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Iochromaorozcoae A.Orejuela & S.D.Sm., sp. nov. (Solanaceae) is described from the Andean forests of Cundinamarca in the eastern cordillera of Colombia. Iochromaorozcoae was first collected by the eminent Spanish priest and botanist José Celestino Mutis in the late part of the 18th century, but the specimens have lain unrecognised in herbaria for over 200 years. The species shares many features with its closest relative, Iochromabaumii S.D.Sm. & S.Leiva, but it differs from it in having small flowers with five corolla lobes and few inflorescences per branch, located near the shoot apex with 1 to 4 (-8) flowers, fruits that are greenish-yellow when ripe and its restricted geographic distribution. A description of I.orozcoae is provided, along with a detailed illustration, photographs of live plants, a comparison with closely-related species and a key to all Colombian species of Iochroma Benth. In closing, we emphasise the value of historical collections for the knowledge of biodiversity.

ResumenIochromaorozcoae A.Orejuela & S.D.Sm., sp. nov. (Solanaceae) se describe a partir de los bosques andinos de Cundinamarca, en la cordillera oriental de Colombia. Iochromaorozcoae fue recolectada por primera vez por el eminente sacerdote y botánico español José Celestino Mutis a finales del siglo XVIII, pero los especímenes han permanecido sin ser reconocidos en herbarios durante más de 200 años. La especie comparte muchas características con su pariente más cercano, Iochromabaumii S.D.Sm. & S.Leiva, pero difiere de esta en sus flores más pequeñas con cinco lóbulos de la corola y pocas inflorescencias por rama ubicadas cerca del ápice de la rama, con 1 a 4 (­8) flores por inflorescencia, frutos verde-amarillentos al madurar, y su distribución geográfica restringida. Se presenta una descripción de I.orozcoae, junto con una ilustración detallada, fotografías en vivo, una comparación con las especies cercanamente relacionadas y una clave para las especies colombianas de Iochroma Benth. Finalmente, enfatizamos el valor de las colecciones históricas para el conocimiento de la biodiversidad.

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The genus Radiodiscus includes minute terrestrial snails occurring throughout the American continent. We assessed the conservation status of eight poorly known Chilean Radiodiscus species using the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and NatureServe categories and criteria. Under the IUCN guidelines the species were assessed using the Criterion B of geographic range, which considers the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) as subcriteria. For NatureServe we used these two parameters plus the number of occurrences, ecological viability, and threats. Considering species rarity and possible sampling bias, we also used ecological niche modeling to determine climate and environmental tolerances and predict potential species distributions analyzing bioclimatic and geographical layers. Radiodiscus australis, R. coarctatus and R. quillajicola were listed as Critically Endangered by IUCN and NatureServe standards; R. coppingeri, R. flammulatus, R. magellanicus and R. villarricensis as Endangered by both methods; while R. riochicoensis as Endangered by IUCN standards and Vulnerable by NatureServe standards. Niche modeling results indicated that Radiodiscus species respond to different environmental conditions and that the predicted distribution areas contain suitable habitats beyond the current ranges, which may be helpful for future management plans. Nature-based sport tourism, forestry activities, urbanization, roads, pollution, mining, forest fires, livestock, volcanism, tsunamis, soil erosion and introduced species are among the major threats affecting these snails. Based on the low number of occurrences and the threats identified, the most at-risk species are R. coarctatus and R. quillajicola (one record), R. australis (two records) and R. villarricensis (three records); the latter two lacking occurrences within protected areas. Compiling our findings, we propose a list of actions to preserve Chilean Radiodiscus species.

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The Mexican state of Veracruz has suffered very high deforestation rates in the last few decades, and despite the establishment of protected areas and conservation projects, primary forest is now mainly persisting in mostly small, scattered, fragmented remnants. New species of Magnolia section Talauma in this state have been described with little to no reference to the already existing ones, potentially resulting in over-splitting, obscuring their taxonomic delineation and conservation status, and consequently conservation programs. To study the conservation units and their genetic diversity, we here employ 15 microsatellite markers on a highly representative sampling of 254 individuals of what are presumed to be five Magnolia species. The results support at least three species and maximum five main conservation units. We propose downgrading the latter to four, given morphological, ecological, demographical, and geographical considerations. Two out of the three sympatrically occurring species in the rainforest in the Los Tuxtlas volcanic area have weak genetic evidence to be considered separate species. Similarly, the individuals in the Sierra de Zongolica in central Veracruz, who bear a very high morphological and genetic similarity to Magnolia mexicana, have weak genetic evidence to be recognised as a separate species. Nonetheless, the individuals could be identified as Magnolia decastroi based on morphology, and further research including the full range of this species is recommended.

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The IUCN Red List (RL) provides high-quality conservation assessments for individual species, yet the rate and scale of environmental deterioration globally challenges the conservation community to develop expedited methods for risk assessment. Here we compare threat assessments for 3,001 species of Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF) in the IUCN-RL using readily accessible data types as proxies for extinction risk: geographic range, elevation, and species publication date. Furthermore, using geographic and taxonomic data alone, we generated preliminary conservation assessments for 2,334 NFF species currently awaiting IUCN assessment, identifying an additional 671 NFF species as potentially threatened. This number of potentially threatened species represents an increase of 59% over the number of species currently assigned to threat categories by the IUCN-RL. These results substantially expand the number of threatened NFF species from 422 currently on the IUCN RL to 1,093 species as threatened or potentially threatened, representing about 18% of all NFF species. Extinction risk is greater in species with smaller geographic ranges, which inhabit upland rivers, and which were described more recently. We propose the Central and Southern Andes, and Eastern Guiana Shield as priorities in the upcoming IUCN RL assessment of NFF species conservation risk.(AU)

A Lista Vermelha (IUCN) fornece avaliações precisas sobre status de conservação das espécies, porém a taxa e escala de deterioração ambiental desafia a comunidade conservacionista a desenvolver métodos rápidos para avaliações de riscos de extinção. Aqui, comparamos as avaliações da IUCN para 3.001 espécies de peixes dulcícolas neotropicais com dados facilmente acessíveis de risco de extinção: extensão de ocorrências, altitude e data de publicação das espécies. Além disso, usando apenas dados geográficos e taxonômicos, geramos avaliações preliminares de conservação para 2.334 espécies de peixes neotropicais aguardando avaliação da IUCN, e identificamos 671 espécies adicionais como potencialmente ameaçadas. Este número de espécies potencialmente ameaçadas representa um aumento de 59% em relação aquelas classificadas nas categorias de ameaça pela IUCN. Estes resultados expandem o número de espécies ameaçadas segundo a IUCN de 422 para 1.093 espécies ameaçadas ou potencialmente ameaçadas, representando cerca de 18% das espécies de peixes neotropicais. O risco de extinção é maior para espécies com distribuições geográficas restritas, que habitam rios de terras altas e que foram descritas mais recentemente. Sugerimos a região Central e Meridional do Andes e o Escudo das Guianas Orientais como prioridades para as próximas avaliações da IUCN sobre a conservação das espécies de peixes dulcícolas neotropicais.(AU)

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The IUCN Red List (RL) provides high-quality conservation assessments for individual species, yet the rate and scale of environmental deterioration globally challenges the conservation community to develop expedited methods for risk assessment. Here we compare threat assessments for 3,001 species of Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF) in the IUCN-RL using readily accessible data types as proxies for extinction risk: geographic range, elevation, and species publication date. Furthermore, using geographic and taxonomic data alone, we generated preliminary conservation assessments for 2,334 NFF species currently awaiting IUCN assessment, identifying an additional 671 NFF species as potentially threatened. This number of potentially threatened species represents an increase of 59% over the number of species currently assigned to threat categories by the IUCN-RL. These results substantially expand the number of threatened NFF species from 422 currently on the IUCN RL to 1,093 species as threatened or potentially threatened, representing about 18% of all NFF species. Extinction risk is greater in species with smaller geographic ranges, which inhabit upland rivers, and which were described more recently. We propose the Central and Southern Andes, and Eastern Guiana Shield as priorities in the upcoming IUCN RL assessment of NFF species conservation risk.(AU)

A Lista Vermelha (IUCN) fornece avaliações precisas sobre status de conservação das espécies, porém a taxa e escala de deterioração ambiental desafia a comunidade conservacionista a desenvolver métodos rápidos para avaliações de riscos de extinção. Aqui, comparamos as avaliações da IUCN para 3.001 espécies de peixes dulcícolas neotropicais com dados facilmente acessíveis de risco de extinção: extensão de ocorrências, altitude e data de publicação das espécies. Além disso, usando apenas dados geográficos e taxonômicos, geramos avaliações preliminares de conservação para 2.334 espécies de peixes neotropicais aguardando avaliação da IUCN, e identificamos 671 espécies adicionais como potencialmente ameaçadas. Este número de espécies potencialmente ameaçadas representa um aumento de 59% em relação aquelas classificadas nas categorias de ameaça pela IUCN. Estes resultados expandem o número de espécies ameaçadas segundo a IUCN de 422 para 1.093 espécies ameaçadas ou potencialmente ameaçadas, representando cerca de 18% das espécies de peixes neotropicais. O risco de extinção é maior para espécies com distribuições geográficas restritas, que habitam rios de terras altas e que foram descritas mais recentemente. Sugerimos a região Central e Meridional do Andes e o Escudo das Guianas Orientais como prioridades para as próximas avaliações da IUCN sobre a conservação das espécies de peixes dulcícolas neotropicais.(AU)

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Effective management of threatened species requires accurate population size estimation and monitoring. However, reliable population size estimates are lacking for many endangered species. The critically endangered blond titi monkey (Callicebus barbarabrownae) is an endemic primate of the Caatinga biome in Northeastern Brazil. A previous assessment based on presence-only data estimated a minimum population size of 260 mature individuals in 2,636 km2 , and studies based on visual records suggested very low local relative abundance. However, this cryptic species is known to be difficult to visually detect. We played back recordings of C. barbarabrownae loud calls to count the number of responding groups in 34 sampling sites during 9 consecutive days in a 221-km2 study area. Repeated group counts at sites were used in N-mixture models, which account for imperfect detection, to estimate the number of groups in relation to dry forest area and distance to villages. We estimated a total of 91 groups in the study area. Considering the mean number of adults per group as three, we estimated a population of 273 adult individuals, resulting in a density of 2.3 individuals/km2 in the dry forest habitat. Detection probability was four times higher for surveys conducted between sunrise to midmorning than between midmorning to sunset. We also found that C. barbarabrownae abundance increases with increasing dry forest area and increasing distance to the nearest village, indicating the need to promote dry forest restoration in the Caatinga. As our results suggest a larger population of C. barbarabrownae than had been previously estimated for its entire distribution, our results suggest a need for similar assessments in other areas to reliably estimate the total population size. This study demonstrates how playback surveys coupled with N-mixture models can be used to estimate population sizes of acoustically-responsive primates, and thus contribute to more effective conservation management.

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Sonora has a rich natural diversity, including reptiles and amphibians. Sonora's location on the United States-Mexico border creates some unique conservation challenges for its wildlife. We compiled a list of the amphibian and reptile species currently known for Sonora, summarized the conservation status of these species, and compared our list of species with known species lists for adjacent states. The herpetofauna of Sonora comprises 200 species of amphibians and reptiles (38 amphibians and 162 reptiles). Overall, Sonora shares the most species with Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Arizona. Approximately 11% of the amphibian and reptile species are IUCN listed, but 35.5% are placed in a protected category by SEMARNAT, and 32.6% are categorized as high risk by the Environmental Vulnerability Score.

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Although genetic diversity ultimately determines the ability of organisms to adapt to environmental changes, conservation assessments like the widely used International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Criteria do not explicitly consider genetic information. Including a genetic dimension into the IUCN Red List Criteria would greatly enhance conservation efforts, because the demographic parameters traditionally considered are poor predictors of the evolutionary resilience of natural populations to global change. Here we perform the first genomic assessment of genetic diversity, gene flow, and patterns of local adaptation in tropical plant species belonging to different IUCN Red List Categories. Employing RAD-sequencing we identified tens of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in an endangered narrow-endemic and a least concern widespread morning glory (Convolvulaceae) from Amazonian savannas, a highly threatened and under-protected tropical ecosystem. Our results reveal greater genetic diversity and less spatial genetic structure in the endangered species. Whereas terrain roughness affected gene flow in both species, forested and mining areas were found to hinder gene flow in the endangered plant. Finally we implemented environmental association tests and genome scans for selection, and identified a higher proportion of candidate adaptive loci in the widespread species. These mainly contained genes related to pathogen resistance and physiological adaptations to life in nutrient-limited environments. Our study emphasizes that IUCN Red List Criteria do not always prioritize species with low genetic diversity or whose genetic variation is being affected by habitat loss and fragmentation, and calls for the inclusion of genetic information into conservation assessments. More generally, our study exemplifies how landscape genomic tools can be employed to assess the status, threats and adaptive responses of imperiled biodiversity.

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The subterranean environment harbors species that are not capable of establishing populations in the epigean environment, i.e., the obligatory subterranean species. These organisms live in a unique selective regime in permanent darkness and usually low food availability, high air humidity in terrestrial habitats, and low temperature range allied to other unique conditions related to lithologies and past climatic influences. The pressure to increase Brazil's economic growth relies on agricultural/pastoral industries and exporting of raw materials such as iron, limestone, ethanol, soybean, cotton, and meat, as well as huge reservoir constructions to generate electricity. Mining (even on a small scale), agricultural expansion, and hydroelectric projects are extremely harmful to subterranean biodiversity, via the modification and even destruction of hypogean habitats. The Brazilian subterranean species were analyzed with respect to their distributions, presence on the IUCN Red List, and current and potential threats to hypogean habitats. A map and three lists are presented, one with the described obligatory subterranean species, one with undescribed taxa, and one with the current and potential threats to the hypogean environment. To date, 150 obligatory subterranean species have been recorded in Brazil, plus at least 156 undescribed troglomorphic taxa, totaling 306 Brazilian troglobites/obligatory cave fauna. We also analyzed the current and potential cave threats and the conservation actions that are underway to attempt to compensate for loss of these habitats. In according to the Brazilian legislation (Decree 6640) only caves of maximum relevance are fully protected. One strategy to protect the subterranean fauna of Brazil is the inclusion of these species in the IUCN Red List (one of attributes that determines maximum relevance for caves); however, one of the IUCN assumptions is that the taxa must be formally described. It is clear that the description and proposed protection of Brazilian subterranean biodiversity depends on more systematics studies.

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Protected areas (PAs) are a conservation mainstay and arguably the most effective conservation strategy for species protection. As a 'megadiverse' country, Peru is a priority for conservation actions. Peruvian legislation allows for the creation of state PAs and private/communal PAs. Using publicly available species distribution and protected area data sets we evaluated the coverage of Threatened terrestrial vertebrate species distributions and ecoregions provided by both kinds of PA in Peru. Peru's state PA system covers 217,879 km2 and private/communal PAs cover 16,588 km2. Of the 462 species of Threatened and Data Deficient species we evaluated, 75% had distributions that overlapped with at least one PA but only 53% had ≥10% of their distributions within PAs, with inclusion much reduced at higher coverage targets. Of the species we evaluated, 118 species are only found in national PAs and 29 species only found in private/communal PAs. Of the 17 terrestrial ecoregions found in Peru all are represented in PAs; the national PA system included coverage of 16 and private/communal PAs protect 13. One ecoregion is only protected in private/communal PAs, whereas four are only covered in national PAs. Our results show the important role private/communal PAs can play in the protection of ecological diversity.

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Conservation biology can profit greatly from incorporating a phylogenetic perspective into analyses of patterns and drivers of species extinction risk. We applied such an approach to analyse patterns of bumblebee (Bombus) decline. We assembled a database representing approximately 43% of the circa 260 globally known species, which included species extinction risk assessments following the International Union fo Conservation of Nature Red List categories and criteria, and information on species traits presumably associated with bumblebee decline. We quantified the strength of phylogenetic signal in decline, range size, tongue length and parasite presence. Overall, about one-third of the assessed bumblebees are declining and declining species are not randomly distributed across the Bombus phylogeny. Susceptible species were over-represented in the subgenus Thoracobombus (approx. 64%) and under-represented in the subgenus Pyrobombus (approx. 6%). Phylogenetic logistic regressions revealed that species with small geographical ranges and those in which none of three internal parasites were reported (i.e. Crithidia bombi, Nosema spp. or Locustacarus buchneri) were particularly vulnerable. Bumblebee evolutionary history will be deeply eroded if most species from threatened clades, particularly those stemming from basal nodes, become finally extinct. The habitat of species with restricted distribution should be protected and the importance of pathogen tolerance/resistance as mechanisms to deal with pathogens needs urgent research.

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Abstract Spondias tuberosa Arr., a fructiferous tree endemic to the northeast Brazilian tropical dry forest called Caatinga, accounts for numerous benefits for its ecosystem as well as for the dwellers of the Caatinga. The tree serves as feed for pollinators and dispersers as well as fodder for domestic ruminants, and is a source of additional income for local smallholders and their families. Despite its vantages, it is facing several man-made and natural threats, and it is suspected that S. tuberosa could become extinct. Literature review suggests that S. tuberosa suffers a reduced regeneration leading to population decrease. At this juncture S. tuberosa cannot be considered threatened according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List Categories and Criteria, as it has not yet been assessed and hampered generative regeneration is not considered in the IUCN assessment. The combination of threats, however, may have already caused an extinction debt for S. tuberosa. Due to the observed decline in tree density, a thorough assessment of the S. tuberosa population is recommended, as well as a threat assessment throughout the entire Caatinga.

Resumo Spondias tuberosa Arr., é uma árvore frutífera endêmica da Caatinga, floresta seca tropical localizada no Nordeste do Brasil. A árvore traz diversos benefícios para o ecossistema e para a população local. Ela serve de alimento tanto para polinizadores e dispersores quanto para ruminantes domésticos e é fonte de renda extra para os agricultores familiares da região. Apesar de seus benefícios, esta árvore enfrenta várias ameaças naturais e antrópicas que podem levar a sua extinção. A revisão da literatura científica sugere que S. tuberosa sofre de reduzida capacidade de regeneração, o que leva à diminuição da população. Todavia, S. tuberosa não é considerada uma espécie ameaçada de extinção de acordo com as categorias e critérios da Lista Vermelha da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza, já que a espécie ainda não foi avaliada e capacidade regenerativa reduzida não é considerado critério pelo UICN. A combinação de ameaças, entretanto, pode já ter levado ao débito de extinção da S. tuberosa. Devido ao declínio observado da densidade das árvores, recomenda-se uma avaliação completa da população de S. tuberosa e uma avaliação de todas as ameaças sofridas pela árvore na Caatinga.

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Effective protection of the ~19 000 IUCN-listed threatened species has never been more pressing. Ensuring the survival of the most vulnerable and irreplaceable taxa and places, such as those identified by the Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE) species and their associated sites (AZEs&s), is an excellent opportunity to achieve the Aichi 2020 Targets T11 (protected areas) and T12 (preventing species extinctions). AZE taxa have small, single-site populations that are especially vulnerable to human-induced extinctions, particularly for the many amphibians. We show that AZEs&s can be protected feasibly and cost-effectively, but action is urgent. We argue that the Alliance, whose initial main aim was to identify AZEs&s, must be followed up by a second-generation initiative that directs and co-ordinates AZE conservation activities on the ground. The prominent role of zoos, conservation NGOs, and governmental institutions provides a combination of all-encompassing knowhow that can, if properly steered, maximize the long-term survival of AZEs&s.

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Abstract Spondias tuberosa Arr., a fructiferous tree endemic to the northeast Brazilian tropical dry forest called Caatinga, accounts for numerous benefits for its ecosystem as well as for the dwellers of the Caatinga. The tree serves as feed for pollinators and dispersers as well as fodder for domestic ruminants, and is a source of additional income for local smallholders and their families. Despite its vantages, it is facing several man-made and natural threats, and it is suspected that S. tuberosa could become extinct. Literature review suggests that S. tuberosa suffers a reduced regeneration leading to population decrease. At this juncture S. tuberosa cannot be considered threatened according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List Categories and Criteria, as it has not yet been assessed and hampered generative regeneration is not considered in the IUCN assessment. The combination of threats, however, may have already caused an extinction debt for S. tuberosa. Due to the observed decline in tree density, a thorough assessment of the S. tuberosa population is recommended, as well as a threat assessment throughout the entire Caatinga.

Resumo Spondias tuberosa Arr., é uma árvore frutífera endêmica da Caatinga, floresta seca tropical localizada no Nordeste do Brasil. A árvore traz diversos benefícios para o ecossistema e para a população local. Ela serve de alimento tanto para polinizadores e dispersores quanto para ruminantes domésticos e é fonte de renda extra para os agricultores familiares da região. Apesar de seus benefícios, esta árvore enfrenta várias ameaças naturais e antrópicas que podem levar a sua extinção. A revisão da literatura científica sugere que S. tuberosa sofre de reduzida capacidade de regeneração, o que leva à diminuição da população. Todavia, S. tuberosa não é considerada uma espécie ameaçada de extinção de acordo com as categorias e critérios da Lista Vermelha da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza, já que a espécie ainda não foi avaliada e capacidade regenerativa reduzida não é considerado critério pelo UICN. A combinação de ameaças, entretanto, pode já ter levado ao débito de extinção da S. tuberosa. Devido ao declínio observado da densidade das árvores, recomenda-se uma avaliação completa da população de S. tuberosa e uma avaliação de todas as ameaças sofridas pela árvore na Caatinga.

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IUCN Red Lists have been a valuable tool to prioritize conservation plans in endemic neotropical frogs. However, many areas in this region are poorly known in terms of their diversity and endemism. Based on examined museum specimens of the threatened species Pristimantis penelopus we revised its geographic distribution and determined the habitat suitability using niche modeling techniques. Using a mitochondrial fragment of COI gene, we determine the phylogenetic position and the extent of the genetic variation across its distribution in Colombia. We present the first records of P. penelopus for the Cordillera Oriental, the western versant of Cordillera Occidental and the northern portion of the Cauca river basin. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, Pristimantis penelopus belongs to the P. ridens series sensu Padial et al. (2014). The mean of intraspecific genetic variation is 2.1% and the variation among population ranges between 2.3 and 3.5%. The genetic distance between the western populations and the Magdalena Valley populations suggests a potential phylogeographic break in northwestern Antioquia. We expand the realized distribution by 258 kilometers north, 200 km east and 223 km northwest. Based on our results and according to the IUCN criteria we propose a new category for the species and highlight the need to increase the surveys in poorly known regions to better[...]

Las listas rojas de la IUCN han sido una herramienta fundamental para priorizar planes de conservación de ranas endémicas neotropicales. Sin embargo, muchas áreas en esta región han sido poco estudiadas y el endemismo puede ser un artificio del muestreo. A partir de especímenes de museo de la especie amenazada Pristimantis penelopus revisamos su distribución geográfica y determinamos su hábitat potencial utilizando técnicas de modelo de nicho. A partir de un fragmento del gen mitocondrial COI, determinamos la posición filogenética de la especie y la magnitud de su variación genética a lo largo de su distribución en Colombia Presentamos los primeros registros de P. penelopus en la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes, en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Occidental y en el norte de la cuenca del río Cauca. Teniendo en cuenta los análisis filogenéticos moleculares, Pristimantis penelopus pertenece al grupo P. ridens sensu (Padial et al., 2014). La variación genética intraespecífica promedio fue de 2.1% y la variación entre poblaciones estuvo entre 2.3 y 3.5%. La distancia genética entre las poblaciones de la Cordillera Occidental y las poblaciones del Valle del Magdalena sugieren la presencia de un quiebre filogeográfico en el noroccidente de Antioquia. Expandimos la distribución realizada de P. penelopus 258 kilómetros al norte, 200 km al este y 223 km al noroccidente. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados y los criterios propuestos por la IUCN proponemos una nueva categoría de amenaza para la especie y resaltamos la necesidad de incrementar los muestreo en regions geográficas poco conocidas para comprender mejor la distribución geográfica y el estado de conservación de las especies incluidas en las Listas Rojas.

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RESUMEN Las listas rojas de la IUCN han sido una herramienta fundamental para priorizar planes de conservación de ranas endémicas neotropicales. Sin embargo, muchas áreas en esta región han sido poco estudiadas y el endemismo puede ser un artificio del muestreo. A partir de especímenes de museo de la especie amenazada Pristimantis penelopus revisamos su distribución geográfica y determinamos su hábitat potencial utilizando técnicas de modelo de nicho. A partir de un fragmento del gen mitocondrial COI, determinamos la posición filogenética de la especie y la magnitud de su variación genética a lo largo de su distribución en Colombia Presentamos los primeros registros de P. penelopus en la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes, en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Occidental y en el norte de la cuenca del río Cauca. Teniendo en cuenta los análisis filogenéticos moleculares, Pristimantis penelopus pertenece al grupo P. ridens sensu (Padial et al., 2014). La variación genética intraespecífica promedio fue de 2.1% y la variación entre poblaciones estuvo entre 2.3 y 3.5%. La distancia genética entre las poblaciones de la Cordillera Occidental y las poblaciones del Valle del Magdalena sugieren la presencia de un quiebre filogeográfico en el noroccidente de Antioquia. Expandimos la distribución realizada de P. penelopus 258 kilómetros al norte, 200 km al este y 223 km al noroccidente. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados y los criterios propuestos por la IUCN proponemos una nueva categoría de amenaza para la especie y resaltamos la necesidad de incrementar los muestreo en regions geográficas poco conocidas para comprender mejor la distribución geográfica y el estado de conservación de las especies incluidas en las Listas Rojas.

ABSTRACT IUCN Red Lists have been a valuable tool to prioritize conservation plans in endemic neotropical frogs. However, many areas in this region are poorly known in terms of their diversity and endemism. Based on examined museum specimens of the threatened species Pristimantis penelopus we revised its geographic distribution and determined the habitat suitability using niche modeling techniques. Using a mitochondrial fragment of COI gene, we determine the phylogenetic position and the extent of the genetic variation across its distribution in Colombia. We present the first records of P. penelopus for the Cordillera Oriental, the western versant of Cordillera Occidental and the northern portion of the Cauca river basin. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, Pristimantis penelopus belongs to the P. ridens series sensu (Padial et al., 2014). The mean of intraspecific genetic variation is 2.1% and the variation among population ranges between 2.3 and 3.5%. The genetic distance between the western populations and the Magdalena Valley populations suggests a potential phylogeographic break in northwestern Antioquia. We expand the realized distribution by 258 kilometers north, 200 km east and 223 km northwest. Based on our results and according to the IUCN criteria we propose a new category for the species and highlight the need to increase the surveys in poorly known regions to better understand the geographic distribution and conservation status of listed species.

RESUMO

RESUMEN Las listas rojas de la IUCN han sido una herramienta fundamental para priorizar planes de conservación de ranas endémicas neotropicales. Sin embargo, muchas áreas en esta región han sido poco estudiadas y el endemismo puede ser un artificio del muestreo. A partir de especímenes de museo de la especie amenazada Pristimantis penelopus revisamos su distribución geográfica y determinamos su hábitat potencial utilizando técnicas de modelo de nicho. A partir de un fragmento del gen mitocondrial COI, determinamos la posición filogenética de la especie y la magnitud de su variación genética a lo largo de su distribución en Colombia Presentamos los primeros registros de P. penelopus en la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes, en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Occidental y en el norte de la cuenca del río Cauca. Teniendo en cuenta los análisis filogenéticos moleculares, Pristimantis penelopus pertenece al grupo P. ridens sensu (Padial et al., 2014). La variación genética intraespecífica promedio fue de 2.1% y la variación entre poblaciones estuvo entre 2.3 y 3.5%. La distancia genética entre las poblaciones de la Cordillera Occidental y las poblaciones del Valle del Magdalena sugieren la presencia de un quiebre filogeográfico en el noroccidente de Antioquia. Expandimos la distribución realizada de P. penelopus 258 kilómetros al norte, 200 km al este y 223 km al noroccidente. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados y los criterios propuestos por la IUCN proponemos una nueva categoría de amenaza para la especie y resaltamos la necesidad de incrementar los muestreo en regions geográficas poco conocidas para comprender mejor la distribución geográfica y el estado de conservación de las especies incluidas en las Listas Rojas.

ABSTRACT IUCN Red Lists have been a valuable tool to prioritize conservation plans in endemic neotropical frogs. However, many areas in this region are poorly known in terms of their diversity and endemism. Based on examined museum specimens of the threatened species Pristimantis penelopus we revised its geographic distribution and determined the habitat suitability using niche modeling techniques. Using a mitochondrial fragment of COI gene, we determine the phylogenetic position and the extent of the genetic variation across its distribution in Colombia. We present the first records of P. penelopus for the Cordillera Oriental, the western versant of Cordillera Occidental and the northern portion of the Cauca river basin. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, Pristimantis penelopus belongs to the P. ridens series sensu (Padial et al., 2014). The mean of intraspecific genetic variation is 2.1% and the variation among population ranges between 2.3 and 3.5%. The genetic distance between the western populations and the Magdalena Valley populations suggests a potential phylogeographic break in northwestern Antioquia. We expand the realized distribution by 258 kilometers north, 200 km east and 223 km northwest. Based on our results and according to the IUCN criteria we propose a new category for the species and highlight the need to increase the surveys in poorly known regions to better understand the geographic distribution and conservation status of listed species.

RESUMO

IUCN Red Lists have been a valuable tool to prioritize conservation plans in endemic neotropical frogs. However, many areas in this region are poorly known in terms of their diversity and endemism. Based on examined museum specimens of the threatened species Pristimantis penelopus we revised its geographic distribution and determined the habitat suitability using niche modeling techniques. Using a mitochondrial fragment of COI gene, we determine the phylogenetic position and the extent of the genetic variation across its distribution in Colombia. We present the first records of P. penelopus for the Cordillera Oriental, the western versant of Cordillera Occidental and the northern portion of the Cauca river basin. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, Pristimantis penelopus belongs to the P. ridens series sensu Padial et al. (2014). The mean of intraspecific genetic variation is 2.1% and the variation among population ranges between 2.3 and 3.5%. The genetic distance between the western populations and the Magdalena Valley populations suggests a potential phylogeographic break in northwestern Antioquia. We expand the realized distribution by 258 kilometers north, 200 km east and 223 km northwest. Based on our results and according to the IUCN criteria we propose a new category for the species and highlight the need to increase the surveys in poorly known regions to better[...](AU)

Las listas rojas de la IUCN han sido una herramienta fundamental para priorizar planes de conservación de ranas endémicas neotropicales. Sin embargo, muchas áreas en esta región han sido poco estudiadas y el endemismo puede ser un artificio del muestreo. A partir de especímenes de museo de la especie amenazada Pristimantis penelopus revisamos su distribución geográfica y determinamos su hábitat potencial utilizando técnicas de modelo de nicho. A partir de un fragmento del gen mitocondrial COI, determinamos la posición filogenética de la especie y la magnitud de su variación genética a lo largo de su distribución en Colombia Presentamos los primeros registros de P. penelopus en la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes, en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Occidental y en el norte de la cuenca del río Cauca. Teniendo en cuenta los análisis filogenéticos moleculares, Pristimantis penelopus pertenece al grupo P. ridens sensu (Padial et al., 2014). La variación genética intraespecífica promedio fue de 2.1% y la variación entre poblaciones estuvo entre 2.3 y 3.5%. La distancia genética entre las poblaciones de la Cordillera Occidental y las poblaciones del Valle del Magdalena sugieren la presencia de un quiebre filogeográfico en el noroccidente de Antioquia. Expandimos la distribución realizada de P. penelopus 258 kilómetros al norte, 200 km al este y 223 km al noroccidente. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados y los criterios propuestos por la IUCN proponemos una nueva categoría de amenaza para la especie y resaltamos la necesidad de incrementar los muestreo en regions geográficas poco conocidas para comprender mejor la distribución geográfica y el estado de conservación de las especies incluidas en las Listas Rojas.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

We compiled a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the state of Coahuila, Mexico. The list comprises 133 species (24 amphibians, 109 reptiles), representing 27 families (9 amphibians, 18 reptiles) and 65 genera (16 amphibians, 49 reptiles). Coahuila has a high richness of lizards in the genus Sceloporus. Coahuila has relatively few state endemics, but has several regional endemics. Overlap in the herpetofauna of Coahuila and bordering states is fairly extensive. Of the 132 species of native amphibians and reptiles, eight are listed as Vulnerable, six as Near Threatened, and six as Endangered in the IUCN Red List. In the SEMARNAT listing, 19 species are Subject to Special Protection, 26 are Threatened, and three are in Danger of Extinction. Coahuila is home to several species of conservation concern, especially lizards and turtles. Coahuila is an important state for the conservation of the native regional fauna.

RESUMO

We compiled a check list of the herpetofauna of Nuevo León. We documented 132 species (23 amphibians, 109 reptiles), representing 30 families (11 amphibians, 19 reptiles) and 73 genera (17 amphibians, 56 reptiles). Only two species are endemic to Nuevo León. Nuevo León contains a relatively high richness of lizards in the genus Sceloporus. Overlap in the herpetofauna of Nuevo León and states it borders is fairly extensive. Of 130 native species, 102 are considered species of Least Concern in the IUCN red list, four are listed as Vulnerable, five are listed as Near Threatened, and four are listed as Endangered. According to SEMARNAT, 78 species are not of conservation concern, 25 are subject to Special Protection, 27 are Threatened, and none are listed as in Danger of Extinction. Given current threats to the herpetofauna, additional efforts to understand the ecology and status of populations in Nuevo León are needed.