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OBJECTIVE: To perform a literature review aimed to analyze if acupoint stimulation increases lactation quantity. METHOD: Studies were collected from five electronic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for systematic reviews. Eligibility criteria were full-text articles in English or Spanish with clinical trial design and observational studies, with no restriction on time of publication, in which the effect of acupoint stimulation on improving the quantity of lactation by conventional acupuncture, electroacupuncture, laser, fire needling, manual stimulation, tuina or catgut had been evaluated. Two authors independently extracted data for the characteristics and main outcomes of the studies selected for inclusion. The risk of bias (RoB 2 and Robins-I) and the quality assessments (GRADE) were performed. For the quantitative synthesis, the standardized mean difference was calculated for each individual study selected and then the data were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies were included in the present review. Most of the included studies exhibited some concerns in the risk of bias assessment. The quality of the studies was moderate. The meta-analysis showed that manual acupoint stimulation improves the lactation quantity (SMD 95% CI = 1.63 [1.13-2.13]; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The literature suggests that manual stimulation of acupuncture points improves the amount of milk produced during lactation.

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INTRODUCTION: Human lactation should be taken into account as an important issue for the international agenda. Despite advances in lactation information and knowledge, insufficient milk production is still a concern for mothers and health practitioners, including International Board Certified Lactation Consultants and others. Primary hypogalactia, or insufficient milk production is uncommon, but should be considered when there is poor weight gain and decreased urine output in infants despite good latch-on and suckling, or anatomic differences in the physical exam of the lactating breast. MAIN ISSUE: This case series presents three cases illustrating insufficient milk production resulting in infants who experienced significant dehydration and poor weight gain. MANAGEMENT: Primary hypoplasia was diagnosed by means of a thorough interview and physical examination that entailed a consultation with a physician who was also an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant. CONCLUSION: Awareness of an infant's feeding needs and proper evaluation of a child's health status is paramount if health care providers are to identify the important factors contributing to breastfeeding problems. In some instances, breastfeeding goals cannot be achieved, and then the provider's role becomes support in coming to terms with persistent insufficient milk production, and coordinating appropriate supplementation to meet each baby's nutritional needs.

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O aleitamento materno apresenta múltiplos benefícios para a saúde da mãe e do bebê. No entanto, muitos são os fatores que podem interferir na amamentação, destacando-se a percepção de baixa produção láctea. Há evidências de que a acupuntura auricular pode auxiliar nesse contexto. Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar por meio de ensaio clínico randomizado se a acupuntura auricular apresenta eficácia na manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e complementado até os seis meses de vida do bebê. Trata-se de um estudo piloto randomizado. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e foi registrada na Plataforma Rebec (Registro Brasileiros de Ensaios Clínicos). A pesquisa foi realizada no Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram incluídas 49 participantes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, que estavam entre o 5° e o 30° dia pós-parto e que tinham queixa de baixa produção láctea. As participantes foram randomizadas em três grupos: Acupuntura auricular, Acupuntura sham e Placebo. O estudo foi realizado em duas fases: fase de intervenção, no qual foram realizados 5 atendimentos de aleitamento materno para todos os grupos e aplicação da intervenção conforme a alocação da participante no grupo sorteado e a fase de seguimento telefônico em que realizamos ligações até os 6 meses de vida criança. As frequências absolutas e relativas foram calculadas para as variáveis qualitativas. As comparações entre os grupos no tempo basal para as variáveis qualitativas explicativas foram realizadas considerando o teste quadrado, já o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal Wallis foi aplicado para comparar os grupos em relação às variáveis quantitativas. Foram construídos modelos de regressão de efeitos mistos para comparar os tempos e os grupos em relação aos desfechos quantitativos e análise por protocolo. As participantes do grupo três (controle - cuidado usual) eram mais velhas, com média de idade de 36 anos (P-valor 0,0079), identifica-se que a acupuntura auricular teve evidência clínica no efeito protetivo do AME e AMC na fase de seguimento telefônico, pois 2 participantes do grupo de acupuntura auricular ainda amamentavam exclusivamente até os seis meses de vida do bebê de modo exclusivo e nos demais grupos nenhuma participante amamentava. Do ponto de vista estatístico não houveram diferenças significativas.

Breastfeeding has multiple benefits for the health of mother and baby. However, there are many factors that can interfere with breastfeeding, the perception of low milk production, is being an important cause of early weaning among nursing mothers. In this sense Ear acupuncture can help to increase milk production. This study aims to evaluate, through a randomized clinical trial, whether auricular acupuncture is effective in maintaining exclusive and supplemented breastfeeding until the baby is six months old. This is a randomized pilot study. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee and was registered on the Rebec Platform (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials). The research was realized at the Human Milk Bank of Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Forty-nine participants aged 18 years or over, who were between the 5th and 30th day postpartum and who complained of low milk production, were included. The Participants were randomized into three groups: intervention group, sham acupuncture and placebo. The study was carried out in two phases: intervention phase, in which 5 breastfeeding sessions were carried out for all groups and application of the intervention according to the participant's allocation in the drawn group and the telephone follow-up phase in which we made calls until 6 months of child life. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for qualitative variables. Comparisons between groups at baseline for qualitative explanatory variables were performed using the chi-square test, while the non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test was applied to compare groups in relation to quantitative variables. Mixed-effects regression models were built to compare times and groups against quantitative outcomes and analysis per protocol. Participants in group three (control - usual care) were older, with a mean age of 36 years (P-value 0.0079), it is identified that auricular acupuncture had clinical evidence in the protective effect of exclusivebreastfeeding and complementary breastfeeding in the telephone follow-up 2 participants in the auricular acupuncture group still exclusively breastfed until the baby's six months of life and in the other groups none of the participants breastfed. From a statistical point of view there were no significant differences.

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O aleitamento materno apresenta múltiplos benefícios para a saúde da mãe e do bebê. No entanto, muitos são os fatores que podem interferir na amamentação, destacando-se a percepção de baixa produção láctea. Há evidências de que a acupuntura auricular pode auxiliar nesse contexto. Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar por meio de ensaio clínico randomizado se a acupuntura auricular apresenta eficácia na manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e complementado até os seis meses de vida do bebê. Trata-se de um estudo piloto randomizado. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e foi registrada na Plataforma Rebec (Registro Brasileiros de Ensaios Clínicos). A pesquisa foi realizada no Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram incluídas 49 participantes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, que estavam entre o 5° e o 30° dia pós-parto e que tinham queixa de baixa produção láctea. As participantes foram randomizadas em três grupos: Acupuntura auricular, Acupuntura sham e Placebo. O estudo foi realizado em duas fases: fase de intervenção, no qual foram realizados 5 atendimentos de aleitamento materno para todos os grupos e aplicação da intervenção conforme a alocação da participante no grupo sorteado e a fase de seguimento telefônico em que realizamos ligações até os 6 meses de vida criança. As frequências absolutas e relativas foram calculadas para as variáveis qualitativas. As comparações entre os grupos no tempo basal para as variáveis qualitativas explicativas foram realizadas considerando o teste quadrado, já o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal Wallis foi aplicado para comparar os grupos em relação às variáveis quantitativas. Foram construídos modelos de regressão de efeitos mistos para comparar os tempos e os grupos em relação aos desfechos quantitativos e análise por protocolo. As participantes do grupo três (controle - cuidado usual) eram mais velhas, com média de idade de 36 anos (P-valor 0,0079), identifica-se que a acupuntura auricular teve evidência clínica no efeito protetivo do AME e AMC na fase de seguimento telefônico, pois 2 participantes do grupo de acupuntura auricular ainda amamentavam exclusivamente até os seis meses de vida do bebê de modo exclusivo e nos demais grupos nenhuma participante amamentava. Do ponto de vista estatístico não houveram diferenças significativas

Breastfeeding has multiple benefits for the health of mother and baby. However, there are many factors that can interfere with breastfeeding, the perception of low milk production, is being an important cause of early weaning among nursing mothers. In this sense Ear acupuncture can help to increase milk production. This study aims to evaluate, through a randomized clinical trial, whether auricular acupuncture is effective in maintaining exclusive and supplemented breastfeeding until the baby is six months old. This is a randomized pilot study. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee and was registered on the Rebec Platform (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials). The research was realized at the Human Milk Bank of Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Forty-nine participants aged 18 years or over, who were between the 5th and 30th day postpartum and who complained of low milk production, were included. The Participants were randomized into three groups: intervention group, sham acupuncture and placebo. The study was carried out in two phases: intervention phase, in which 5 breastfeeding sessions were carried out for all groups and application of the intervention according to the participant's allocation in the drawn group and the telephone follow-up phase in which we made calls until 6 months of child life. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for qualitative variables. Comparisons between groups at baseline for qualitative explanatory variables were performed using the chi-square test, while the non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test was applied to compare groups in relation to quantitative variables. Mixed-effects regression models were built to compare times and groups against quantitative outcomes and analysis per protocol. Participants in group three (control - usual care) were older, with a mean age of 36 years (P-value 0.0079), it is identified that auricular acupuncture had clinical evidence in the protective effect of exclusivebreastfeeding and complementary breastfeeding in the telephone follow-up 2 participants in the auricular acupuncture group still exclusively breastfed until the baby's six months of life and in the other groups none of the participants breastfed. From a statistical point of view there were no significant differences

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RESUMEN Introducción: que un niño reciba y se alimente con lactancia materna en las sociedades actuales, cada día es una tarea más compleja. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de la lactancia materna en el Consultorio Médico de Familia No 16. Policlínico "Manuel Piti Fajardo", municipio Cárdenas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. El universo lo constituyeron 68 madres de nacidos vivos pertenecientes a esa área de salud, en el período de enero 2011 -diciembre 2015. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, nivel escolar, ocupación, tiempo de lactancia, factores que incidieron en la suspensión de la lactancia materna, planificación familiar, conocimientos sobre lactancia materna. Los datos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas familiares e individuales, del registro de nacimientos del Departamento de Estadística del Policlínico, del Análisis Integral de la Situación de Salud del Consultorio, la encuesta y la observación. Resultados: predominó en las madres de nacidos vivos el grupo de edad de 25 a 29 años, con el 41,7 %. El 77,9 % tenían nivel preuniversitario y el 47,0 % eran trabajadoras. El 47,5 % lactan entre 1-3 meses. Incidió en el abandono de la lactancia materna el no tener suficiente leche con un 44,1 %, el 50,0 % no planificaron el embarazo, y el 58,8 % no poseían los conocimientos adecuados. Conclusiones: un elevado porcentaje de las madres lactan hasta los 3 primeros meses de vida, la causa de abandono más frecuente de lactancia materna fue el no tener suficiente leche. Prevaleceieron los conocimientos no adecuados sobre la lactancia materna.

ABSTRACT Introduction: breastfeeding in current societies is a very complex task. Objective: to characterize breastfeeding in the Family Doctor´s Office Nr. 16 of the Policlinic ¨Manuel Pity Fajardo¨, municipality of Cardenas. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was carried out. The universe was composed by 68 mothers of born-alive children belonging to that health area in the period January 2011-December 2015. The studied variables were age, scholarship, job, breastfeeding time, factors causing breastfeeding delay, family planning, and knowledge on breastfeeding. Data were gathered from the individual and family records, from the births´ register of the Policlinic Statistics Department, from the Comprehensive Analysis of Health Situation, enquire and observation. Results: the 25-29-years-old age group predominated among mothers of born-alive children (41.7 %). 77.9 % had senior high school scholarship, and 47.0 % were workers. 47.5 % of them breastfeed 1-3 months. Not having enough breast milk (44.1 %), a non-planed pregnancy (50.0 %), and not having the adequate knowledge (58.8 %) influenced in breastfeeding delay. Conclusions: a high percent of mothers breastfeed just during the first three months of life; the most common cause of breastfeeding delay was not having enough breast milk. There it was a prevalence of non-adequate knowledge on maternal breastfeeding.

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