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Two trials were performed in order to evaluate the effects of dietary Kraft lignin inclusion on broiler performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, blood lipid profile, intestinal morphometry, and lipid oxidation of meat. Trial 1 was conducted in order to evaluate performance and ileal digestibility for the period of 1 to 21 d of age, randomly distributing 490 day-old broiler chicks across 5 dietary treatments with 14 replicates containing 7 birds each in metabolic cages, while trial 2 was executed in order to evaluate performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphometry, carcass yield and abdominal fat, and lipid oxidation for the period of 1 to 42 d of age, randomly distributing 900 day-old broiler chicks across 5 dietary treatments with 15 replicates of 12 birds each in floor pens, being each bird in trial 2 challenged with coccidiosis vaccine at 10 d of age. The treatments used in both trials were: positive control (PC): basal diet + antimicrobial; negative control (NC): Basal diet; NC1: NC + 1% lignin; NC2: NC + 2% lignin; NC3: NC + 3% lignin. For trial 1, it was observed that birds fed diets containing 1% lignin had a significant positive effect for BW, feed intake (FI), average daily weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion rate (FCR), similar to the PC, but also showing better EE, CP and AAs ileal digestibility percentages when compared to other treatments. For trial 2, it was observed that during the period of 21 to 35 d, the inclusion of lignin in the diet provided better results in animal performance, similar to the PC group, but at 42 d, animals fed with dietary lignin showed results lower than animals fed the PC diet (P < 0.05). Animals fed with increasing lignin concentrations showed decreasing levels of HDL (P < 0.05). As of intestinal morphometry, animals fed with 1% and 3% lignin showed longer intestinal length (P < 0.05). At 14 d of age, it was observed that animals fed with lignin showed oxidation levels similar to the control treatments. The inclusion of up to 1% lignin in the diet provides beneficial effects on productive performance and nutrient digestibility, while the inclusion of 2% lignin provided lower cholesterol levels, lower villus/crypt ratio, and better internal organ development, therefore, it can be considered an alternative to performance-enhancing antimicrobials in broiler chicken diets.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Suplementos Nutricionais , Animais , Triglicerídeos/farmacologia , Lignina/farmacologia , Digestão , Dieta/veterinária , Nutrientes , Colesterol , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição AnimalRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of xylanase and stimbiotic (fiber fermentation enhancer) on the response of broiler chickens fed different corn varieties and determine correlations between variables of interest. Four corn genetic varieties were selected based on their range in nutrient composition. Diets containing 600 g/kg of each corn were supplemented with 0 or 100 g/ton of xylanase or stimbiotic. A total of 1,152 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into 12 treatments, each with 8 pens and 12 birds per pen, for a 21-day study. On d 21, performance parameters were measured, and the ileal energy and organic matter (OM) digestibility and cecal xylanase activity determined. Stimbiotic supplementation improved mFCR compared with all other treatments. There was a treatment by corn variety interaction for body weight (BW), BW gain and coefficient of variation (CV) of BW (P ≤ 0.05). Birds fed corn Variety 1 (highest neutral dietary fiber, protein and soluble arabinoxylan content) supplemented with stimbiotic had the highest BW, while Variety 2 control diet had the lowest. The BW CV in corn Variety 2 was the highest, which improved with stimbiotic supplementation. The BW CV in corn Variety 1 responded better to stimbiotic than xylanase. There were no treatment differences on BW CV in corn Varieties 3 and 4. The lowest OM digestibility was observed in birds fed corn Variety 1 with xylanase, and the highest value was associated with corn Variety 3 with xylanase (highest total arabinoxylan). Xylanase and stimbiotic supplementation increased the endogenous xylanase activity regardless of the corn variety (P ≤ 0.05). Positive correlations between corn fiber contents and phytic acid and the arabinose:xylose ratio were seen, while nonstarch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with apparent metabolizable energy. In conclusion, corn variety influenced nutrient digestibility and broiler chicken growth. The response to supplementation with xylanase or stimbiotic varied based on the nutritional profile of corn with regards to improvements in digestibility and performance in broiler chickens.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Zea mays , Animais , Masculino , Galinhas/fisiologia , Digestão , Dieta/veterinária , Valor NutritivoRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different dietary balanced protein (BP) levels on the gut health, amino acid apparent ileal digestibility (AID), footpad dermatitis lesions, and litter quality in broiler chicks infected with Eimeria maxima. A total of 2400 male 14-day-old Cobb500 broilers were randomly allotted into 10 treatments with six replications containing 40 birds each in a factorial design of 5 × 2. The treatments consisted of five levels of BP (6.66%, 13.32%, 19.98%, 26.64%, and 33.3%), and broilers unchallenged (NCH) or challenged (CH). Broilers in the CH group received 1 mL of Eimeria maxima inoculum (7 × 103 sporulated oocysts/mL). Oocyst count in excreta, visual intestinal modifications score, morphology, and morphometrics of the ileum were used to determine gut health status. Additionally, amino acids and CP AID, litter quality, and footpad dermatitis were evaluated. An ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by post-hoc tests were performed. The oocyst count in the CH group increased with an increase in dieatary BP (P = 0.08). The incidence of intestinal modifications was higher in the CH group (P < 0.05) and increased with increasing dietary BP (P < 0.05). Morphometrics were impaired by the challenge (P < 0.05), and by the two highest BP levels (P < 0.05). Amino acids AID (methionine, methionine + cystine, arginine, and serine) were reduced by E. maxima challenge. An increase in dietary BP resulted in poor litter quality and high prevalence of of footpad dermatitis (P < 0.05). The E. maxima challenge and increased BP decreased gut health, litter quality, and cause a high incidence of footpad dermatitis.
Assuntos
Antifibrinolíticos , Dermatite , Eimeria , Animais , Masculino , Aminoácidos , Galinhas , Dermatite/veterinária , Proteínas Alimentares , Metionina , OocistosRESUMO
This study analyzed the effects of different dietary doses of encapsulated propyl propane thiosulfonate (Pe-PTSO) on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients and productive performance in broilers. A total of 100 one-day-old Cobb 500 were housed in battery cages for 20 days. At 10 days of age, the birds were assigned to one of five diets: negative control (P0), 250 mg/kg of Pe-PTSO (P250), 500 mg/kg of Pe-PTSO (P500), 750 mg/kg of Pe-PTSO (P750), and positive control, nicarbazin-narasin (ION). Titanium dioxide was the external marker, which was added to the diets from day 17 to 20. In the birds fed the P250 diet, there was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in the AID values for amino acids and energy compared to those that consumed the P0 diet. Furthermore, the P250 diet significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) the average daily weight gain compared to the P0 diet. No significant differences were observed between treatments in average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. In summary, the inclusion of 250 mg of encapsulated PTSO per kg in broiler chickens diet improved the digestibility of amino acids and energy, as well as weight gain.
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BACKGROUND: Nutritional value of proteins in feed ingredients can be negatively affected by hydrothermal processing, which causes large variation in the bioavailability of amino acids (AA) and negatively affects animal productive performance. Supplementation of exogenous proteases could increase the rate of digestion of damaged proteins, thereby increasing overall AA digestibility and bioavailability. The aim was to determine the effect of exogenous protease supplementation on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and AA of soybean meals (SBM) with different degrees of hydrothermal processing in broilers. METHODS: The experiment involved a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with SBM processing time (commercial SBM or autoclaved for 30 or 60 min at 120 °C) and protease supplementation (not supplemented and supplemented) as factors. Protease was included at three times the recommended dose (0.06%) and the experimental diets were fed from 15 to 21 d. RESULTS: The interaction between the effects of SBM processing and protease supplementation was significant for the AID of CP (P = 0.01), Trp (P = 0.01), Gly (P = 0.03) and Pro (P = 0.03), and also for the average daily gain (P = 0.01) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.04). Increasing the processing time of SBM decreased (P < 0.0001) the AID of all amino acids, whilst the effect of protease supplementation was only significant for the AID of Phe (P = 0.02) and Tyr (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Exogenous protease supplementation at three times the commercial dose does not seem to offset the negative effects of hydrothermal processing of SBM on the apparent ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids or performance of broilers. Whilst positive numerical improvements of digestibility and performance (ADG and FCR) were noticed with protease supplementation at relatively mild processing levels, negative results were obtained with the harsh-processed meals.
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of degummed soybean oil (DSO) by acid soybean oil (ASO) in diets with or without the inclusion of emulsifier on broiler performance, relative organ weight, lipase activity, intestinal morphometry, and nutrient digestibility. METHODS: A total of 704 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allotted to a 2×2 completely randomized factorial design (with or without emulsifier × two lipid sources [ASO and DSO]), with eight replicates and 22 birds each. The metabolizable energy level in diets with emulsifier was reduced by 40 kcal/kg from 1 to 21 d and 50 kcal/kg from 22 to 49 d. RESULTS: Broilers fed diets containing ASO without emulsifier had higher (p = 0.005) weight gain than DSO-fed animals and with the inclusion of emulsifier had worse (p = 0.018) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Birds fed diets with emulsifier worsened FCR regardless of lipid source from 1 to 21 days (p = 0.006) and from 1 to 49 days (p = 0.0002). There was an increase (p = 0.026) in the relative pancreas weight, at 14 days, in birds fed diets containing ASO. Lipase activity and morphometry of the duodenum and jejunum, at 14 and 21 days, were not affected (p>0.05). The dietary inclusion of emulsifier improved the digestible energy (p = 0.053) in the presence of ASO. For the digestibility coefficients (gross energy, crude protein, and mineral matter), no interference was observed (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The inclusion of emulsifier to energy-restricted diet with ASO maintained broiler performance in the first week, but worsened FCR in subsequent phases. The ASO can be considered as an alternative lipid source to DSO and does not interfere with the morphophysiological characteristics and performance of broilers. The combination of ASO and emulsifier increased the digestible energy content by 6.2%.
RESUMO
Abstract Background: Alternative feed ingredients are widely used in swine diets to lower feed costs, but these ingredients contain a large quantity of non-starch polysaccharides. Supplemental xylanase is known to break down non-starch polysaccharides. However, the effects of exogenous xylanase from Bacillus subtilis on various feed ingredients have rarely been compared. Objective: To evaluate the effects of supplemental xylanase on in vitro disappearance of dry matter (DM) in various feed ingredients for pigs. Methods: Nine feed ingredients were used to measure in vitro ileal disappearance and in vitro total tract disappearance of DM. Each ground ingredient was supplemented with either supplemental xylanase (9,000 U/g) or cornstarch at 1.0%. Results: Supplemental xylanase increased in vitro ileal disappearance of DM in wheat, barley, wheat flour, and wheat bran (p<0.05). The in vitro total tract disappearance of DM for barley and wheat bran increased with xylanase addition (p<0.05). Conclusion: Exogenous xylanase could increase in vitro ileal DM disappearance in barley, wheat, wheat flour, and wheat bran, but did not affect in vitro total tract DM disappearance in wheat and wheat flour.
Resumen Antecedentes: Los ingredientes alternativos se utilizan ampliamente en las dietas porcinas para reducir los costos del pienso, pero estos ingredientes contienen una gran cantidad de polisacáridos no-amiláceos. Se sabe que la xilanasa suplementaria descompone los polisacáridos diferentes al almidón. Sin embargo, rara vez se han comparado los efectos de la xilanasa exógena de Bacillus subtilis en algunos ingredientes del alimento. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la xilanasa suplementaria sobre la desaparición in vitro de la materia seca (MS) en varios ingredientes alimentarios para cerdos. Métodos: Se utilizaron nueve ingredientes del alimento para medir la desaparición ileal in vitro y la desaparición del tracto total in vitro de MS. Cada ingrediente molido se complementó con xilanasa suplementaria (9,000 U/g) o almidón de maíz al 1,0%. Resultados: La xilanasa suplementaria aumentó la desaparición ileal in vitro de MS en trigo, cebada, harina de trigo y salvado de trigo (p<0,05). La desaparición de tracto total de MS in vitro para la cebada y el salvado de trigo aumentó con la adición de xilanasa (p<0,05). Conclusión: La xilanasa exógena podría aumentar la desaparición de la MS ileal in vitro en cebada, trigo, harina de trigo y salvado de trigo, pero no afecta la desaparición de la MS en tracto total in vitro del trigo y la harina de trigo.
Resumo Antecedentes: Ingredientes alternativos para rações são amplamente usados em dietas para suínos para reduzir os custos da alimentação, mas esses ingredientes contêm uma grande quantidade de polissacarídeos não amiláceos. A xilanase suplementar é conhecida por quebrar polissacarídeos não amiláceos. No entanto, os efeitos da xilanase exógena de Bacillus subtilis em vários ingredientes da ração raramente foram comparados. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da xilanase suplementar no desaparecimento in vitro da matéria seca (MS) em vários ingredientesde rações para suínos. Métodos: Nove ingredientes da ração foram usados para medir o desaparecimento ileal in vitro e o desaparecimento de MS in vitro do trato total. Cada ingrediente moído foi suplementado com xilanase suplementar (9.000 U/g) ou amido de milhoa 1,0%. Resultados: A xilanase suplementar aumentou o desaparecimento ileal in vitro de MS em trigo, cevada, farinha de trigo e farelo de trigo (p<0,05). O desaparecimento in vitro de MS do trato total para cevada e farelo de trigo aumentou com a adição de xilanase (p<0,05). Conclusão: A xilanase exógena pode aumentar o desaparecimento in vitro da MS ileal em cevada, trigo, farinha de trigo e farelo de trigo, mas não afetou o desaparecimento in vitro do trato total da MS no trigo e na farinha de trigo.
RESUMO
A digestibility experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary exogenous monocomponent protease on the coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and coefficient apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids in meat and bones meal (MBM), poultry byproducts meal (PBPM), and feather meal (FM). A total of 512 Cobb-500 male broiler chickens (aged 14 d) were randomly placed into 64 metabolism cages (8 birds per pen) and were allocated to eight treatments with eight replicates in a semi-controlled environmental room. The experimental diets consisted of the basal diet (corn/SBM) and the replacement of 300 g/kg on a weight basis with MBM, PBPM, or FM. The excreta were collected during 3 d (19 to 21 d), and the ileal digesta (using Celite as an indigestible marker) only 1 d (21 d). The protease contained 75,000 PROT units/g. The use of the enzyme increased (P < 0.05) ATTD for alanine, cysteine, glycine, and threonine in the basal diet and AID for the amino acids alanine, cysteine, glycine, lysine, threonine, and valine for the basal diet (vegetable). Regarding meals, there was an increase (P < 0.05) in the amino acid digestibility in large part due to the amino acids of MBM (14) and PBPM (9), with only five amino acids for FM. The amino acids glycine and threonine showed increases (P < 0.05) in both total and ileal digestibility for all animal meals and for the diet based on corn and soybean meal, which indicates a high specificity of the enzyme for these amino acids. The overall results obtained in this study found satisfactory effectiveness of this exogenous protease. The total collection method was lower by 1.83% of amino acids digestibility than the ileal method.
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The effects of kafirins on protein and amino acid ileal digestibility have not been evaluated in vivo in pigs. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of protein profile on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids. We used a sorghum hybrid with low tannin content (<0.5%). The same hybrid was harvested from 2 different plots with different kafirin profile. Sorghum with greater content of total kafirins had less content of γ- and α1-kafirins and higher content of ß- and α2-kafirins than that with lower content of total kafirins. Two sorghum-soybean meal (SBM) diets were formulated: 1) low kafirin (LK) content (32.2 g/kg) and 2) high kafirin (HK) content (48.1 g/kg). A control diet (maize-SBM) and a reference SBM-diet were also prepared. The reference diet was fed to all pigs following the experimental period and was used to estimate the AID of cereals by the difference method. "T" cannulas were fixed in the distal ileum of 18 barrows (6 by treatment), divided into 2 groups of 9 pigs. The pigs were fed 2.5 times their maintenance requirement of digestible energy (110 kcal/kg BW0.75). The AID of dry matter, protein, amino acids, and energy of the experimental diets was measured; the AID of cereals (maize, LK sorghum and HK sorghum) was estimated by the difference method. The maize-SBM diet was more digestible than the sorghum-SBM diets, only with respect to valine (P < 0.05). The AID of valine in the maize-SBM diet was higher than that in sorghum-SBM diets. The changes in kafirin profile between the diets only affected the AID of threonine (P < 0.01), which decreased by 9.5 percentage units in LK diet compared with HK diet. Regarding the AID of cereals, maize exhibited greater AID than sorghum, with respect to valine (P < 0.01) and serine (P < 0.10). A comparison of sorghum with LK and HK content showed that the AID of threonine and serine increased by 50.5 (P < 0.001) and 19.2 percentage units (P < 0.05) in the latter, respectively. The higher content of γ-kafirins in LK sorghum negatively affected threonine and serine digestibility, implying that the AID of amino acids is affected more by the profile than the content of kafirins.
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This study aimed to determine the SID isoleucine (Ile) requirement of starting barrows fed low crude protein. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1: Ten crossbred barrows were used in order to determine the SID AA of the basal diet (treatment with the lowest SID Ile level used in the growth performance experiment), averaging 15.00 ± 0.27 kg of initial weight, individually housed in metabolic cages and allotted in a complete randomized design, with two treatments, five replicates and one animal per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal (14.13% CP and 0.450% of SID Ile) and a free protein diet. Experiment 2: A performance experiment was carried out to determine the SID Ile requirement when using low crude protein diets. Forty crossbred barrows were used, averaging 15.00 ± 0.87 kg of initial weight and distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0.450, 0.520, 0.590, 0.660 and 0.730% of SID Ile) and two animals per experimental unit. The average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.049) and protein deposition (P=0.01) were affected by the studied SID Ile levels. The daily need of SID Ile was estimated at 5.9 g when considering 0.61% as the optimum level of SID Ile in the diet for an improved ADG and protein deposition.(AU)
Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a exigência de isoleucina digestível (Ile Dig) para leitões machos castrados, em fase inicial, alimentados com dietas de baixa proteína bruta. Foram realizados dois experimentos. Experimento 1: Dez leitões mestiços foram utilizados, a fim de determinar os aminoácidos digestíveis da dieta basal (tratamento com o nível mais baixo Ile Dig utilizado no experimento de desempenho), sendo a média de peso inicial dos suínos de 15,00 ± 0,27 kg, alojados individualmente em gaiolas metabólicas e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos, cinco repetições e um animal por unidade experimental.Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta basal (14,13% PB e 0,450% de Ile Dig) e uma dieta isenta de proteína. Experimento 2: Foi realizado um experimento de desempenho, para determinar a exigência de Ile Dig em dietas de baixa proteína bruta. Foram utilizados 40 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, com média de 15,00 ± 0,87 kg de peso inicial, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,450; 0,520; 0,590; 0,660 e 0,730% de Ile Dig) e dois animais por unidade experimental. O ganho de peso diário (P = 0,049) e a deposição proteica (P = 0,010) foram afetados pelos níveis de Ile Dig estudados. As necessidades diárias de Ile Dig foram estimadas em 5,9 g quando considerado 0,61% como o nível ótimo de Ile Dig na dieta para um melhor ganho de peso diário e deposição proteica.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Suínos/microbiologia , Suínos/fisiologia , Isoleucina/análise , Ração Animal/análiseRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the SID isoleucine (Ile) requirement of starting barrows fed low crude protein. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1: Ten crossbred barrows were used in order to determine the SID AA of the basal diet (treatment with the lowest SID Ile level used in the growth performance experiment), averaging 15.00 ± 0.27 kg of initial weight, individually housed in metabolic cages and allotted in a complete randomized design, with two treatments, five replicates and one animal per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal (14.13% CP and 0.450% of SID Ile) and a free protein diet. Experiment 2: A performance experiment was carried out to determine the SID Ile requirement when using low crude protein diets. Forty crossbred barrows were used, averaging 15.00 ± 0.87 kg of initial weight and distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0.450, 0.520, 0.590, 0.660 and 0.730% of SID Ile) and two animals per experimental unit. The average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.049) and protein deposition (P=0.01) were affected by the studied SID Ile levels. The daily need of SID Ile was estimated at 5.9 g when considering 0.61% as the optimum level of SID Ile in the diet for an improved ADG and protein deposition.
Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a exigência de isoleucina digestível (Ile Dig) para leitões machos castrados, em fase inicial, alimentados com dietas de baixa proteína bruta. Foram realizados dois experimentos. Experimento 1: Dez leitões mestiços foram utilizados, a fim de determinar os aminoácidos digestíveis da dieta basal (tratamento com o nível mais baixo Ile Dig utilizado no experimento de desempenho), sendo a média de peso inicial dos suínos de 15,00 ± 0,27 kg, alojados individualmente em gaiolas metabólicas e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos, cinco repetições e um animal por unidade experimental.Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta basal (14,13% PB e 0,450% de Ile Dig) e uma dieta isenta de proteína. Experimento 2: Foi realizado um experimento de desempenho, para determinar a exigência de Ile Dig em dietas de baixa proteína bruta. Foram utilizados 40 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, com média de 15,00 ± 0,87 kg de peso inicial, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,450; 0,520; 0,590; 0,660 e 0,730% de Ile Dig) e dois animais por unidade experimental. O ganho de peso diário (P = 0,049) e a deposição proteica (P = 0,010) foram afetados pelos níveis de Ile Dig estudados. As necessidades diárias de Ile Dig foram estimadas em 5,9 g quando considerado 0,61% como o nível ótimo de Ile Dig na dieta para um melhor ganho de peso diário e deposição proteica.
Assuntos
Animais , Isoleucina/análise , Ração Animal/análise , Suínos/fisiologia , Suínos/microbiologiaRESUMO
The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth performance, the apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen and energy, the retention of nutrients and the apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEn) in broiler chickens supplemented with increasing doses of a worm leachate (WL) as a source of humic substances (HS) in the drinking water. In Exp. 1, 140 male broilers were penned individually and assigned to four WL levels (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) mixed in the drinking water from 21 to 49 days of age. Water was offered in plastic bottles tied to the cage. In Exp. 2, 600 male broilers from 21 to 49 days of age housed in floor pens were assigned to three levels of WL (0%, 10%, and 20%) mixed in the drinking water. The WL was mixed with tap water in plastic containers connected by plastic tubing to bell drinkers. The results of both experiments were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial contrasts. In Exp. 1, the daily water consumption was similar among treatments but the consumption of humic, fulvic, and total humic acids increased linearly (p<0.01) as the WL increased in the drinking water. The feed conversion (p<0.01) and the ileal digestibility of energy, the excretion of dry matter and energy, the retention of dry matter, ash and nitrogen and the AMEn showed quadratic responses (p<0.05) relative to the WL levels in drinking water. In Exp. 2, the increasing level of WL in the drinking water had quadratic effects on the final body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). The addition of WL as a source of HS in the drinking water had beneficial effects on the growth performance, ileal digestibility of energy, the retention of nutrients as well on the AMEn in broiler chickens; the best results were observed when the WL was mixed at levels of 20% to 30% in the drinking water.
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Two experiments using soybean meal (SBM) or canola meal (CM) were conducted to investigate whether the choice of digestibility marker influenced the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) or standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of N and AA in diets supplemented with phytase. In each experiment, 18 barrows fitted with T-cannulas at the ileocecal junction were assigned to 3 diets consisting of a N-free diet to determine endogenous losses of N and AA, a semipurified diet (SBM in Exp. 1 or CM in Exp. 2), and the semipurified diet supplemented with phytase at 1,000 phytase units/kg. Three digestibility markers including acid-insoluble ash (AIA), chromic oxide (Cr2O3), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were added to each diet at 3 g/kg. Each diet was fed for 7 d, consisting of a 5-d adjustment and a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. In both studies, basal ileal endogenous losses determined with Cr2O3 as a digestibility marker were lower (P<0.01) than with those determined with AIA or TiO2 digestibility markers. Using SBM as the protein source in Exp. 1, there was no interaction between phytase and digestibility marker on AID or SID of AA. The AID of N and AA in SBM using AIA as a digestibility marker tended to be lower (P<0.1) compared with Cr2O3 or TiO2 digestibility markers. Phytase supplementation increased (P<0.001) the AID of Ca and P. The use of AIA or Cr2O3 digestibility marker tended to be associated with lower (P<0.1) SID values compared with TiO2. Phytase did not affect the SID of N or any AA in SBM except for Met, for which there was an increase (P<0.05) with phytase supplementation. Using CM as the protein source in Exp. 2, there were significant interactions between digestibility marker and phytase. Phytase supplementation had effects (P<0.01) on AID or SID when Cr2O3 or TiO2 was used as the digestibility marker. With Cr2O3 or TiO2 as the digestibility marker in the CM diets, phytase supplementation increased (P<0.05) the SID of N and all AA (except Trp). There was no SID of N or AA response to phytase supplementation of CM when AIA was used as a digestibility marker. In contrast, there were no clear improvements in AA digestibility from phytase supplementation for SBM. Phytase effects on AID or SID of AA were dependent on the digestibility marker used in diets when CM was used as the protein source but not when SBM was used as the protein source. Therefore, AA digestibility response to phytase supplementation may depend on the protein being evaluated as well as the choice of digestibility marker.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Digestão/fisiologia , Íleo/metabolismo , Sus scrofa/fisiologia , 6-Fitase/farmacologia , Animais , Cateterismo/veterinária , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/veterinária , Compostos de Cromo/administração & dosagem , Compostos de Cromo/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/química , Modelos Lineares , Óleo de Brassica napus , Glycine max/química , Espectrofotometria/veterinária , Suínos , Titânio/administração & dosagem , Titânio/metabolismoRESUMO
Background: accurate estimations of basal endogenous losses (BEL) of amino acids (AA) are important for the calculation of standardized ileal digestibility values. Objectives: to address the influence of body weight (BW) and feed intake on BEL of crude protein (CP) and AA and to develop prediction equations for BEL of CP and AA in pigs fed nitrogen-free diets. Methods: based on data derived from 34 research papers, prediction equations for BEL of CP and AA were generated using BW and feed intake per maintenance feed intake (FI:MFI) based on energy concentration as independent variables. Results: initial BW (IBW) and FI:MFI ranged from 13.8 to 109.8 kg and from 1 to 5, respectively. Mean values for BEL of CP, Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 17.2 (CV = 50.9%), 0.42 (CV = 56.0%), 0.14 (CV = 80.8%), 0.55 (CV = 41.3%), and 0.14 (CV = 57.5%) g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), respectively. The FI:MFI was negatively correlated with BEL of CP and AA except Met (r < -0.39; p<0.05). Prediction equations for estimating the BEL of CP and AA (g/kg DMI) developed were: BEL of CP = 47.5 - (8.09 × 10-2 × IBW) - (8.83 × FI:MFI) with R² = 0.32 and p = 0.011; BEL of Lys = 0.979 - (1.00 × 10-3 × IBW) - (0.174 × FI:MFI) with R2 = 0.24 and p = 0.014; BEL of Thr = 1.09 - (1.82 × 10-3 × IBW) - (0.153 × FI:MFI) with R² = 0.28 and p = 0.007; and BEL of Trp = 0.552 - (1.11 × 10-3 × IBW) - (0.120 × FI:MFI) with R² = 0.47 and p = 0.002. Conclusion: based on the equations above, IBW and FI:MFI clearly decrease BEL of CP and AA. The equations provided in this paper may be used for estimating BEL of CP and AA.
Antecedentes: la estimación precisa de las pérdidas endógenas basales (BEL) de aminoácidos (AA) es importante para calcular los valores de la digestibilidad ileal estandarizada. Objetivos: establecer la influencia del peso corporal y el consumo de alimento sobre las BEL de proteína cruda (CP) y AA, y desarrollar ecuaciones de predicción para las BEL de CP y AA en cerdos alimentados con dietas libres de nitrógeno. Métodos: basados en información proveniente de 34 artículos científicos, fueron generadas ecuaciones de predicción para las BEL de CP y AA usando el peso corporal (BW) y el consumo de alimento por consumo de mantenimiento (FI:MFI) con base en la concentración de energía como variables independientes. Resultados: BW y FI:MFI variaron de 13,8 a 109,8 kg y de 1 a 5, respectivamente. Los valores de la media para BEL de CP, Lys, Met, Thr, y Trp fueron 17,2 (CV = 50,9%), 0,42 (CV = 56,0%), 0,14 (CV = 80,8%), 0,55 (CV = 41,3%), y 0,14 (CV = 57,5%) g/kg de consumo de materia seca (DMI), respectivamente. El FI:MFI se correlacionó negativamente con las BEL de CP y AA excepto con la Met (r < -0,39; p<0,05). Las ecuaciones de predicción para estimar las BEL de la CP y AA (g/kg DMI) desarrolladas fueron: BEL de CP = 47,5 - (8,09 × 10-2 × IBW) - (8,83 × FI:MFI) con un R² = 0,32 y un p = 0,011; BEL de Lys = 0,979 - (1,00 × 10-3 × IBW) - (0,174 × FI:MFI) con un R² = 0,24 y un p = 0,014; BEL de Thr = 1,09 - (1,82 × 10-3 × IBW) - (0,153 × FI:MFI) con un R² = 0,28 y un p = 0,007; y las BEL de Trp = 0,552 - (1,11 × 10-3 × IBW) - (0,120 × FI:MFI) con un R² = 0,47 y un p = 0,002. Conclusión: con base en las anteriores ecuaciones, el IBW y el FI:MFI claramente redujeron las BEL de CP y AA. Las ecuaciones suministradas en este artículo pueden ser utilizadas para estimar las BEL de CP y AA.
Antecedentes: a estimação precisa das perdas endógenas basais (BEL) de aminoácidos (AA) é importante para calcular os valores da digestibilidade ileal padronizada. Objetivos: estabelecer a influencia do peso corporal e do consumo de alimento sobre as BEL da proteína bruta (CP) e AA, e desenvolver equações de predição para as BEL da CP e AA em porcos alimentados com dietas livres de nitrogênio. Métodos: baseados em informação proveniente de 34 artigos científicos, foram geradas equações de predição para as BEL da CP e AA usando o peso corporal (BW) e o consumo de alimento por consumo de manutenção (FI:MFI) com base na concentração de energia como variáveis independentes. Resultados: BW e FI:MFI variaram de 13,8 a 109,8 kg e de 1 a 5, respectivamente. Os valores da média para BEL da CP, Lys, Met, Thr, e Trp foram 17,2 (CV = 50,9%), 0,42 (CV = 56,0%), 0,14 (CV = 80,8%), 0,55 (CV = 41,3%), e 0,14 (CV = 57,5%) g/kg de consumo de matéria seca (DMI), respectivamente. O FI:MFI teve correlação negativa com as BEL da CP e AA exceto com a Met (r < -0,39; p<0,05). As equações de predição para estimar as BEL da CP e AA (g/kg DMI) desenvolvidas foram: BEL da CP = 47,5 - (8,09 × 10-2 × IBW) - (8,83 × FI:MFI) com um R² = 0,32 e um p = 0,011; BEL de Lys = 0,979 - (1,00 × 10-3 × IBW) - (0,174 × FI:MFI) com um R² = 0,24 e um p = 0,014; BEL de Thr = 1,09 - (1,82 × 10-3 × IBW) - (0,153 × FI:MFI) com um R² = 0,28 e um p = 0,007; e as BEL de Trp = 0,552 - (1,11 × 10-3 × IBW) - (0,120 × FI:MFI) com um R² = 0,47 e um p = 0,002. Conclusão: Com base nas anteriores equações, o IBW e o FI:MFI claramente diminuíram as BEL da CP e AA. As equações fornecidas neste artigo podem ser utilizadas para estimar as BEL do CP e AA.
RESUMO
The objective of this experiment was to measure the effects of soybean oil (SBO) and choice white grease (CWG) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) in corn-soybean meal-distillers dried grains with solubles-based diets fed to growing pigs. Three diets were prepared. The control diet contained corn, soybean meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), cornstarch, and no additional fat. Two additional diets were formulated by adding 5% SBO or 5% CWG to the control diet at the expense of cornstarch. Twelve growing barrows with initial body weight of 37.6 kg (standard deviation = 3.22) were equipped with a T-cannula at the end of the ileum and they were allotted to one of three dietary treatments during six experimental periods.The AID of indispensable AA (e.g., arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine) and dispensable AA (e.g., alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, and proline) was improved (p<0.10) by the addition of 5% SBO or 5% CWG in the diets. The addition of SBO or CWG improved the AID of AA in a commercial-type diet containing corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles, and the extent of improvement in the AID of AA was comparable between the two sources of dietary fat.
El objetivo de este experimento fue medir el efecto del aceite de soya (SBO) y la grasa blanca (grasa de cerdo, CWG) sobre la digestibilidad ileal aparente (DIA) de aminoácidos (AA) en dietas maíz-soya adicionadas con derivados solubles de destilería para cerdos en crecimiento. Tres dietas fueron preparadas. La dieta control contenía maíz, harina de soya, granos secos de destilería con solubles (DDGS), almidón de maíz, y sin grasa adicionada. Dos dietas adicionales fueron formuladas adicionando 5% de SBO o de GTC a la dieta control, a expensas de la fécula de maíz. Doce cerdos machos castrados, con peso inicial de 37.6 kg (desviación estándar =3.22), fueron equipados con una cánula en T en el extremo del íleo y fueron asignados a uno de los tres tratamientos dietarios durante seis periodos experimentales. La DIA de AA esenciales (por ejemplo, arginina, histidina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina y valina) y no esenciales (por ejemplo, alanina, ácido aspártico, cisteína y prolina) se mejoró (p<0.10) mediante la adición de 5% SBO o de 5% de CWG. La adición de SBO o CWG mejoró la DIA de AA en la dieta, y su nivel de mejoría fue similar entre las dos fuentes de grasa.
O objectivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito do óleo de soja (SBO) e gordura branca (de suino, CWG) sobre a digestibilidade ileal aparente (AID) de aminoácidos (AA) em dietas com adição de derivados de milho-soja solúvel de destilaria para suínos em crescimento. Três dietas foram preparadas. A dieta controle continha milho, farelo de soja, grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (DDGS), amido de milho, e não tinha gordura adicionada. As outras duas dietas tinham uma adição de 5% SBO e a outra com 5% de GTC à custa de amido de milho. Doze suínos machos castrados, com peso inicial de 37.6 kg (DP = 3.22) foram equipados com uma cânula T no final do íleo. O núcleo do AA (por exemplo, arginina, histidina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina e valina) e não-essenciais (por exemplo, alanina, ácido aspártico, cisteína e prolina) foi melhorada (p<0.10) pela adição de 5% SBO CWG ou 5%. A adição de SBO ou CWG melhorou de AA na dieta e o nível de melhora foi semelhante entre as duas fontes de gordura.
RESUMO
Se realizaron dos experimentos para determinar el efecto de la adición de fitasa a dietas sorgo-pasta de soya en la digestibilidad ileal aparente (DIA) de aminoácidos (AA) y el comportamiento de cerdos en crecimiento. En un experimento, seis cerdos (peso promedio inicial 86,1kg) adaptados con una cánula simple tipo T en íleon terminal, fueron alimentados con tres dietas de acuerdo con un cuadro Latino repetido 3x3. La Dieta 1 fue la dieta base sorgo-pasta de soya; las Dietas 2 y 3 fueron la Dieta 1 adicionada con 500 y 1000 unidades de actividad de fitasa (FTU)/kg alimento, respectivamente. No se encontró efecto de la adición de fitasa en la DIA de AA (P>0,10). La DIA de arginina fue la más elevada y la de treonina la más baja. En otro experimento se distribuyeron aleatoriamente 28 cerdos (peso promedio inicial 22,9kg) en cuatro dietas (siete repeticiones/tratamiento) de acuerdo con un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Las dietas fueron: 1) dieta base sorgo-pasta de soya y 0,67% lisina digestible en íleon; 2) dieta base +350FTU/kg de alimento; 3) dieta base +700FTU; 4) dieta base +1050FTU. La dieta base cubría 100% el requerimiento de P disponible para cerdos de 20-50kg. Los análisis de regresión no mostraron efecto de la adición de fitasa en la ganancia diaria de peso (P=0,93); consumo de alimento, lisina y treonina (P=0,37); ni en la conversión alimenticia (P=0,54). Los cerdos alimentados con dieta base tendieron a tener una mayor ganancia de peso que los que recibieron la dieta 2 (P=0,09) o la dieta 3 (P=0,11). Los resultados indican que la fitasa no afecta el suministro de AA digestibles o, como consecuencia, el comportamiento de cerdos alimentados con dietas sorgo-pasta de soya.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of phytase supplementation to sorghum-soybean meal diets on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and performance of growing pigs. In one experiment, six pigs (average initial BW 86.1kg) fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, were fed three diets in a repeated 3x3 Latin square design. Diet 1 was the basal sorghum-soybean meal diet. Diets 2 and 3 were the basal diet supplemented with phytase at 500 and 1000 units of phytase activity (FTU/kg diet), respectively. There was no effect of phytase supplementation on the AID of AA (P>0.10). Arginine AID was highest and threonine AID was lowest. In the second experiment, 28 pigs (average initial BW 22.9kg) were allotted to four diets (seven replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were: 1) sorghum-soybean meal, basal diet, 0.67% apparent ileal digestible lysine; 2) basal diet +350FTU/kg diet; 3) basal +700FTU; 4) basal +1050FTU. The basal diet contained 100% of the available P requirement for pigs 20-50kg. Linear regression analyses showed no effect of phytase supplementation on average daily gain (ADG; P=0.93), feed (P=0.37), lysine (P=0.37) and threonine (P=0.37) intakes, or feed conversion (P=0.54). Pigs fed the basal diet tended to have higher ADG than those fed diet 2 (P=0.09) or diet 3 (P=0.11). Results indicate that phytase supplementation does not affect the supply of digestible AA or, as a consequence, the performance of pigs fed sorghum-soybean meal diets.
Realizaram-se dois experimentos para determinar o efeito da adição de fitasa a dietas sorgo-pasta de soja na digestibilidade ileal aparente (DIA) de aminoácidos (AA) e o comportamento de cerdos em crescimento. Em um experimento, seis cerdos (peso médio inicial 86,1kg) adaptados com uma cânula simples tipo T em íleon terminal, foram alimentados com três dietas de acordo com um quadro Latino repetido 3x3. A Dieta 1 foi a dieta base sorgo-pasta de soja; as Dietas 2 e 3 foram a Dieta 1 adicionada com 500 e 1000 unidades de atividade de fitasa (FTU)/kg alimento, respectivamente. Não encontrou-se efeito da adição de fitasa na DIA de AA (P>0,10). A DIA de arginina foi a mais elevada e a de treonina a mais baixa. Em outro experimento se distribuiram aleatoriamente 28 cerdos (peso médio inicial 22,9kg) em quatro dietas (sete repetições/tratamento) de acordo com um desenho de blocos completos ao azar. As dietas foram: 1) dieta base sorgo-pasta de soja e 0,67% lisina digestiva em íleon; 2) dieta base +350FTU/kg de alimento; 3) dieta base +700FTU; 4) dieta base +1050FTU. A dieta base cobria 100% o requerimento de P disponível para cerdos de 20-50kg. As análises de regressão não mostraram efeito da adição de fitasa na ganância diária de peso (P=0,93); consumo de alimento, lisina e treonina (P=0,37); nem na conversão alimentícia (P=0,54). Os cerdos alimentados com dieta base tenderam a ter uma maior ganância de peso que os que receberam a dieta 2 (P=0,09) ou a dieta 3 (P=0,11). Os resultados indicam que a fitasa não afeta o subministro de AA digestivos ou, como conseqüência, o comportamento de cerdos alimentados com dietas sorgo-pasta de soja.