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Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, emergency departments were overcrowded with critically ill patients, and many providers were confronted with ethical dilemmas in assigning respiratory support to them due to scarce resources. Quick tools for evaluating patients upon admission were necessary, as many existing scores proved inaccurate in predicting outcomes. The ROX Index (RI), a rapid and straightforward scoring system reflecting respiratory status in acute respiratory failure patients, has shown promise in predicting outcomes for COVID-19 patients. The 24 h difference in the RI accurately gauges mortality and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) among patients with COVID-19. Methods: Study design: Prospective cohort study. A total of 204 patients were admitted to the emergency department from May to August 2020. Data were collected from the clinical records. The RI was calculated at admission and 24 h later, and the difference was used to predict the association with mortality and the need for IMV, a logistic regression model was used to adjust for age, sex, presence of comorbidities, and disease severity. Finally, the data were analyzed using ROC. Results: The difference in respiratory RI between admission and 24 h is a good predictor for death (AUC 0.92) and for mechanic ventilation (AUC: 0.75). Each one-unit decrease in the RI difference at 24 h was associated with an odds ratio of 1.48 for the risk of death (95%CI: 1.31-1.67) and an odds ratio of 1.16 for IMV (95% IC: 1.1-1.23). Conclusions: The 24 h variation of RI is a good prediction tool to allow healthcare professionals to identify the patients who will benefit from invasive treatment, especially in low-resource settings.

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Background: To prevent COVID-19 progression, low-cost alternatives that are available to all patients are needed. Diverse forms of thermotherapy have been proposed to prevent progression to severe/critical COVID-19. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of local thermotherapy to prevent disease progression in hospitalized adult patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Methods: A multicenter, open-label, parallel-group, randomized, adaptive trial is used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of local thermotherapy to prevent disease progression in hospitalized adult patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Eligible hospitalized adult patients with symptoms of COVID-19 with ≤5 days from symptom onset, meeting criteria for mild or moderate COVID-19, were randomly assigned to the intervention consisting of local thermotherapy via an electric heat pad in the thorax (target temperature range 39.5­42°C) continuously for 90 min, twice daily, for 5 days, or standard care. The main outcome was the proportion of patients who progressed to severe-to-critical COVID-19 or death. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio through a centralized computer-generated sequence of minimization with a random component of 20%. Participants and medical staff were not blinded to the intervention. Results: One-hundred and five participants (thermotherapy n = 54, control n = 51) with a median age of 53 (IQR: 41­64) years were included for analysis after the early cessation of recruitment due to the closure of all temporal COVID-19 units (target sample size = 274). The primary outcome of disease progression occurred in 31.4% (16/51) of patients in the control group vs. 25.9% (14/54) of those receiving thermotherapy (risk difference = 5.5%; 95%CI: −11.8­22.7, p = 0.54). Thermotherapy was well tolerated with a median total duration of thermotherapy of 900 (IQR: 877.5­900) min. Seven (13.7%) patients in the control group and seven (12.9%) in the thermotherapy group had at least one AE (p = 0.9), none of which were causally attributed to the intervention. No statistically significant differences in serum cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-γ) were observed between day 5 and baseline among groups. Conclusion: Local thermotherapy was safe and well-tolerated. A non-statistically significant lower proportion of patients who experienced disease progression was found in the thermotherapy group compared to standard care. Local thermotherapy could be further studied as a strategy to prevent disease progression in ambulatory settings.Clinical Trial registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT04363541.

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BACKGROUND: Awake prone positioning (APP) improves oxygenation in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients and, when successful, may decrease the risk of intubation. However, factors associated with APP success remain unknown. In this secondary analysis, we aimed to assess whether APP can reduce intubation rate in patients with COVID-19 and to focus on the factors associated with success. METHODS: In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, conducted in three high-acuity units, we randomly assigned patients with COVID-19-induced acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) requiring high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen to APP or standard care. Primary outcome was intubation rate at 28 days. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify the predictors associated to treatment success (survival without intubation). RESULTS: Among 430 patients randomized, 216 were assigned to APP and 214 to standard care. The APP group had a lower intubation rate (30% vs 43%, relative risk [RR] 0.70; CI95 0.54-0.90, P = 0.006) and shorter hospital length of stay (11 interquartile range [IQR, 9-14] vs 13 [IQR, 10-17] days, P = 0.001). A respiratory rate ≤ 25 bpm at enrollment, an increase in ROX index > 1.25 after first APP session, APP duration > 8 h/day, and a decrease in lung ultrasound score ≥ 2 within the first 3 days were significantly associated with treatment success for APP. CONCLUSION: In patients with COVID-19-induced AHRF treated by HFNC, APP reduced intubation rate and improved treatment success. A longer APP duration is associated with APP success, while the increase in ROX index and decrease in lung ultrasound score after APP can also help identify patients most likely to benefit. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov at July 20, 2021. Identification number NCT04477655. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04477655?term=PRO-CARF&draw=2&rank=1.

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BACKGROUND: Prone positioning is used for patients with ARDS undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation; its effectiveness in nonventilated awake patients is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the prone maneuver in decreasing the risk of intubation and increasing the odds of favorable events. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 66 subjects with COVID-19-related moderate ARDS who were admitted to the ICU; treated with high-flow nasal cannula, noninvasive ventilation, a reservoir mask, or a nasal cannula; and subjected to awake prone maneuvers from March 1, 2020-August 30, 2020. The following factors were recorded at ICU admission: age, sex, prior illness, simplified acute physiology score 3, body mass index, and changes in gas exchange after and before prone positioning. Subjects were divided into a group of responders and nonresponders according to a 20% increase in the [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] ratio before and after the maneuver. The need for intubation within 48 h of the start of the maneuver was also evaluated. We also analyzed the differences in mortality, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation. A generalized estimating equation model was applied to preprone and postprone means. To control for confounding factors, multivariate Poisson regression was applied. RESULTS: Forty-one subjects age 54.1 y ± 12.9 were enrolled. Responders showed increased [Formula: see text] (P < .001), [Formula: see text] (P < .001), and [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] ratios (P < .001) with the maneuver and reduced breathing frequency. Responders had shorter lengths of stay in the ICU (P < .001) and hospital (P < .003), lower intubation rates at 48 h (P < .012), fewer days of ventilation (P < .02), and lower mortality (P < .001). Subjects who responded to the maneuver had a 54% reduction in the risk of ventilation and prolonged stay in the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: Among the responders to prone positioning, there were fewer deaths, shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, shorter ICU length of stay, and shorter hospital length of stay.

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Coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 are a large family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. A SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. The majority of critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units with confirmed severe infection with SARS-CoV-2 developed an acute respiratory distress like syndrome. The main objective of this opinion paper is to raise the discussion about the possible benefit of keeping the patient with COVID-19 disease and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) in the prone position during the perioperative period, especially where this position is not a required factor for the surgical or invasive procedure. We believe that the prone position, due to its favorable pulmonary physiology, can improve the V̇/Q̇ ratio in the perioperative period.

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BACKGROUND: Severe hypoxemic respiratory failure (SHRF) due to Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in AIDS patients represents the main cause of admission and mortality in respiratory intensive care units (RICUs) in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to develop a predictive scoring system to estimate the risk of mortality in HIV/AIDS patients with PJP and SHRF. METHODS: We analyzed data of patients admitted to the RICU between January 2013 and January 2018 with a diagnosis of HIV infection and PJP. Multivariate logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier method were used in data analysis. The RICU and inhospital mortality were 25% and 26%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified four independent predictors: body mass index, albumin, time to ICU admission, and days of vasopressor support. A predictive scoring system was derived and validated internally. The discrimination was 0.869 (95% confidence interval: 0.821-0.917) and calibration intercept (α) and slope (ß) were 0.03 and 0.99, respectively. The sensitivity was 47.2%, specificity was 84.6%, positive predictive value was 89.2%, and negative predictive value was 82.6%. CONCLUSIONS: This scoring system is a potentially useful tool to assist clinicians, in low- and medium-income countries, in estimating the RICU and inhospital mortality risk in patients with HIV/AIDS and SHRF caused by PJP.

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Background Severe hypoxemic respiratory failure (SHRF) due to Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in AIDS patients represents the main cause of admission and mortality in respiratory intensive care units (RICUs) in low- and middle-income countries. Objective The objective of this study was to develop a predictive scoring system to estimate the risk of mortality in HIV/AIDS patients with PJP and SHRF. Methods We analyzed data of patients admitted to the RICU between January 2013 and January 2018 with a diagnosis of HIV infection and PJP. Multivariate logistic regression and Kaplan–Meier method were used in data analysis. The RICU and inhospital mortality were 25% and 26%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified four independent predictors: body mass index, albumin, time to ICU admission, and days of vasopressor support. A predictive scoring system was derived and validated internally. The discrimination was 0.869 (95% confidence interval: 0.821-0.917) and calibration intercept (α) and slope (β) were 0.03 and 0.99, respectively. The sensitivity was 47.2%, specificity was 84.6%, positive predictive value was 89.2%, and negative predictive value was 82.6%. Conclusions This scoring system is a potentially useful tool to assist clinicians, in low- and medium-income countries, in estimating the RICU and inhospital mortality risk in patients with HIV/AIDS and SHRF caused by PJP.

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Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with AHRF (without ARDS) hospitalized in the ICU who require IMV. To evaluate the association between mortality and different variables. Design: Inception cohort. Scope: This study was conducted in two Argentine ICUs from the private health sector between 07/01/2013 and 12/31/2014. Patients: From a consecutive sample of 2526 patients, 229 individuals aged 18 and upwards were included in the study; they were admitted to the ICU requiring IMV for over 24 hours and developed AHRF (without ARDS). Primary endpoints: Demographic variables and variables associated with the number of days with IMV and at the ICU were documented, as well as the initial setting of the respirator, monitoring variables and evolution at discharge. Likewise, the number and type of complications developed during the period of IMV were documented. Results: 70.7% of admissions were for medical reasons. SAPS II score was 42. The period of IMV and at the ICU was higher in patients with delirium (p<0.0001 in both). In the logistic regression model adjusted by the severity of hypoxemia, age (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.002-1.04: p = 0.033) and shock (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.12-5: p = 0.023) acted as independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: In this group of patients who required IMV for over 24 hours and who developed AHRF (without ARDS) there was a demographic distribution similar to that described in other reports. Mortality was not associated with the severity of hypoxemia, whereas shock and age were independent predictors of mortality.

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La oxigenación de membrana extracorpórea se considera una terapia de rescate y soporte vital compleja, con beneficios en enfermedades cardiorrespiratorias durante el periodo neonatal, que cumple con las características de ser reversible en recién nacidos mayores de 34 semanas. El criterio de selección de los pacientes y el momento oportuno en que se indica son críticos para el resultado final, si bien las nuevas alternativas de manejo en falla respiratoria hipoxémica en recién nacidos a término y casi a término han generado una disminución de su uso, excepto en la hernia diafragmática, que continúa siendo una enfermedad compleja donde podría tener alguna aplicabilidad. Si bien nuestra experiencia está iniciándose, el entrenamiento constante hará de la oxigenación de membrana extracorpórea una opción para pacientes complejos en quienes la terapia máxima fracasa. Se hace un informe de los primeros casos neonatales por falla respiratoria hipoxémica manejados en la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is considered a rescue therapy and complex vital support with benefits in cardiorespiratory diseases during neonatal period that fulfil the characteristics of being reversible in neonates older than 34 weeks. The criteria for patient selection and its prompt use are critical for the final result. Even though new alternatives for management of hypoxemic respiratory failure in full term and almost full term neonates have decreased its use, congenital diaphragmatic hernia continues being a complex disease where it can have some applicability. Even though our experience is beginning, constant training will make of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation an option for complex patients in whom maximum therapy fails. This is a report of the first neonatal cases of hypoxemic respiratory failure managed at Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia.

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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is considered a rescue therapy and complex vital support with benefits in cardiorespiratory diseases during neonatal period that fulfil the characteristics of being reversible in neonates older than 34 weeks. The criteria for patient selection and its prompt use are critical for the final result. Even though new alternatives for management of hypoxemic respiratory failure in full term and almost full term neonates have decreased its use, congenital diaphragmatic hernia continues being a complex disease where it can have some applicability. Even though our experience is beginning, constant training will make of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation an option for complex patients in whom maximum therapy fails. This is a report of the first neonatal cases of hypoxemic respiratory failure managed at Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia.

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