income levels, average regional income, and socioeconomic characteristics. The link between income inequality and the probability of reporting poor health seems to be present across all income quintiles. However, the magnitude of such association is considerably smaller when using inequality measures with relatively greater sensitivity to income differences among the rich. CONCLUSIONS: The association between regional income inequality and individual's self-rated health status in Colombia is not only confined to low-income individuals but extends across all socioeconomic strata. This association is robust to the income inequality measure implemented, the income-unit of analysis, and changes in the sample. It is suggested that reducing income disparities can potentially contribute to improving individual's health.
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Renda , Qualidade de Vida , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Nível de Saúde , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Humanos , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Despite being on average a relatively happy country, Colombia has a high level of inequality in subjective well-being (SWB). Using Gallup World Poll data for the period from 2010 to 2018, this paper tests the direction and strength of association of a range of objective and subjective factors with SWB and explains differences in SWB across individuals and space. The perceived welfare of the average Colombian is mainly influenced by conditions and expectations related to economic opportunities and education. However, quantile regressions, reveal substantial differences in the domains that matter to those at the bottom and top of the experienced welfare distribution. Standard-of-living improvements, housing affordability, and civic engagement matter more to the most fortunate top 20%, while having education, a job, sufficient income, economic security, and digital connectivity are much more strongly associated with the well-being of the bottom 20%. The life domains that matter more to the unhappiest respondents also explain the majority of the spatial differences in perceived welfare between residents in urban and rural areas as well as core and peripheral regions. Policy actions aimed at closing the gaps in these areas have the potential to increase well-being and reduce inequality in Colombia.
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With rapid economic growth, BRICS is facing enormous burdens of carbon emission and severe issues of income inequality. However, behind this economic success, the BRICS economies also face few thoughtful challenges to improve environmental quality by catching up the sustainable development goals. Consequently, the existing empirical research is concerned with the dynamic links between income inequality and CO2 emissions by using the novel nonlinear ARDL approach, but small attention has been paid to the BRICS in literature. Therefore, we observed that a negative and positive change in income inequality has positive effect on CO2 emissions in Russia and South Africa in the long run, although a positive change in income inequality has positive effects on CO2 emissions in Brazil, Russia, and China, while a negative change in income inequality has negative effect on CO2 emissions in India, Brazil, and Russia in the short run. Hence, the findings value specific attention from policymakers in BRICS economies.
Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Brasil , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , China , Poluição Ambiental , Renda , Índia , Federação Russa , África do SulRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Health equity, although addressed in several publications dealing with health efficiency analysis, is not easily translated into the operationalization of variables, mainly due to technical difficulties. Some studies provide evidence that it does not influence health outcomes; others demonstrate that its effect is an indirect one, with the hegemony of material living conditions over its social connotation. The aim of this article is to evaluate the role of health equity in determining health outcomes, in an international comparative analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of health systems. METHOD: Fixed Effects Model Panel and Data Envelopment Analysis, a dynamic and network model, in addition to comparative analysis between methods and health impacts. The effect variables considered in the study were life expectancy at birth and infant mortality, in 2010 and 2015, according to the sociocultural regions of the selected countries. Inequity was assessed both economically and socially. The following dimensions were considered: physical and financial resources, health production (access, coverage and prevention) and intersectoral variables: demographic, socioeconomic, governance and health risks. RESULTS: Both methods demonstrated that countries with higher inequity levels (regarding income, education and health dimensions), associated or not with poverty, are the least efficient, not reaching the potential for effective health outcomes. The outcome life expectancy at birth exhibited, in the final model, the following variables: social inequity and per capita health expenditure. The outcome infant mortality comprehended the level of education variable, in association with the following healthcare variabels: care seeking due to diarrhea in children under five, births attended by skilled health professionals and the reduction in the incidence of HIV. CONCLUSION: The dissociation between the distribution of health outcomes and the overall level of health of the population characterizes a devastating political choice for society, as it is associated with high levels of segregation, disrespect and violence from within. Countries should prioritize health equity, adding value to its resources, since health inequties affect society altogether, generating mistrust and reduced social cohesion.
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Renda , Expectativa de Vida , Criança , Escolaridade , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pobreza , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Income inequality and obesity are both widespread socioeconomic issues, particularly salient in middle-income countries. This article seeks to detect the relationship between local income inequality and excess weight in Mexico, using robust municipal income inequality measures generated through small area estimation method and instrumental variable multilevel estimations. Our results emphasize a negative impact of municipal income inequality on individual bodyweight, especially for women. We also explore the potential channels through which income inequality may decrease bodyweight. Three-stage least squares estimations highlight that the social capital pathway, the public policy pathway and the psychological pathway help to explain the negative effect of inequality on excess weight. Our results are fairly robust to alternative inequality measures and nutritional indicators.
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Renda , Capital Social , Feminino , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
This study analyzes the association between income inequality and self-reported health (SRH) in older adults, and separately for the young-old and very-old groups, residing in each of the 27 Brazilian capitals. The sample consisted of 4,912 individuals aged 60 or older residing in Brazilian capitals in 2013. Bayesian multilevel models were applied to the whole sample and separately for individuals aged 60 to 79 (young-old), and 80 or more (very-old). Our results show significant associations between income inequality and SRH, even after controlling for individual and contextual factors. We found greater odds of poor SRH among older adults living in areas with medium (odds ratio [OR] = 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.49-1.86) and high-income inequality (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 2.05-2.38). The negative association between income inequality and health, independently of the individual and contextual characteristics, suggests that living in unequal areas can have a detrimental effect on the health of older adults.
Assuntos
Renda , Idoso , Teorema de Bayes , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Autorrelato , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
In this paper, we investigate how the diffusion of dual-earner couples has affected aggregate levels of inequality in Brazil. More specifically, we analyze trends in the association between spouses' earnings and assess their implications for earnings inequality among couples from 1993 to 2015. For this purpose, we use log-linear models to distinguish three components of the association between spouses' earnings: a) the correlation between spouses' earnings among dual-earner couples; b) the relationship between husbands' earnings and wives' labor force participation; and c) the proportion of dual-earner couples. Counterfactual simulations allow us to estimate how inequality would change if the trends in the association between spouses' earnings and each of its components had been different. We show that changes in the gradient of wives' employment and compositional effects related to the increasing prevalence of dual-earner couples contributed to limit the decline in inequality over the studied period.
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Renda , Cônjuges , Humanos , Brasil , Emprego , CasamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: People who inject drugs (PWID) are at elevated risk of HIV infection. Data on population sizes of PWID living with HIV are needed to inform the implementation of prevention, treatment and care programs. We estimated national population sizes of people who recently (past 12 months) injected drugs living with HIV and evaluated ecological associations with HIV prevalence in PWID. METHODS: We used national data on the prevalence of injecting drug use and of HIV among PWID, derived from systematic reviews, to estimate national population sizes of PWID living with HIV. Uncertainty was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation with 100,000 draws. We extracted data on sample characteristics from studies of HIV prevalence among PWID, and identified national indicators that have been observed or hypothesised to be associated with HIV prevalence in PWID. We used linear regression to evaluate associations between these variables and HIV prevalence in PWID. RESULTS: Four countries comprised 55% of the estimated global population of PWID living with HIV: Russia (572,500; 95% uncertainty interval (UI) 235,500-1,036,500); Brazil (462,000; 95% UI 283,500-674,500); China (316,500; 95% UI 171,500-493,500), and the United States (195,500; 95% UI 80,000-343,000). Greater anti-HCV prevalence and national income inequality were associated with greater HIV prevalence in PWID. CONCLUSION: The countries with the largest populations of PWID living with HIV will need to dramatically scale up prevention, treatment and care interventions to prevent further increases in population size. The association between anti-HCV prevalence and HIV prevalence among PWID corroborates findings that settings with increasing HCV should implement effective interventions to prevent HIV outbreaks. The association between income inequality and HIV among PWID reinforces the need to implement structural interventions alongside targeted individual-level strategies.
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Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa , Brasil/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/etiologia , Humanos , Densidade Demográfica , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Federação Russa/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Revisões Sistemáticas como Assunto , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) diseases disproportionately affect populations in middle/low-income countries. To assess if this disparity is reflected in colonization by these organisms, we compared their colonization frequency among children from different socioeconomic status (SES) communities in a city with high income inequality. METHODS: Between May-August 2014, we collected nasal and throat swabs to investigate S. aureus and BHS colonization among children who attended private and public pediatric clinics. Patients were classified as high SES, middle/low SES, and slum residents. We investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile, the SCCmec types and the presence of PVL genes among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). We also examined the antimicrobial resistance profile and serogroups of BHS. RESULTS: Of 598 children, 221 (37%) were colonized with S. aureus, of which 49 (22%) were MRSA. MRSA colonization was higher in middle/low SES (n = 18; 14%) compared with high SES (n = 17; 6%) and slum (n = 14; 8%) residents (p = 0.01). All MRSA strains were susceptible to clindamycin, nitrofurantoin, and rifampin. The highest non-susceptibility frequency (42.9%) was observed to erythromycin. SCCmec type V was only found in isolates from high SES children; types I and II were found only in middle/low SES children. Ten (20%) MRSA isolates carried PVL genes. Twenty-four (4%) children were BHS carriers. All BHS (n = 8) found in high SES children and six (67%) isolates from slum patients belonged to group A. All group B streptococci were from middle/low SES children, corresponding to five (71%) of the seven BHS isolated in this group. BHS isolates were susceptible to all drugs tested. CONCLUSIONS: Children from different SES communities had distinct bacterial colonization profiles, including MRSA carriage. Public health officials/researchers should consider SES when assessing disease transmission and control measures.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/diagnóstico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Cavidade Nasal/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus/genética , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
RESUMEN En este artículo se reflexiona sobre las transformaciones del sistema previsional argentino durante el periodo 2003-2014, para abarcar las políticas de protección de los ingresos implementadas durante los gobiernos Kirchneristas. El objetivo principal es brindar evidencia empírica acerca de cómo las políticas implementadas impactaron en una mejora sustantiva de los niveles de cobertura y distribución del ingreso. El trabajo se desarrolla a partir de los datos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares. Entre los principales hallazgos es importante destacar que la estructura social se vio modificada al registrarse una expansión de la cobertura que, además en términos relativos, se concentró en la parte baja de la distribución del ingreso, es decir en los hogares más vulnerables. Asimismo, el mayor incremento relativo en la percepción de ingresos jubilatorios, en la parte baja de la distribución, se tradujo en mejoras distributivas del ingreso. Sin embargo, las políticas que se implementaron y transformaron el funcionamiento de la protección social en el sistema jubilatorio, requieren ser repensadas en una estrategia sustentable de largo plazo. CÓDIGOS JEL: O15, 131, 138.
ABSTRACT This article analyzes some transformations about the Argentine pension system during the period 2003-2014, to cover the income protection policies implemented during the "Kirchnerismo". The main objective is to provide empirical evidence about how the implemented policies impacted on a substantive improvement of coverage levels and income distribution. The study is developed from the data of the Permanent Household Survey (EPH) of the Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC). Among the main findings it is important to highlight that the social structure was modified by an expansion of coverage, which was also concentrated in the lower part of the income distribution, that is to say in the most vulnerable households. Likewise the greater relative increase in the perception of retirement income was translated into significant income distributional improvements. However policies that were implemented and also transformed the functioning of social protection institutions in the pension system need to be rethought in a sustainable long-term strategy JEL CLASSIFICATION: O15, 131, 138.
RESUMO O artigo tem como objetivo propor critérios de alto nível, chamados de habilitação, que permitam tomar decisões quanto ao uso de diferentes metodologias, métodos e padrões existentes para o gerenciamento de projetos. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e proativa, utilizando a técnica de revisão documental. Com base nisso, 32 critérios técnicos são estabelecidos, derivados de dez fatores que se enquadram em três categorias. Conclui-se que os critérios de habilitação para a tomada de decisão devem ser a responsabilidade social corporativa e a sustentabilidade, tendências que combinam a satisfação dos interesses das partes interessadas externas e internas; Nesse sentido, sugere-se um guia para sua validação no gerenciamento de projetos. Recomenda-se como futuras linhas de pesquisa, o teste empírico da proposta, bem como a incorporação das práticas de responsabilidade social corporativa e sustentabilidade no gerenciamento de projetos. CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL: OI5, 131, 138.
RESUMO
A large number of studies have examined the linkage between income inequality and environmental quality at the individual country levels. This study attempts to examine the linkage between the two factors for the individual BRICS economies from a comparative perspective, which is scarce in the literature. It examines the selected countries (Brazil, India, China and South Africa) by endogenising the patterns of primary energy consumption (coal use and petroleum use), total primary energy consumption, economic growth, and urbanisation as key determining factors in CO2 emission function. The long-run results based on ARDL bounds testing revealed that income inequality leads to increase in CO2 emissions for Brazil, India and China, while the same factor leads to reduction in CO2 emissions for South Africa. However, it observes that while coal use increases CO2 emissions for India, China and South Africa, it has no effect for Brazil. In contrast, the use of petroleum products contributes to CO2 emissions in Brazil, while the use of the same surprisingly results in reduction of carbon emissions in South Africa, India and China. The findings suggest that given the significance of income inequality in environmental pollution, the policy makers in these emerging economies have to take into consideration the role of income inequality, while designing the energy policy to achieve environmental sustainability.
Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Poluição Ambiental , Combustíveis Fósseis/estatística & dados numéricos , Renda , Brasil , China , Mudança Climática , Carvão Mineral , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Política Ambiental , Índia , Modelos Teóricos , Centrais Elétricas , Política Pública , Fatores Socioeconômicos , África do Sul , UrbanizaçãoRESUMO
This paper empirically examines the effects of urbanization and income inequality on CO2 emissions in the BRICS economies (i.e., Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) during the periods 1994-2013. The method we used is the panel quantile regression, which takes into account the unobserved individual heterogeneity and distributional heterogeneity. Our empirical results indicate that urbanization has a significant and negative impact on carbon emissions, except in the 80th, 90th, and 95th quantiles. We also quantitatively investigate the direct and indirect effect of urbanization on carbon emissions, and the results show that we may underestimate urbanization's effect on carbon emissions if we ignore its indirect effect. In addition, in middle- and high-emission countries, income inequality has a significant and positive impact on carbon emissions. The results of our study indicate that in the BRICS economies, there is an inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) between the GDP per capita and carbon emissions. The conclusions of this study have important policy implications for policymakers. Policymakers should try to narrow the income gap between the rich and the poor to improve environmental quality; the BRICS economies can speed up urbanization to reduce carbon emissions, but they must improve energy efficiency and use clean energy to the greatest extent in the process.
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Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Urbanização , Brasil , Carbono , Dióxido de Carbono/química , China , Renda , Índia , Federação Russa , Fatores Socioeconômicos , África do SulRESUMO
RESUMO Nas últimas décadas, as mulheres que viviam em união conjugal foram as principais responsáveis pelo aumento da participação feminina no mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Isso se traduziu na crescente contribuição dos rendimentos do trabalho das esposas para a renda das famílias. Neste artigo, argumentamos que essas tendências ajudaram a diminuir a desigualdade de renda entre as famílias desde a década de 1990. Usando dados das PNADs, decompomos a desigualdade da renda domiciliar per capita, medida pelo coeficiente de variação ao quadrado, segundo: a) fontes da renda domiciliar (rendimentos do trabalho do marido, rendimentos do trabalho da esposa e outras rendas); e b) tipos de família (chefiadas por casais ou não). A partir dessas decomposições desenvolvemos análises contrafactuais para verificar o impacto dos rendimentos do trabalho das esposas nas tendências da desigualdade de renda no Brasil entre 1992 e 2014. Apesar do aumento da associação entre os rendimentos dos cônjuges, o efeito líquido das mudanças nos rendimentos das esposas durante o período analisado foi equalizador.
ABSTRACT Women living with their spouses have served as the main sector of society driving the increase in female laborforce participation in Brazil in recent decades. Such a phenomenon is reflected in the growing contribution made by women to family income levels. The following article argues that such trends have helped to reduce income inequality among families as of the 1990s. Harnessing data from the PNADs (Brazilian National Household Surveys), we examine household income inequality per capita, measured by the coefficient of variation squared, according to a) sources of household income (husband's earnings, wife's earnings and other income); and b) family type (whether or not the family is headed by a couple or not). We use this information to develop counterfactual analyses to examine the impact of women's earnings on income inequality trends in Brazil from 1992 to 2014. With the growing parity of earnings between spouses, the net result of the shifts in women's earnings during the period under analysis had a balancing effect.
RÉSUMÉ Lors des dernières décennies, les femmes vivant en union conjugale ont été les principales responsables de l'augmentation de la participation féminine au marché du travail brésilien. Cela s'est traduit par la contribution croissante des revenus du travail des épouses au revenu des familles. Dans cet article, nous défendrons l'argument de ce que ces tendances ont contribué à faire diminuer les inégalités de revenus parmi les familles depuis les années 1990. Sur la base de données des PNAD (enquêtes domiciliaires), nous avons décomposé les inégalités de revenu des ménages per capita, mesurées par le coefficient de variation au carré, selon : a) les sources de revenu des ménages (revenus du travail de l'époux, revenus du travail de l'épouse et autre revenus) ; et b) les types de familles (dirigées par des couples ou non). Sur cette base, nous avons développé des analyses contrefactuelles pour vérifier l'impact des revenus du travail des épouses sur les tendances des inégalités de revenus au Brésil entre 1992 et 2014.
RESUMEN En las últimas décadas, las mujeres que vivían en unión conyugal fueron las principales responsables del aumento de la participación femenina en el mercado laboral brasileño. Esta realidad se tradujo en una creciente contribución de los ingresos laborales que obtenían las mujeres a la situación económica de las familias. En este artículo, argumentamos que esas tendencias ayudaron a disminuir las desigualdades de ingresos entre las familias desde la década de 1990. Tomando como base los datos de las Encuestas Nacionales por Muestra de Domicilios (PNAD) del Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Brasil, desglosamos las desigualdades de los ingresos per cápita por hogar, medidas por el coeficiente de variación al cuadrado, según: a) fuentes de ingresos familiares (ingresos laborales del marido, ingresos laborales de la mujer y otros ingresos); e b) tipos de familias (encabezadas por matrimonios o no). A partir de estos desgloses, desarrollamos análisis contrafactuales para comprobar el impacto de los ingresos laborales de las mujeres casadas en las tendencias de las desigualdades económicas en Brasil entre 1992 y 2014. A pesar del aumento de la asociación entre los ingresos de los cónyuges, el impacto neto de los cambios en las contribuciones económicas de las mujeres casadas durante el período analizado fue ecualizador.
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Este estudo analisa as causas dos diferenciais de rendimentos entre migrantes e não migrantes no estado de Minas Gerais. Sob a hipótese de que os diferenciais e suas causas se distinguem ao longo da distribuição de ganhos, são estimadas regressões quantílicas e, com os resultados destas estimativas, realizadas decomposições de diferenças, pelo método de Junh, Murphy e Pierce (JMP). Os resultados indicam que: existe desigualdade de rendimentos em favor dos migrantes, tendo crescido entre 2000 e 2010; como esperado, diferencias são explicados de forma diferenciada em cada quantil da distribuição de rendimentos; efeitos não observados (produtividade, esforço, etc.) são importantes para explicar as desigualdades, em ambos os anos; entretanto, para explicar o crescimento da divergência de rendimentos entre migrantes e não migrantes, as características observáveis e não observáveis são mais importantes do que os retornos em si de tais características. Conclui-se, dessa forma, como defende grande parte da literatura, que os migrantes realmente são positivamente selecionados, porém, entre aqueles com maior nível de educação formal, principalmente em 2010, não é possível adquirir o rendimento esperado, ou a diferença de rendimento esperada, dadas suas maiores habilidades.
This paper analyzes the causes of income gaps between migrants and non-migrants in the state of Minas Gerais. Under the hypothesis that these differentials and its causes are distinct along the wage distribution, we estimate quantile regressions e, with the results, we decompose the differences by the Junh, Murphy e Pierce (JMP) method. The main results indicate that: i) there is income inequality in favor of migrants, and it got higher between 2000 and 2010; ii) as expected, differentials present different reasons in each quantile of the income distribution; iii) non-observed effects (productivity, effort, etc.) are important in explaining inequality, for both years; iv) however, to explain the raise in the income gap, both observable and non-observable characteristics are more important than the returns to such characteristics. In this way, as most of the literature attests, migrants are positively selected, but among those with higher formal education, especially in 2010, it is not possible to acquire the expected income, or differential in income, given their greater skills.
En este trabajo se analizan las causas de la brecha salarial entre migrantes y no migrantes en el estado de Minas Gerais. Bajo la hipótesis de que estos diferenciales y sus causas son distintos a lo largo de la distribución de salarios, estimamos las regresiones cuantílicas e, con los resultados, se descomponen las diferencias por el método de Junh, Murphy e Pierce (JMP). Los principales resultados indican que: i) hay desigualdad de salariales a favor de los migrantes, y se ha incrementado entre 2000 y 2010; ii) como se esperaba, los diferenciales presentan diferentes razones en cada cuantil de la distribución del salare; iii) los efectos no observados (productividad, esfuerzo, etc.) son importantes para explicar la desigualdad, para ambos años; iv) sin embargo, para explicar el aumento de la brecha de salares, tanto las características observables como las no observables son más importantes que las rentabilidades de tales características. De esta manera, como lo atestigua la mayoría de la literatura, los migrantes son seleccionados positivamente, pero entre los que tienen mayor educación formal, especialmente en 2010, no es posible obtener el rendimiento esperado, o diferencial esperado en los rendimientos, dadas sus mayores habilidades.
Assuntos
Fatores Socioeconômicos , Migrantes , Censos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Migração Humana , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estatística como Assunto , EconomiaRESUMO
Resumo A desigualdade de renda é apontada como um dos grandes problemas da sociedade atual. A fim de reverter o cenário desigual, o Estado pode atuar utilizando a função orçamentária alocativa. Este estudo buscou identificar os impactos da função alocativa do orçamento sobre a desigualdade de renda, para as unidades federativas brasileiras no período de 1995 a 2012. Foram considerados como proxy da função alocativa os gastos com educação e saúde, enquanto foram utilizados como proxy da desigualdade de renda o coeficiente de Gini, o coeficiente de Theil, a proporção entre os 10% mais ricos e os 40% mais pobres, e a proporção entre os 20% mais ricos e os 20% mais pobres. A relação funcional entre os dois conjuntos de variáveis foi explorada a partir da análise de dados em painel e da regressão tobit em painel. Considerando-se os gastos agregados em educação e saúde de estados e municípios no período, concluiu-se que as unidades da federação que investiram mais em saúde conseguiram reduzir as desigualdades de renda com maior intensidade, ocorrendo efeito oposto com as despesas com ensino. Quando os gastos em saúde e ensino foram desagregados em várias rubricas, concluiu-se que as unidades da federação com maior volume de gastos nas seguintes subfunções (2o nível da função): atenção básica, assistência hospitalar, suporte profilático e ambulatorial, e educação infantil conseguiram reduzir as desigualdades de renda com maior intensidade.
Resumen La desigualdad de ingresos se ve como un problema importante de la sociedad contemporánea. Con el fin de revertir la situación desigual, el Estado puede actuar mediante la función asignativa de presupuesto. Este estudio trata de identificar los impactos de la función de la asignación de recursos del presupuesto en la desigualdad de ingresos para los estados de Brasil 1995 a 2012. Fueron considerados como un indicador de la función asignativa el gasto en educación y salud, mientras que se utilizaron como apoderado la desigualdad de ingresos el coeficiente de Gini, el coeficiente de Theil, la relación entre el 10% más rico y el 40% más pobre, y la relación entre el 20% más rico y el 20% más pobre. La relación funcional entre los dos conjuntos de variables se exploró a partir del análisis de datos de panel y el panel de regresión Tobit. Teniendo en cuenta los gastos agregados sobre la educación y la salud de los estados y municipios en el período, se concluyó que las Unidades de la Federación que han invertido más en salud han logrado reducir la desigualdad de ingresos con mayor intensidad, que se producen efecto contrario con el costo de la educación. Cuando el gasto en salud y educación ha sido dividido en varias secciones, se concluyó que las unidades de la federación con mayor volumen de gasto en la siguientes subfunciones (segundo nivel de función): atención primaria, atención hospitalaria, asistencia preventiva y la atención ambulatoria, y educación de la primera infancia han logrado reducir la desigualdad de ingresos con mayor intensidad.
Abstract Income inequality is seen as a major problem of contemporary society. In order to reverse inequality the state can use allocation function in budgeting. This study sought to identify the impacts of allocation function in budgeting on income inequality for Brazilian states from 1995 to 2012. Spending on education and health was considered as an allocative function proxy, while the Gini coefficient, the Theil coefficient, was used as a proxy for income inequality. This found the ratio between the richest 10% and the poorest 40%, and the ratio between the richest 20% and poorest 20%. The functional relationship between the two sets of variables was explored in the analysis of panel data and tobit regression. Considering aggregate expenditure on education and health of states and municipalities in the period, it was concluded that federative units that invested more in health have been better at reducing income inequality, with the opposite effect occurring for the cost of education. When spending on health and education are broken down into several sections, it can be seen that the federation units with higher volume of spending in the following sub-functions (2nd level of function) — Primary health care, hospital and outpatient care, prophylactic and therapeutic support and early childhood education — have made greater gains in reducing income inequality.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Orçamentos , Gastos em Saúde , Educação/economia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Investimentos em Saúde , Brasil , Administração FinanceiraRESUMO
Resumo Este artigo visa propor uma adaptação da metodologia utilizada por Starfield e Shy (2002) para avaliar a qualidade da atenção primária em saúde (APS) dos municípios que aderiram ao Programa Mais Médicos. Os indicadores foram adaptados para cada um dos nove critérios propostos na metodologia original e aplicados para os municípios de médio e grande porte da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, antes e depois destes integrarem o Programa Mais Médicos. Em 2014, os municípios foram agregados em três grupos, conforme seus escores. As análises de correlações entre diferentes grupos de escores dos municípios e os indicadores de saúde avaliados não se mostraram significativas, porém, as médias dos indicadores avaliados são melhores no grupo de municípios caracterizados com os melhores escores da APS. Em relação aos indicadores de renda, os maiores gastos per capita em saúde estão relacionados à melhor performance da APS nesses municípios. A adaptação desta metodologia pode indicar melhor compreensão das políticas relacionadas à determinação da saúde.
Abstract This article aims to propose an adaptation of the methodology used by Starfield and Shy (2002) to assess the quality of health care in the municipalities which joined the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program. The indicators were adapted for each one of the nine criteria proposed in the methodology and were applied to medium and large municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre before and after they were integrated in the Mais Médicos Program. In 2014, the municipalities were grouped into three groups according to their scores. An analysis concerning any correlations between the different group scores for the municipalities and the health indicators that were evaluated, did not reveal anything significant. However the averages of the evaluated indicators were better in the group of municipalities characterized through having the best APS scores. In relation to the income indicator, the highest amount of money spent per capita in health is related to the best APS performance in the municipalities. An adaption of this methodology may be able to provide a better understanding of the policies related to health care.
Assuntos
Humanos , Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Atenção à Saúde , Programas Governamentais , Brasil , CidadesRESUMO
Este trabalho pretende analisar as mudanças na estrutura social e das desigualdades de renda nas principais metrópoles brasileiras em comparação com os espaços não metropolitanos, de modo a refletir sobre a importância das metrópoles no contexto de alterações econômicas e sociais ocorridas na última década. No debate público e acadêmico, porém, o foco da análise tem recaído principalmente na redução das desigualdades de renda a partir da análise de estratos de renda. Nesse sentido, procuramos responder à seguinte questão: se a redução das desigualdades de renda, verificada na análise entre os estratos de renda, também está sendo observada entre os estratos sociais considerados a partir de uma estratificação sócio-ocupacional, como se deu essa relação entre os espaços metropolitanos e os não metropolitanos? Para tanto, foram utilizados dados dos Censos Demográficos do IBGE de 2000 e 2010, com o fim de comparar a estrutura de distribuição de renda entre os municípios brasileiros segundo seu porte populacional, considerando aqueles inseridos em espaços metropolitanos e não metropolitanos, e as desigualdades de renda entre os estratos sociais para os diferentes contextos espaciais por meio da razão da média da renda entre esses estratos. Constatou-se que, apesar de as metrópoles brasileiras continuarem mantendo sua centralidade referente à dinâmica do mercado de trabalho, pois apresentam médias de rendimento total de seus residentes e de rendimento do trabalho principal superiores àquelas encontradas para os espaços não metropolitanos, as maiores reduções das desigualdades de renda ocorreram nestes últimos, em especial nos menores municípios segundo seu porte populacional.
Abstract This paper aims to analyze the changes in the social structure and income inequality of the main Brazilian metropolitan cities in comparison to non-metropolitan areas, in order to reflect on their importance in the context of economic and social changes that have taken place in the country over the last decade. Nevertheless, when it comes to public and academic debate based on the analysis of income groups, its focus has fallen mainly on the reduction of income inequalities, but not always considering social structure. In this sense, the attempt is to answer the following question: if the reduction of income inequality is observed in the analysis among income strata, is also being observed among socio-occupational stratification, and how did this take effect in the metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas? For this purpose were used data from the IBGE - 2000 and 2010 Demographic Censuses, aiming a comparison of the income distribution structure among municipalities according to their population size, but considering also those municipalities located in the metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, as well as the income inequalities between social strata in the different spatial context by utilizing the ratio of average income among those strata. The results show that although the Brazilian metropolitan areas maintain its centrality regarding the labor market dynamics, since they present higher average of total income and labor income of its residents than the non-metropolitan areas, the biggest reductions in income inequality in the period occurred in non-metropolitan areas, especially in smaller municipalities according to their population size.
Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los cambios en la estructura social y en las desigualdades de ingresos de las principales metrópolis brasileñas en comparación con las áreas no metropolitanas, para reflexionar sobre la importancia de las metrópolis en el contexto de los cambios económicos y sociales ocurridos en la última década. Sin embargo, en el debate público y académico sobre estos cambios, el foco del análisis ha recaído principalmente en la reducción de la desigualdad de ingresos a partir del análisis de los estratos de ingresos. En ese sentido, se trata de contestar la pregunta: si la reducción de la desigualdad de ingresos, percibida en el análisis de los estratos de ingresos, también se observa entre los estratos sociales considerados desde una estratificación socio-ocupacional, y como ocurrió esta relación entre las áreas metropolitanas y no metropolitanas? Para este propósito, se utilizan los datos de los censos de población de 2000 y 2010 del IBGE con el fin de comparar la estructura de distribución del ingreso entre los municipios de acuerdo con el tamaño de su población, teniendo en cuenta aquellos municipios en las áreas metropolitanas y no metropolitanas, y las desigualdades de ingresos entre los estratos sociales en los diferentes contextos espaciales utilizando la razón de los promedios de ingresos entre esos estratos. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar de que las metrópolis brasileñas sigan manteniendo su centralidad con respecto a la dinámica del mercado de trabajo, debido a que tienen el promedio del total de ingresos y el ingreso de la ocupación principal de sus habitantes superior a los espacios que no son metropolitanos, las mayores reducciones en la desigualdad de ingresos se produjeron en áreas no metropolitanas, especialmente en los municipios más pequeños de acuerdo a su tamaño poblacional.
Assuntos
Humanos , Renda/estatística & dados numéricos , Ocupações/classificação , Classe Social , Brasil , Demografia , Zonas Metropolitanas , Características de Residência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adolescent suicide rates (ASR) are a matter of concern worldwide. Causes of this trend are not understood and could correspond to socioeconomic factors such as inequality. AIM: To investigate sociodemographic variables related to ASR, particularly the potential association with indicators of socioeconomic inequality. METHOD: Cross-sectional ecological study analyzing data from 29 health districts with univariate and multivariable multilevel Poisson models. RESULTS: ASR were higher in male adolescents and at increasing age. No association was found between ASR and inequality (Gini coefficient and 20/20 ratio). Analysis revealed that living in a single-parent family is associated with ASR. CONCLUSIONS: The usual demographic patterns of adolescent suicide apply in Chile. An emerging variable of interest is single-parent family. No cross-sectional association between social inequality and ASR was found based on conflicting evidence. These results should be explored in future prospective population studies to further understand associated social factors.